White horde

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White Horde ( kas. Ақ Орда / Aq Orda /, Turkish Ak Ordu , tatar. Aq Urda ) was the name of a Mongolian nomadic empire that had belonged to the Apanages ( partial rule ) of the Golden Horde since 1242 . From the legacy of the White Horde, the Uzbek Khanate , the Sibir Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate were to emerge in the late 15th century .

Scope and tribal structure

The Khanate of the White Horde essentially comprised the vast steppe areas of what is now southern Kazakhstan , thus including the areas between Lake Balkhash and the Ural River. The reigning Khan was one of the Gengidians . Like all nomadic empires of Central Asia , the area of ​​influence of the White Horde was not delimited from neighboring empires by clear and well-defined borders. Its northern neighbor was the related khanate of the Orda Horde , with whom the White Horde fought for regional supremacy. To the west of it was the area of ​​the Blue Horde , which provided the ruling general Khan ( Golden Horde ). In the south was the Chagatai Khanate and in the east was the Mongolian empire of the Yuan dynasty .

Differentiation from the Orda Horde

The relationship between the whites and the northern Orda Horde was mixed and both fought over regional supremacy. The latter dominated the former for a while, so that the Orda Horde was sometimes referred to as the "White Horde". This is possibly also due to the fact that both domains in western Siberia often overlapped. The color names of the Turk-Mongolian steppe peoples were also not always clear. Therefore, these could change in the course of history, and for this reason the entire Siberian territory of the Golden Horde appears variously with the designation "Blue Horde". Usually the authors of the Timurid and Uzbek times refer to the eastern wing of the Golden Horde and not the part on the Volga as the White Horde.

In the 15th century the balance of power had changed so much that the White Horde dominated the Orda Horde. In harmony with the neighboring Chagatai Khanate , the Orda Horde was finally dissolved and its territory was divided between the White Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.

history

The princes of the White Horde were de jure vassals of the Khan of the Western Blue Horde , that is, the descendants of Batu Khan († 1255). The entire empire is called - allegedly with reference to the golden ruler's tent - in modern historiography also the Golden Horde .

When Batu's direct descendants died out after the death of Jani Beg in 1357 due to several murders and bloody power struggles, the Siberian clans also got involved : When one of the first tried around 1361 the Scheibanide Hizr Khan Mahmud to usurp power on the Volga murdered. Another descendant of Shibani was Arabshah Khan, who ruled the Volga region around 1378. Then tried with Urus Khan († 1376) and Toktamish (r. 1380-1395 in Sarai, † 1406/07) two descendants of Orda to gain control of the entire khanate, with Toktamish ultimately prevailing. Around 1400 the White Horde destroyed the city of Chersonese in the Crimea .

In the 15th century , the West Siberian Scheibanids gained supremacy by partially collaborating with the Nogai Horde . Above all, Abu'l-Chair Khan (* around 1412, † 1468), founder of the Uzbek Khanate , came to power around 1428 through the murder of Boraq (an alleged grandson of Urus Khan), ousted his sons Kerei and Janibek and dissolved one Forerunner of the Kazak khanate established in 1509 . Kerei and Janibek moved into the Chagatai Khanate and became vassals of the ruling family there, to which they were related as the Gengiskhanids . From there, both organized the resistance of the tribes, later known as Kazakhs , and were able to renew the Kazak khanate after Abu'l-Chair Khan's defeat by the western Mongolian djungars .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Simon Dubnow: History of a Jewish Soldier , note 191, p. 107 , Google Books, accessed February 20, 2017
  2. ↑ Representation map of the area of ​​influence of the White Horde , accessed on December 1, 2012
  3. ↑ So z. B. with Ötemish Hajji, author of the "Tarikh-i Dust Sultan", written in Khorezm (1550s), but also in Russian texts. See Devin A. DeWeese: Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde, p. 148; Howorth: History of the Mongols, Part 2, p. 216.
  4. ↑ Thomas T. Allsen: The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Ulus of Orda in the Thirteenth Centuries, in: Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 1987, p. 5.
  5. ↑ See Spuler: Goldene Horde, p. 111f., Differently: Safargaliev: Raspad Zolotoj Ordy, p. 114.
  6. ↑ So it is B. with the Timurid author Natanzi (around 1414). Others, like the author of the Tavarikh-i guzida Nusrat-nama (16th century), assign the princes to the descendants of Toqa Timur

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