Siberian Khanate
The Siberian Khanate was a Tatar Khanate around today's Tobolsk , which arose around 1425 in the area of the Golden Horde and was finally conquered by Russia in 1588 . Today's Siberia region was named after him.
history
founding
In the 11th century the Kipchaks migrated from the steppe to the north; the Khanti , Mansi , Selkupen and Bashkirs living here were displaced or assimilated to the north. In the 13th century the Mongols conquered the country, soon afterwards the Golden Horde under Batu Khan was formed . After the Golden Horde lost power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Tatar-Mongolian possessions between the Volga and Altai fell into three parts: the Nogai Horde stretched from the southern Urals to the west of the Volga, the Scheibanids with their later Uzbek khanate ruled the steppe east of the Urals and the Taibugids founded their own khanate, first called Tyumen, then Sibir.
The founding legend tells of Khan On, to whom the submission of the Khanty and Mansi is attributed and who was slain by a certain Bek Gengi. The rule over the khanate with the capital Chingi-Tura (or Tümen), therefore also called Khanate of Tyumen , alternated with murders and fighting between two clans , that of Khan On and his son Tajbugha (i.e. the Taibugids ) on the one hand and the one from Scheibani Khan (i.e. the Scheibanids) on the other side. The khanate with a Tatar-Mongolian upper class and a population of Turkish indigenous people brokered the fur trade across Asia and was shaped by the cultural heritage of the Golden Horde.
Around 1400, the overthrown Khan of the Golden Horde, Toktamish , fled from the Emir Edigü to the Tyumen Khanate. Around 1420 the Scheibanide Abu'l-Chair defeated the khanate in a battle on Tobol and made it part of the Uzbek khanate .
After the death of Abu'l-Chair in 1468, the Scheibanid Ibaq (approx. 1464–1495) managed to bring the khanate back to independence; In 1480/81 he turned victoriously against the relatives of the Golden Horde under Akhmat Khan and sought an alliance with the Grand Duke of Moscow on an equal footing . However, Ibaq was killed by the Taibugids, whose representative Mamuk (also Mahmet ) ruled afterwards. Mamuk moved the capital to Isker or Sibir - now the name Khanate Sibir came about . Mamuk also interfered in 1496 in the throne dispute in the Kazan Khanate .
Ibaq's grandson Kütschüm Khan (r. 1563–1598, † around 1600) eliminated the Taibugid Yadigar (also Ediger ), who had submitted to the tsarist empire before his fall and paid tribute around 1557 , in a dispute lasting several years .
Kütschüm was allied with the Uzbeks and tried to introduce Islam into his empire. For this purpose he brought missionaries from Bukhara . Despite the use of force, however, Islamization was only superficial and traditional shamanism asserted itself.
Downfall
In 1571 Kütschüm, in league with the Crimean Khanate, refused to pay tribute to Tsar Ivan IV , and his troop leader Mahmet Kul even attacked the Russian possessions in the Urals. However, his state proved to be too unstable, so that after the conquest of the capital Isker by the Cossack leader Yermak in October 1582 it quickly fell apart.
The Khanty and Mansi vassals, but also many Tatar troop leaders (Murzas) and even two of his sons left Kütschüm, who withdrew to the steppe. Although his son Ali was able to regain the capital after the death of Yermak, the Taibugids interfered here: Ali was ousted there by a heir to the throne named Seidaq, who was also unable to hold on.
It was not until the summer of 1598 that Kütschüm was finally defeated by the troops of the Russian voivod Andrei Wojeikow at the confluence of the Irmen river in the Ob , about 40 km northeast of today's settlement Ordynskoje . Kütschüm fled to the Nogaiians , who murdered him.
This marked the beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia, which ended around 1680 with the arrival of the Pacific .
See also
Khans of Sibir
- On (legendary)
- Tajbugha, son of On
- Hoja (son of Tajbugha)
- Mar (Taibugide, son of Hoja, killed by Ibaq)
- Obder (Taibugide, son of Mar)
- Ibaq (Scheibanide and son-in-law of Mar) approx. 1464–1495
- Murtaza, son of Ibaq
- Mamuk and Yabolak (Taibugiden, sons of Obder) around 1500
- Qasim and Aguis (Taibugiden, sons of Yabolak)
- Yadigar and Bekbulat (Taibugiden, sons of Qasim?) Approx. 1530–1563
- Kütschüm (Scheibanide, son of Murtaza) approx. 1563–1598
- Ali, son of Kütschüms approx. 1584 ff.
- Seidaq (Taibugide, son of Bekbulat), heir to the throne around 1584/8
literature
- James Forsyth: A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia's North Asian Colony. 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992, ISBN 0-521-40311-1 .
- James Forsyth: A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony. 1581-1990 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992, ISBN 0-521-47771-9 , pp. 25th f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed June 20, 2020]).
- Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Div. 1-2. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1880 (Reprint: Burt Franklin, New York NY 1970 ( Burt Franklin Research & Source Work series 85, ZDB ID 844446-8 )).
- Emanuel Sarkisyanz : The oriental peoples of Russia before 1917. A supplement to the East Slavic history of Russia. Oldenbourg, Munich 1961.
- Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
Remarks
- ↑ James Forsyth: A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia's North Asian Colony. 1581-1990. , P. 25
- ↑ Howorth, History of the Mongols , p. 1062 describes him as a legend, which cannot be dismissed out of hand due to the similarity of the name with the Keraitenfürsten Toghril or Ong-Khan († 1203) ( defeated by Genghis Khan) . Sarkisyanz, Die orientalischen Völker Russlands , p. 286, also considers it legendary, but dates it to around 1450.
- ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 243
- ↑ James Forsyth: A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia's North Asian Colony. 1581-1990. , P. 25
- ↑ The dates fluctuate, one sometimes reads 1581 or 1583.
- ↑ However, Ishim Khan, a son of Kütschüm, is mentioned as the son-in-law of the Oiraten prince Khu Urluk , who at times took over large areas of the former Khanate of Sibir.
- ↑ According to Abulghazi he would have the following family tree: Dschötschi - Scheibani Khan - Bahadur Khan - Dschötschi Buqa Khan - Badaqul - Mangu Timur - Beg Kundi Oglan - Ali Oglan - Hadschi Mohammed Khan - Mahmudak Khan - Ibaq Khan. Gottlieb Messerschmid: Abulgasi Bagadur Chans gender book of the Mungal-Mogulischen or Mogorischen Chanen, Göttingen 1780, S. 180/1.
- ↑ Abulghazi declares Murtaza, but Kütschüm's father to be brother and not son of Ibaq Khan. Accordingly, he lets Kütschüm Khan live to be around a hundred years old.