Material cultural property of Japan
Tangible Cultural Property of Japan ( Japanese 有形 文化 財 , Yūkei Bunkazai ) is an official classification of cultural property made by the Japanese Office for Cultural Affairs . The cultural property must meet a catalog of criteria for appointment and go through a legally regulated appointment process. The appointment is made by the Minister for Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology .
In a broader sense, the term material cultural property describes all material cultural goods created by human hands in the context of cultural activities. In a narrower sense, it means all material and cultural products that are classified as a type of cultural property, i.e. as a building (property) or as a work of art or handicraft ( 可 動 文化 財 , by the Japanese law on the protection of cultural property and by the provisions for local authorities ( 地方 公共 体 ) kadō bunkazai , movable cultural property). The exact classification is regulated by Paragraph 1, Art. 2, Clause 1 of the Cultural Property Protection Act. Accordingly, the appointment is made when a cultural asset represents a building, painting, sculpture, handicraft, calligraphy, old book or document or archaeological artifact with historical or artistic value.
Since cultural goods are valuable and worthy of protection from the cultural and historical legacy of Japan, the export of these cultural goods is monitored by the Japanese state or it is prohibited in principle. Material cultural assets can be divided into two levels and either “declared” or “registered” as cultural assets. The type and scope of protection of a material cultural asset differ depending on the above-mentioned level of classification.
Declared material cultural assets
To protect Japan's cultural heritage, the Japanese government has set up an appointment system ( 指定 制度 , shitei seido ). This system provides a regulated procedure for declaration. For declared cultural assets, restrictions apply to changes, repair and export of the cultural asset. The protection and appreciation of a material cultural asset that has already been declared can be achieved through two further stages, through the appointment as an important cultural asset ( 重要 文化 財 , jūyō bunkazai ) and then through the appointment as a national treasure ( 国宝 , kokuhō ) (see also: Systematics of the Protection of Cultural Property ), increase.
The declaration of an extended important cultural asset can be extended to include a regional component. An important cultural asset can be recognized as such throughout the community, across the prefecture or across the country. This component does not represent an exclusive increase; rather, a cultural asset can be declared as an important cultural asset that is important throughout the municipality and prefecture.
In 2014, 2,412 sites (including 218 national treasures) and 4,629 buildings (including 266 national treasures) were declared as tangible cultural assets.
Registered tangible cultural assets
In addition to the appointment system, there has also been a registration system ( 登録 制度 , tōroku seido ) since the 1996 revision of the Cultural Property Protection Act, which guarantees less protection and assistance for the owners. For this purpose, the cultural assets are entered in a central register and identified as registered cultural assets. Until the law was revised again in 2004, only buildings and structures were registered. At this point it was recognized that increasing urbanization was leading to the demolition of many buildings, especially those that had been built since the Meiji Restoration . The revision therefore initially served as an immediate measure to counteract the loss of culturally and historically significant buildings. Since the renewed revision in 2004, however, every material cultural asset can be registered analogous to the appointment system. It also serves as a supplement to the national and municipal appointment system. If a cultural asset is officially declared a cultural asset after its registration at the municipal or national level, it is removed from the central register for registered cultural assets. There are currently 9797 buildings and 12 works of art or handicrafts listed in a central register (status: Feb. 2015).
In comparison with important cultural assets and national treasures, the registration of a tangible cultural asset entails fewer obligations for the owner. A partial loss, damage, a change of ownership and intended changes to the cultural property must be reported if it affects more than 25% of the visible parts.
See also
- Important cultural asset of Japan
- Meiji Mura museum village , in which more than 60 buildings, mainly from the Meiji and Shōwa periods , are kept.
literature
- Enders Siegfried RCT, Gutschow Niels: Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan . Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart / London 1998, ISBN 3-930698-98-6 .
Remarks
- ↑ According to Paragraph 3 Art. 27 Clause 1 of the Cultural Property Protection Act.
- ↑ According to Paragraph 3, Art. 27 Clause 2 of the Cultural Property Protection Act.
- ↑ According to Art. 182 Clause 2 of the Cultural Property Protection Act.
- ↑ According to Art. 57 of the Cultural Property Protection Act.
Individual evidence
- ^ Cultural Properties for Future Generations. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan - Fiscal 2009. Office for Cultural Affairs , June 2007, archived from the original on March 27, 2009 ; accessed on January 20, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 文化 財 保護 法 . (No longer available online.) In: eGov. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, archived from the original on February 26, 2012 ; Retrieved January 16, 2015 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 文化 財 保護 法 (昭和 二十 五年 五月 三十 日 法律 第二 百十 四号) 「第 百 八十 二条 第二 項」 . (No longer available online.) In: eGov. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 16, 2015 (Japanese). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Tangible Cultural Properties. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan. Office for Cultural Affairs, 2014, archived from the original on January 19, 2015 ; accessed on January 16, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Siegfried RCT Enders, Niels Gutschow: Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan. 1998, p. 15.
