Karadach Khanate

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The Karadach Khanate ( Azerbaijani : Qaradağ Xanlığı , Russian Карадагское ханство ; Karadagskoe hanstvo) was a feudal state that was founded in 1747 in Karadach (Qaradağ) or, by other name, Karacadağ in Iranian Azerbaijan . The capital of the khanate was Ahar, which is located in the province of East Azerbaijan , and meanwhile Guruşt. To the west of the khanate lay the khanate of Khoy, to the east the khanate of Talysh , to the north the khanate of Karabakh and to the south the khanates of Ardabil and Tabriz. The word Karadach means great mountain or mountainous place. The rulers of the khanate come from an ancient family of Sufis and accordingly their spiritual standing was high. They carried the title of caliph .

history

founding

After the establishment of the Safavid rule under Shah Ismail, the Tokmaklı tribe received the Karadach area with Ahar as its center. In addition to their secular administrative duties, they also had spiritual authority. Due to the wars in the region, Karadach was sometimes under Safavid and sometimes under Ottoman rule. When Kazım Khan from the Tokmaklı tribe became ruler, Karadach was under Ottoman rule. In 1730, Nadir Shah captured Tabriz and Ardabil including Ahar from the Ottomans and confirmed Kazım Khan as ruler of Karadach.

In 1736, Nadir Shah founded the Afsharid dynasty and ruled most of Iran. Like his father Muhammed Kasım Khan and his older brother Abdürrezzak Khan, Kazım Khan wanted to rule independently and swore allegiance to neither Nadir Shah nor Tahmasp II . Nadir Shah then had Kazım Khan captured. Because of his reputation, Kazım Khan escaped the death penalty but was blinded. After the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747, Kazım Khan declared independence with the help of his tribe and became Khan . This is how the khanate was founded.

Kazım Hans reign

After Nadir Shah's death, several people wanted to take the throne. This is how Sam Mirza III explained himself. in Ardabil to the Shah. Nadir Shah's cousin Amir Aslan Khan, who was also a heir to the throne, marched on Ardabil and judged Sam Mirza III. and moved on to Tabriz. Amir Aslan Khan pulled Kazım Khan on his side and was able to crush other competitors. But Adil Shah , who did not recognize Amir Aslan Khan, declared himself the new Shah. Adil Shah was overthrown and blinded by his own brother Ebrāhim Shah Afshār as early as 1748 . This then moved against Amir Aslan Khan. The first encounter was won by Ebrahim and Amir Aslan Khan and Kazım Khan fled to Karadach. Fearing Ebrahim, Kazım Khan surrendered his former ally Amir Aslan Khan. Amir Aslan Khan was executed and Kazım Khan was given rich gifts and recognized as a Khan.

A grandson of Nadir Shah by the name of Shah Ruch also declared himself a Shah in eastern Iran at the end of 1748. Ebrahim went out against his new opponent in mid-1749, but his army broke up near Semnan due to internal conflicts. So he fled to Qom , where he was not accepted. When his last soldiers left him, he was handed over to Shah Ruch. He blinded him and brought him to Mashhad . Ebrahim died on the way.

But with Shah Ruch's victory, the chaos around the Iranian throne was not finally resolved. The Khan of Urmia Fath Ali Khan Afshar had aspirations to the throne. First, he wanted to subjugate the local rulers of the region. So he wanted to force Kazım Khan under his rule. Since Kazım Khan refused, Fath Ali Khan Afshar attacked him and forced him under his rule by a victory. A few years later, Karim Khan, a new heir to the throne appeared. He attacked Azerbaijan in 1752 and defeated Fath Ali Khan Afshar in 1760 after two battles. Thereupon Karim Khan called all khans including Kazım Khan to Shiraz and founded a council with them. In 1763 Kazım Khan died and his son Mustafa Kulu Khan succeeded him to the throne.

Mustafa Kulu Hans rule and decline

Mustafa Kulu Khan moved the capital from Ahar to Guruşt. When Mustafa Kulu Khan was preparing to attack the Karabakh Khanate, the ruler of Karabakh got ahead of him. Khan Ibrahim Khalil attacked the Karadach Khanate with his troops and lesgians from Dagestan and devastated the new capital Guruşt. The residents fled and Mustafa Kulu Khan was captured and imprisoned in the Shusha fortress . This Rubāʿī ( quatrain ) reports on this incident :

Azerbaijani
Guruşt haradır? Gözəllikdə səkkizinci cənnətdədir,
Onunla mənim qəlbim həmişə sevinirdi.
Bunda nə hikmət var ki, Adəm behiştdən,
mən də Guruştdan qovuldum.

German
Where is Guruşt? After his beauty in the eighth heaven,
my heart always rejoiced with her.
What is the point, Adam was
chased out of Paradise, I out of Guruşt.

During Mustafa Kulu Hans' stay in the fortress, his son İsmail Khan became the new ruler of Karadach and one year after him Necef Kulu Khan became the new Khan. Mustafa Kulu Khan asked Khan Ibrahim Khalil to seize the new ruler Necef Kulu Khan. Khan Ibrahim Khalil then captured him and imprisoned him in Shusha. In 1786 Mustafa Kulu Khan was pardoned and again ruler of Karadach. İsmail Khan, however, stayed as a hostage at the court of the Qajars and when he took office for the second time in 1791, the Karadach Khanate became a vassal of the Qajars.

In 1797 Abbas Kulu Khan became the new Khan and announced his loyalty to Russia. But in the Russo-Persian War from 1804 to 1813 he fought against the Russians. In 1813, Muhammed Kulu became the new Khan. In 1828 the Qajars took over direct rule over the khanate. In the same year, Muhammed Kulu Khan and his court left Karadach and emigrated to Shusha.

Ruler

  • Kazım Khan (1747–1763)
  • Mustafa Kulu Khan (1763–1782) (1st time)
  • İsmail Khan (1782–1783) (1st time)
  • Necef Kulu Khan (1783–1786)
  • Mustafa Kulu Khan (1786–1791) (2nd time)
  • İsmail Khan (1791–1797) (2nd time)
  • Abbas Kulu Khan (1797-1813)
  • Muhammed Kulu Khan (1813-1828)

family tree

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Caliph İlyas I.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Caliph Shemseddin I.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Caliph Ahmed
 
 Caliph İlyas II.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mahmud Sultan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bayandur Sultan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Muhammed Kasım Khan
(† 1721 )
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abdürrezzak Khan
(† 1729 )
 
 Kazım Khan
(† 1763 )
 
 Muhammed Huseyin Khan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mustafa Kulu Khan
(† 1791 )
 
 Necef Kulu Khan
(† 1818 )
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
İsmail Khan
(† 1797 )
 
 Abbas Kulu Khan
(† 1813 )
 
 Muhammed Kulu Khan
(† 1840 )
 
 

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ İmran Baba: Azerbaycan birinci uluslararası sempozyumu bildirileri , Ataturk Kültür Merkezi Verlag, 2002, p. 103
  2. ↑ Qara Qan ( memento of October 23, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on the Azerbaijan Today page (Azerbaijani)
  3. ↑ IP Petrushevsky: Essays on the History of Feudal Relations in Azerbaijan and Armenia in the 16th Early 19th Centuries . Leningrad State University, 1949.

swell

  • Enver Çingizoğlu: Karadağlılar , p. 160, Şuşa yayını, Baku 2008
  • M.Quddusi: Nadir şah , pp. 214-215, (Bakü, 1999).
  • MM el-Cari: Car salnamesi , p. 52, (Bakı, 1997).
  • "Karabağnameler, 1. kitap", sf 42, Yazıçı yayını (Bakü, 1989).