Ögedei Khanate

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The Ögedei Khanate (also Ögedei-Ulus ) was a rulership in Central Asia named after the Mongol khan Ögedei (approx. 1185–1241) . In addition to the Kyptschak Khanate (Golden Horde), the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilchanat , it was one of the so-called Four Great Mongol Khanates .

The Ögedei Khanate was divided between the neighbors in 1309, and a large part came to the Chagatai Khanate .

Ögedei

Duration and extent

Ögedei was the third eldest son of Genghis Khan (1162-1227) and was determined by him to succeed him as Great Khan. The other sons of Genghis Khan with his main wife Börte were Dschötschi , Tschagatei and Tolui .

The khanate was the domain of Ögedei's descendants, e.g. B. his son Güyük (1206-1248) and existed from 1225 to 1309. Others, also according to Chinese information, it existed from 1229 to 1309 or 1310, the 3rd year of the Zhìdà era of Emperor Wŭzōng ( Külüq Khan ) of the Yuan Dynasty .

Its core land lay between Altai and Balkhash in the catchment area of the black Irtysch (i.e., the upper run of the.. Irtysch ;. Chin Ertix He ) and of the Alakol Lake opens flow Emil River (Imil, Yemili, Urzhar). Its capital was Yemili (or Imil, in today's Emin or Dorbiljin County ).

Historically, it comprised the original area of ​​the Mongolian Naimans on the Altai and a large part of the area of ​​the Kara Kitai ( Xi Liao , ie Western Liao; 1128-1218) in the area of ​​the Black Irtysh west of Lake Balkhash .

history

Güyük and Ogul Qaimisch

Originally, Ögedei's third son Köchü was the heir to the throne, but he died in 1236 on a campaign in China and his son Schiremün (Schiramun) was still too young. So Ögedei's eldest son Güyük , after a brief hesitation between him and his younger brother Godan (Göden), was installed as the new Great Khan (1246). At the same time he inherited the rule of the Ögedei Khanate, but Godan was given the area west of the Yellow River , in what is now Gansu Province .

When Güyük died in 1248 and Möngke (1208–1259) became a son of Tolui's new Great Khan, some of the princes turned against Möngke. In particular, the princes Qocha and Naqu (Güyüks sons) raised claims to the throne with the help of their mother Ogul Qaimish , as did the prince Schiremün (Schiramun), another grandson of Ögedeis. Möngke annihilated the opposition by banishing the princes, executing their advisors and troop leaders, and dividing their followers among other princes. Ogul Qaimish was executed. Möngke Khan also rewarded princes who had shown themselves to be loyal. In particular, Godan and his sons had taken Möngke's side early on. Furthermore, Möngke enfeoffed Ögedeis sons and grandsons Kadan , Meliq , Qaidu (1235-1301), Totaq and other regions with different areas in China called Western Areas .

Qaidu

After Möngke's death († 1259), the question of the Great Khan's dignity was decided in a fratricidal war between Arigkbugha († 1266) and Kubilai (1215–1294), two sons of Tolui (the fourth son of Genghis Khan).

The fratricidal war changed the balance of power in the home country of the house Ögedei to the effect that Ögedei's grandson Qaidu , a follower of Arigkbugha, was able to prevail. Although Kubilai tried in 1268 with Prince Hoqu, a son of Güyük, to install a rival Khan, Hoqu rebelled against the Great Khan in 1274/5 and then cooperated with Qaidu.

Soon after the death of the Khan Alghu (Algui or similar) from the house of Chagatais (around 1265) Qaidu attacked the area of ​​the Chagatai Khanate and occupied the Ili Valley and Kashgar . The following military clashes ended in a sort of settlement in 1269. For this purpose, the three lordly lines Ögedei , Tschagatai and Dschötschi gathered in an imperial assembly on the Talas River, the (presumably new) border between the territories of the three ruling houses. They established mutual borders, the administration of the Central Asian cities and the distribution of their income.

Presumably Qaidu and the Chagatai Khan Boraq also concluded an agreement against the two khanates from the House of Toluis, i. H. the Great Khan Kubilai (1271: Yuan Dynasty ) and the Ilchanat , because when Boraq attacked the Ilchan Abaqa in 1269, he had Qaidu's troops on his side, who betrayed him before the Battle of Herat (1270). After Boraq's defeat and his death soon thereafter, most of the princes and emirs of the Chagatai family submitted to Qaidu, with the result that Qaidu was practically the ruler of both the Ögedei Khanate and the Chagatai Khanate . However, it was still necessary for Prince Duwa (Du'a, † 1307, son of Boraq) to be the new Khan of the Chagatai family for Qaidu to gain reliable allies.

His territory stretched south from the Irtysh River to the Tianshan Mountains and via Kashgar to Turfan .

From the mid-80s, Qaidu repeatedly attacked the borders of Yuan China, the territory of Kubilai and his successor Temür (ruled 1294–1307). But there are also clear indications that the initiative to the conflict came from the yuan, at least at times. First, Qaidu was able to make political capital out of the dissatisfaction of high-ranking princes (Nayan, Melik Temür and Yomuqur, Ulus Buqa and others) who were dissatisfied with Kubilai's prochinese politics or who were ousted from power by Kubilai's clan. In the long term, however, he came under strong pressure, had to call Duwa for help and was only able to assert himself in several battles around 1300/01 with his help. Qaidu died of a wound on his return from his last campaign.

The end

Qaidu's heir became his son Chapar , who (according to Raschid ed Din) had to deal with some princes and owed the throne to Duwa's support. Around 1303 Duwa and Chapar reached an agreement with the Yuan, temporarily ending the Inner Mongolian Wars. An opaque power struggle soon ensued between their two houses, which Duwa was able to win, not least by pulling the Yuan on his side, which Chapar surprisingly attacked on the Altai. Chapar and the other princes of the Ögedei family (Yangichar, Orus, Shah, Tökme, and many others) had to submit to Duwa, who died soon afterwards (1306/07). The princes tried to exploit the controversy for the throne in the Tschagatei house and crossed the Ili, but were defeated by Kebek in 1309 in the Almalyq area and fled to China.

Chapar submitted to the yuan, received an appanage in China and a prince title, which subsequently fell to his son and grandson. The Ögedei Khanate was divided between the neighbors in 1309: parts went to the kingdom of the Yuan dynasty and the majority to the Chagatai Khanate .

In the further course of the 14th century, Ögedei's descendants repeatedly appeared as luckless heirs to the throne or nominal rulers.

Ruler

Surname time Others
Ögedei (Ögödei) approx. 1225-1241 third son of Genghis Khan , 2nd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
Töregene 1241-1246 Widow Ögedeis, regent, mother of Güyük , Goden and three other sons
Güyük 1246-1248 oldest son Ögedeis and 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
Ogul Qaimish 1248-1251 Güyük's widow , regent, was executed after Möngke Khan ascended the throne
Kadan (Qadan) (unofficially) sixth son Ögedeis , one of the troop leaders who attacked Europe in 1236-41 ( Mongol storm )
Qaidu (Kaidu) approx. 1264-1301 Ögedeis grandson , rebelled against Kubilai Khan , was a senior partner of the Chagatai Khan Duwa
Hoqu 1268 Son of Güyük , appointed by Kubilai Khan in 1268 in opposition to Qaidu
Chapar 1301-1309 / 10 eldest son and successor of Qaidu , fled to China in 1310
Yangichar 1307 Son Qaidus , appointed by the Chagatai Khan Duwa in 1307 in opposition to Chapar

Historical sources

Raschīd ad-Dīn (Persian), Yuanshi ( History of the Mongol Dynasty ; Chinese), Secret History of the Mongols (Mongolian), Juwaini (Persian)

literature

  • Michal Biran: Qaidu and the Rise of the independent Mongol State in Central Asia ; Curzon Press, 1997
  • René Grousset : L'Empire Mongol (1st phase) . Paris: E. de Boccard 1941 ( Histoire du monde 8,3) - (section Règne d'Ogödaï , p. 284 ff.)
  • Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
  • Cihai ("Sea of ​​Words"), Shanghai cishu chubanshe, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-5326-0839-5 (Article: Wokuotai Hanguo ("Ögedei Khanate"))

See also

Web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ Chinese Mènggú sìdà hànguó , also referred to as the four great khanates for short .
  2. ↑ Cihai , p. 1774b, article: Wokuotai Hanguo ("Ögedei Khanate")
  3. ↑ Chinese 额敏 河, Pinyin: Emin He; also known under the name 葉 密 立 河 (Yemili He); see. Zhongguo gudai diming da cidian (historical dictionary of toponyms): Yelimi He . It rises in the Tarbagatai Mountains (塔爾巴哈 台 嶺) and flows in a south-westerly direction into Lake Alakol . It forms the largest river network in the Tacheng Basin
  4. ↑ Chinese 叶 密 立
  5. ↑ Chinese 额敏 县; Pinyin: Emin xian
  6. ↑ Godan was the second son of Ögedeis. He played a role in the history of Tibet because he promoted the rise of Sakya Pandita .
  7. ↑ Boyle: The Successors of Genghis Khan, p. 20, note 29
  8. ↑ Kadan was the sixth son of Ögedai.
  9. ↑ Meliq was the seventh son of Ögedai.
  10. ↑ Qaidu was the only son of Ögedai's fifth son Qaschi, who died early.
  11. ↑ Totaq was the son of Ogedai's fourth son, Qarachar.
  12. ↑ See Biran: Qaidu, p. 19 f.
  13. ↑ or Arigh Böke, Erik Böge u. a .; chin. Ali Buge 阿里 不 哥
  14. ↑ See Biran: Qaidu, p. 38.
  15. ↑ Chinese Shuchi 朮赤
  16. ↑ According to the information in Biran: Qaidu, p. 33,41, Duwa was appointed khan around 1282.
  17. ↑ So z. B. In 1271, Kubilai Khan sent two of his sons with a larger number of troops, who occupied the Ili region and the Tarim Basin and pushed Qaidu westward. The campaign was ended in the autumn of 1276 by a rebellion by high-ranking princes who captured Kubilai's sons and at least came to an understanding with Qaidu.
  18. ↑ or 1310 (see above)
  19. ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 231
  20. ↑ Biran: Qaidu, p. 38
  21. ↑ Biran: Qaidu, p. 77
Ögedei Khanate (alternative names of the lemma)
Chinese 窝阔台 汗国, Wokuotai Hanguo, Ögödei Khanate; Öködei Ulus