Meiji Mura
.jpg) Facade of the former Imperial Hotel, Tōkyō |
|
| Data | |
|---|---|
| place | Inuyama , Aichi Prefecture |
| Art | |
| architect | Taniguchi Yoshirō, Motoo Tsuchikawa |
| opening | March 18, 1965 |
| operator |
KK Meitetsu Impress
|
| management |
Suzuki Hiroyuki
|
| Website | |
Meiji Mura ( Japanese 博物館 明治 村 Hakubutsukan Meiji Mura , German 'Meiji Museum Village' ) is an open-air museum in Inuyama in Aichi Prefecture . The museum opened on March 18, 1965 and contains more than 60 restored and rebuilt buildings from the Meiji (1867–1912), Taishō (1912–1926) and early Shōwa periods (1926–1989).
The Meiji period was marked by rapid changes. After centuries of isolation, Japan opened up and in the process also oriented itself towards the architectural style and construction principles of the western world. The Meiji Mura open-air museum preserves these early testimonies of architecture, in which Japanese architecture and materials are mixed with Western ones. In this way, spared the destruction of World War II and saved from the demolition excavators of modern times, a representative selection of early modern buildings could be preserved.
Ten of the 68 buildings have been designated as “ important cultural assets ”. Buildings from Hawaii, Seattle and Brazil can also be seen in the open-air museum. In many buildings the history of the building itself is represented. They usually also contain furnishings and furniture from contemporary history. Individual buildings such as Lafcadio Hearn's summer house or St. Francisco de Xavier Cathedral can also be rented for weddings.
Emergence
Meiji Mura was the brainchild of the architect Taniguchi Yoshirō ( 谷口 吉 郎 , 1904–79) and the President of the Nagoya Railway Company Motoo Tsuchikawa ( 土 川 元 夫 , 1903–74). After the end of the Second World War, the two initiators campaigned for the preservation and protection of historic and culturally valuable buildings of early Japanese modernism. Initially, it was their goal to keep the buildings in their original location. In the 1960s, however, economic recovery was a top priority and it became increasingly difficult to keep the buildings in their original location from demolition. Thereupon Taniguchi and Tsuchikawa decided to dismantle the buildings and assemble them again in a suitable place and to restore them. The Meiji Mura Open Air Museum was born.
On July 16, 1962, they founded a company for their project. In order to attract visitors, the open-air museum in Arakawa , Tōkyō should be built, but the company Yamato Keori KK ( 大 和 毛織 ) came before them with the acquisition of the building site. It bought two thirds of the land to build a new baseball stadium .
On March 18, with financial support from the Nagoya Railway Company, the open-air museum in Inuyama, on Lake Irukaike, was opened. The open-air museum is also a registered trademark of the Nagoya Railway Company due to financial support. When it opened, it housed 15 buildings (including the switchboard from Sapporo, the home of Mori Ōgai and Natsume Sōseki, among others). The entire site extends over a square kilometer. Since the open-air museum not only presents buildings, but also mobile cultural goods (such as steam locomotives and trams) from different cultural areas, one can also speak of a theme park according to its present-day presentation .
In particular, the country house “Zagyosō” (1920) and the facade of the Imperial Hotel (1923) date from the Taishō period. Together with the headquarters of the Kawasaki Bank (1927) from the early Shōwa period, they round off the representative selection of early modern buildings.
present
Since 2003, the management of the open-air museum has been de facto carried out by KK Meitetsu Impress , a subsidiary of the Meitetsu Group . For a while the future of Meiji Mura seemed to be endangered and the restoration work had to be stopped due to the economic difficulties of the owner company. In addition, the theme park was affected by the 1995 Kobe earthquake . However, in 2005 the gate guard and bodyguard at the Kaiserhof and in 2007 the Nakai sake brewery were restored and opened to the public.
Famous Japanese Actors Who Served As Heads Of Meiji Mura:
- Tokugawa Musei (1965–1971)
- Morishige Hisaya (1971-2004)
- Ozawa Shōichi (2004-2015)
- Agawa Sawako (since March 2015)
Open-air museum directors:
- Taniguchi Yoshirō (until 1979)
- Sekino Masaru (1979-?)
- Muramatsu Teijirō (? –1997)
- Iida Kishirō (1997-2010)
- Suzuki Hiroyuki (2010-2014)
- Takagawa Takeshi (since July 2014)
Buildings and objects from the Meiji period (1867–1912)
Kikunoyo Brewery ( 菊 の 世 酒 蔵 )
→ Year: 1868, original Location: Ginza in Kariya , Aichi prefecture , location: Planquadrat 5-64
The brewery building is unusual among the many western structures in Meiji Mura in that the roof is covered in the Japanese way. The distance between the crossbeams of the roof is nine ken (approx. 16 m) and the distance between the support beams is 18 ken (approx. 33 m). It is a two-story warehouse with thick walls and a two ken (3.6 m) wide canopy. The roof structure of the main roof is constructed in the style of the old Minka . Originally built as a granary on nearby Mikawa Bay in Hekinan, it was acquired by the Kiku Hirose Brewery ( 菊 廣 瀬 酒 造 ) and moved to Kariya in 1895. The building was dismantled in 1969 and rebuilt in the museum in December 1983 and opened to the public. Since the large interior space is used both as a warehouse and as an exhibition room, the building was given a reinforced concrete cellar when it was rebuilt. In addition, the northern half of the building was replaced with reinforced concrete, while the southern half remained in its original state. All sorts of accessories for making sake are on display on the ground floor, including a sugidama ( 杉 玉 ).
Lafcadio Hearn's summer home ( 小泉 八 雲 避暑 の 家 )
→ Year: 1868, original Location: Jonokoshi in Yaizu , Shizuoka Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-48
The house was originally built in Shizuoka Prefecture in 1868 . Lafcadio Hearn , best known in Japan for his ghost stories , was of Irish-Greek descent. In 1890 he traveled to Japan, began teaching English in a middle school in Matsue and shortly afterwards married Koizumi Setsuko. Through marriage and subsequent naturalization, Hearn took on the Japanese name Koizumi Yakumo ( 小泉 八 雲 ). In 1896, Hearn was appointed to teach English literature at Waseda University . A year later, he and his family moved to Tokyo.
The building is designed in the Japanese style of a town house as a single-storey wooden structure with a width of 5.5 m and a depth of 13.2 m. With the deep-drawn canopy, the front of the house looks like a shop. The right inner side of the ground floor is laid out as an unpaved floor. The windows on the first floor were designed as box-shaped sliding windows that were covered with paper and protected by the deep-drawn roof structure. While the right side of the ground floor was left unpainted, tatami mats were laid out on the left . A wall was drawn in roughly in the middle of the room, which also ensured ventilation of the room. In the left rear part there is the square-shaped staircase to the first floor. The attic is designed in two parts and completely covered with tatami mats.
"Kagyū-an", home of Kōda Rohan ( 幸 田 露 伴 住宅 「蝸牛 庵」 )
→ Year of construction: 1868, original location: Higashimukojima in Sumida , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 3-26
The decade from 1877 to 1886 brought about upheavals for the world of literature as the country opened up. In the field of tension between democratic civil rights and state power, the intellectual history of “Pan-Asianism” ( ア ジ ア 主義 ) flourished . The popular literature of the Edo period , Gesaku literature, lost its popularity. Instead, the time of the political ( 政治 小説 , seiji shōsetsu ) and the social novel ( 政治 小説 , shakai shōsetsu ) began, which turned to a psychological view and thus the inner world of the protagonists. In 1885 Shōyō Tsubouchi appeared influential essay The essence of the novel ( 小説 神 髄 , shōsetsu shinzui ), which initially inspired Futabatei Shimei to implement in his work Ukigumi (about: Moving Clouds ). In particular, however, he worked on the writer Kōda Rohan .
Kōda Rohan was actually a trained engineer and worked as a telegraph operator . In self-study he acquired knowledge of classical literature and Buddhist scriptures. When he was reading Tsubouchi's treatise at the age of 21, he decided to quit his profession. A year later in 1888 he made his debut with Zentenma ( 禅 天魔 ) and caught the attention of Kōyō Ozaki . With the following works and together with Ozaki he shaped Japanese literature for about 30 years. This period until Ozaki's death in 1903 is therefore often referred to as Kōro jidai ( 紅 露 時代 ) based on the names of the two writers . Rohan himself called his home a snail shell ( 蝸牛 庵 , Onyomi reading Kagyū-an ). He lived in the house originally east of the Sumida River for about a decade from 1897. The house gives an impression of the city quarter, the appearance of which was shaped by the secondary residences of wealthy merchants. It was covered with tatami mats. There is still a metal fitting in the shape of a water bird on one of the supports of the canopy. At the original location in Sumida there is now a park with a playground, in which there is a memorial stone to Kōda Rohan, who bears an excerpt from his novel Unmei (about: Fate ).
Nakai Sake Brewery in Kyoto ( 京都 中 井 酒 造 )
→ Year of construction: 1870, original location: Nakagyō-ku , Kyōto , location: grid square 2-19
The Nakai family began trading sake as early as 1787 in the Kawara district of Kyōto. In 1803 they continued the trade a little west of Miyuki Street, then the property burned down in the course of the Hamaguri uprising between the Chōshū Han and the Aizu - Satsuma-Han in 1864 and was subsequently moved to the south of the Imperial Palace from the south in 1870 to the north running, newly laid Miyuki-chō Street, which ran through the Kyoto, which was redesigned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi , rebuilt. The roof is convex in the traditional Kyōto style and covered with mukuriyane ( 起 屋 根 ). The house wall under the canopy is plastered with lime mortar with latticed windows embedded in them, so-called Mushikomado ( 虫 籠 窓 ), as a skylight for the attic. The ground floor is also only weakly illuminated by gate windows, musōmado ( 無双 窓 ). These windows, which are typical for sake breweries, are vertical, fixed wooden slats alternating with slat-wide gaps. On the inside of the window there is a gate that is offset and that can be pushed over the spaces between the slats to close the window.
Shinagawa lighthouses ( 品 川 燈台 )
→ Year of construction: 1870, original location: Shinagawa in Minato , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 3-29
In the run-up to the Meiji Restoration, the great European powers and America tried to exert their influence in Japan in a struggle with each other and to induce Japan to trade and thus to open up the country. As a result, Japan concluded the Harris Treaty with America in 1858 , the first of the 5 so-called Ansei Treaties ( 安 政 五 カ 国 条約 ): The Harris Treaty was followed by further friendship and trade treaties with England, Russia, Holland and France . The annex to the Ansei treaties provided for a revision of the customs system. Article 11 of this annex stipulated that lighthouses and buoys were to be set up when the ports were opened to foreign ships. The Japanese government then asked France and England for technical support to erect the first 4 lighthouses of western design in the Bay of Tōkyō (on the headlands of Kannon, Nojima, Jōga-shima and Shinagawa). The lighthouse preserved in Meiji Mura was built under the leadership of the French architect François Léonce Verny on the western flank of the 2 gun batteries of Shinagawa. On March 5, 1870, its beacon lit up towards the open sea for the first time. Crude oil was used as the light source, resulting in a luminosity of 100 candela . The beacon could be seen from a distance of about 18 km. The Shinagawa lighthouses formed the basis for the artillery master Egawa Tarōzaemon's plans to defend Edo . The Shinagawa lighthouses were brought to Meiji Mura in 1964 and classified as an Important Cultural Property in April 1968 .
Ōi-butcher shop ( 大 井 牛肉 店 )
→ Year of construction: 1872, original location: Motomachi in Ikuta-ku, Kobe , location: grid square 1-2
The Ōi butcher shop was built around 1872 in Kobe in the Ikuta district . Like Yokohama and Nagasaki , Kobe had an open seaport since 1867. Foreign ships landed and trade began to flourish. To the same extent, foreigners settled in the port cities in their own city districts. The resourceful businessman Kishida Inosuke ( 岸 田 伊 之 助 ) began selling beef and sukiyaki in the Ōi butcher's shop in 1887 . The house was built according to the western model with a magnificent facade. The loggia on the first floor and the entrance area set accents in addition to the arched windows and the Corinthian pilasters and make the building appear larger than it is. Although the building was built according to the western model, Japanese construction techniques were used. The pilasters and windows were stuccoed with white wood. The vestibule on the ground floor is designed in Japanese style; Half of it is parquet ( 土 間 , Doma ) and the other half, with tatami mats on the left and right side of the room . The first floor, however, is divided into four rooms with wooden floors in which sukiyaki was performed. The entrance is adorned with a small arched canopy, which is decorated in the style of Kyoto with a crane. It has a sign ( 看板 , Kamban ) on which the company name is written in gold.
Japanese Railroad Shimbashi Factory (Machine Hall ) ( 鉄 道 寮 新橋 工場 ・ 機械 館 )
→ Year: 1872, original Location: Ōi-machi in Shinagawa , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-44
The Japanese railways introduced and developed all kinds of technology from England. At the Shimbashi station, which opened in 1872 , foreign contractors ( O-yatoi gaikokujin ) built a station building, platforms, baggage storage, coal storage, car sheds and workshops for the repair of locomotives. From all of this, the locomotive repair shop has been preserved as a machine hall in Meiji Mura. The cast iron pillars, the iron sheets for the outer walls of the building, the metal window frames - everything was imported from England at the time and installed under the guidance of English engineers. Today two of these machine halls stand next to each other in Meiji Mura, but originally only one machine hall was built in Shimbashi, which was only extended by a second building at the beginning of the Taishō period with the relocation to Ōimachi. Cast iron pillars that were used elsewhere and labeled “Metallguss der Eisenbahn Tokio 1882” ( 明治 十五 年 東京 鉄 道 局 鋳 造 ) also date from that time, and testify to how the Japanese industry of The two machine halls are used by the museum as exhibition rooms for various industrial machines used.
Chimney foundation of the thermal power station in Shiodome (1902)
The modernization in Shiodome began in 1870 with the surveying and the station building built the following year and the establishment of a railway connection. From 1872 when Shimbashi Station started operations to 1914 when Tokyo Station opened and Shiodome Station was renamed Shiodome Freight Station, it has been continuously expanded. However, with the Kantō earthquake of 1923 and the renovation of the Shiodome station in 1934, almost all of the facilities built in the Meiji period disappeared . Also restored in Meiji Mura, the foundations of the chimney of a thermal power plant built in 1902 have been restored. This power plant supplied the electrical energy required for Shimbashi station.
Ring spinning machine (1893)
The ring spinning machine, which was used at the end of the cotton textile manufacturing process, was invented by the American John Thorp in 1828. After Thorp had devised the machine and improved it, the Platt ring spinning machines in particular had the reputation of being the best in quality. The use of this machine by three Japanese spinning mills promoted the modernization of Japan. The ring spinning machine that has been preserved is declared an important cultural asset .
Planer with chrysanthemum coat of arms ( 菊花 御 紋章 付 平 削 盤 ) (1878)
This machine was manufactured for the Akabane branch of a ship repair plant in Iwate Prefecture , later adopted by the technical high school in Morioka for practical training and thus preserved. The dimensions of the machine are (L × W × H): 2.82 m × 1.23 m × 1.68 m. The planing machine is also declared an important cultural asset .
Barracks of the 6th Infantry Regiment ( 歩 兵 第六 聯隊 兵 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1873, original location: Ninomaru, Naka-ku in Nagoya , Aichi prefecture , location: grid square 4-36
At the time of the unrest during the Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration, when the demonstration of military strength by the great powers was repeated, the shogunate government (Bakufu) and major fiefdoms recognized the need to modernize the military. Contrary to the daimyats Satsuma and Chōshū , who were instructed by England, the shogunate government and subsequently the Meiji government took over the French system in order to create a foundation for the Japanese army. In 1871 Japan was divided from Tōhoku in the north to Kyūshū in the south into four regions, each of which set up military bases for itself. Garrisons were built in Hiroshima and Nagoya in 1873. Initially, the garrisons were set up as infantry regiments, with the 6th Infantry Regiment of Kanazawa and Nagoya jointly established in the administrative district of the Nagoya military base. The Meiji government oriented itself towards France not only in terms of military organization and training methods, but also in the construction of barracks and military buildings, so that the barracks of the 6th Infantry Regiment built in 1873 is an example of a barracks based on the French architectural style. The length of the building, which originally exceeded more than 50 m and once enclosed the rectangular barracks square, was shortened by two thirds during the reconstruction in the museum. The building itself gives a simple impression with the simple rectangular sliding windows, but it is very robust, as massive continuous pillars with wooden cross bracing were used from the foundation to the eaves. This makes it resistant to earthquakes and fire and it also has good insulation. Inside are u. a. to see the crew beds.
Sugashima lighthouse official residence ( 菅 島 燈台 付 属官 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1873, original location: Sugashima-chō in Toba , Mie prefecture , location: grid square 3-30
The Sugashima lighthouse was built in 1873 near Toba , at the entrance to Ise Bay . The planning was led by the English engineer Richard Henry Brunton , who headed the lighthouses department of the then Ministry of Public Works . Since lighthouses in the western style were also operated by foreigners at the beginning of the Meiji period, the associated service apartment was also built in the western style as a brick building . The house was constructed as a wooden structure with brick walls and covered with Sangawara roof tiles. The house had glass doors and windows that could be opened vertically and which were fitted with shutters. The construction was carried out with the help of the residents, who, for example, transported the building materials from the pier to the hill on which the lighthouse was built. The bricks were fired in Takeuchi Sentarō's brickworks on the nearby island of Watakano. While the main material, the bricks, had largely the same shape everywhere in Europe, the type of construction differed from country to country. The French and English blocks differ in the arrangement of the runners (brick with its long side on the edge of the wall) and the truss (brick with its short broad side on the edge of the wall). The Flemish Association is typical of Japanese brick buildings . Another example on display is a cannon from China, which was used to fire gunpowder in thick fog to warn ships about the mainland. The building is classified as an important cultural asset .
Steam locomotive number 12 with 3rd class passenger carriages ( 蒸 気 機関 車 12 号 )
→ imported: 1874 Location: Planquadrat 4-43
At the beginning of the Meiji period, locomotives were designated with the term "Okajōki" ( 陸 蒸 気 ), which is no longer used today . Meiji Mura owns two of these Meiji-era "Okajōki" locomotives that run here daily between the Meiji Mura stations Nagoya and Tokyo ( と う き ゃ う ). One of the two locomotives is the number 12 steam locomotive, which was imported from England by Sharp Stewart & Co. in 1874, two years after the first railway line went into operation . When the locomotive was imported, it was initially number 23 and drove between Shinbashi and Yokohama, in 1909 it was given the number 165 as part of the revision of the car numbering and, two years later, when it was sold to the Bisai Railway in 1911, the current number 12 It kept this number after the merger of the Nagoya Railway with the Bisai Railway. The steam locomotive is 7995 mm long, has an unladen weight of 17.49 t and was in service until 1957. In addition, there are still three passenger cars of the originally third class in Meiji Mura. Car 11 was first used by the Aoume Railway and sold to the Takahata Railway of Yamagata Prefecture in 1924 , which in turn sold it to the Ogachi Railway of Akita Prefecture in 1936 . Car 11 is the shortest of the three passenger cars with a length of 8.270 mm. The other two cars 13 and 14 first belonged to the Shingū Railway; they were nationalized with the Shingū Railway and in 1942, like carriage 11, changed to the Ogachi Railway. Both cars are 9595 mm long.
Residence of Margrave Saigō Tsugumichi ( 西 郷 從 道 邸 )
→ Year of construction: approx. 1877, original location: Kamimeguro, Meguro , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 1-8
The single-storey residence, the roof of which is covered with copper sheet, was built in the western style from 1877 to 1886 by Margrave Saigō Tsugumichi , the younger brother of the well-known samurai Saigō Takamori , in Kamimeguro , a district of Tokyo. Tsugumichi had contacts with many diplomats and officials from abroad who were based in Japan. He held various and important positions, such as the Minister of the Navy, the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of the Army, and he was a major figure in the Meiji Restoration. He had a main house built in the Japanese style on the site called Saigō-yama and a little apart from this the residence in the western style for the proper catering of guests. The plans for the residence, including the arched veranda with the railings, came from the French architect Jules Lescasse , who concentrated on increasing earthquake security. For this reason, light copper sheet was used instead of heavy shingles for the roof. Instead of sinking the bricks into the ground as the weight and foundation of the walls, they were made to protrude visibly from the ground in order to improve the stability of the building. All rooms on the first floor have 1 Jō (i.e. 3.03 m) high windows. These French glass windows opened inwards and had shutters on the outside . Almost the entire interior of the house consisted of imported furniture .
The architect Lescasse worked on the mine in Ikuno in 1872 and a year later was involved in the work on the foundations of the imperial palace. He was also involved in the construction of a building for the German legation and a building for the Mitsubishi Postschifffahrtsgesellschaft ( 三菱 郵船 会 社 ). In 1887 he opened his own architecture office and, in addition to his main occupation, wrote articles for scientific magazines in France in order to familiarize his compatriots with earthquake-proof construction. The residence was moved to Meiji Mura in 1964 and classified as an important cultural asset in May 1965 .
Rokugogawa Iron Bridge ( 六 郷 川 鉄 橋 )
→ Year of construction: 1877, original location: Ōta , Tokyo prefecture and Kawasaki , Kanagawa prefecture , location: grid square 4-41
Bridges over valleys and rivers have been built from wood or stone from ancient times. It was only with the industrial revolution that it became possible to mass-produce iron and use it in bridge construction. One of the first iron bridges in Japan is the Rokugogawa Iron Bridge, which was originally built in 1877 on the lower reaches of the Tama River , which stretches from Kawasaki to Tokyo Bay . When the first Japanese railway line was opened between Shimbashi Station and Tokyo in 1872 , there were a total of 22 larger and smaller bridges, all made of wood, on this line. The iron, which was still being imported from England at that time, was not yet sufficient for the construction of a bridge. For this reason, the Rokugawa iron bridge was completed in 1877 with the double-track expansion of the line. Itō Hirobumi , at that time still Minister for Public Works and later four-time Prime Minister of Japan , also attended the grand opening ceremony .
The truss bridge has a total length of approx. 500 m. It was made in 1875 by the British engineer Boyle for the company Hamilton's Windsor Ironworks in Liverpool. When the Tōkaidō main line was expanded to include multiple tracks in 1912, the Rokugogawa iron bridge was removed, converted to single-track use and placed on the Gotemba line , where it spans the Sakawa River. In 1965 the bridge was decommissioned after 90 years. The bridge was renovated and returned to its original condition for double-track use and brought to Meiji-Mura. The oldest iron bridges in Japan, but no longer preserved, were on the railway line from Osaka to Kobe. The oldest iron bridge still in use today is the Danjō-bashi (today: Hachiman-bashi ) pedestrian bridge in Tokyo, Kōtō district .
Shinagawa Glass Factory ( 工部 省 品 川 硝 子 製造 所 )
→ Year: ca. 1877 original location: Kitashinagawa in Shinagawa , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-45
English engineers were recruited in 1873 and a glass factory was built in the Shinagawa district of Tokyo . The Ministry of Public Works took over the supervision and control of the factory and the construction of the buildings . The building was built with English bricks and covered with roof tiles. The window openings were mostly equipped with round arches , in the right third of the building also as straight arches . Behind these arches there is a mezzanine inside the building as a mezzanine .
Until the establishment of the engineering sciences, the Ministry of Public Works was responsible for the construction of a large number of factory buildings and technical systems relating to railways, shipbuilding, civil engineering, lighthouses, metal processing, etc. Due to the large number of construction projects throughout Japan, materials and workers from abroad were hired out. The factory was built under the guidance of English construction companies and it produced utensils such as dishes using the means of production for flint glass . In 1881 the first test for the production of flat glass was also successful . However, industrial production of flat glass in Japan did not begin until 1909. In 1885 the factory was privatized and from the end of the Meiji period onwards it was used by the Sankyō ( 三 共 ) company for the production of pharmaceuticals. The well-known chemist Jōkichi Takamine and Suzuki Umetarō , who had studied with the German Nobel Prize winner Emil Fischer , worked here.
Infirmary and Administration Building of the Nagoya Army Hospital ( 名古屋 衛戍 病院 )
→ Year: 1878, original Location: Komatsubara Kitamachi, Kita-ku , Kyoto , location: Planquadrat 4-37
The first hospital for Japanese in the western style was the "Community Hospital" established in 1871 in Yokohama. It was more or less a private hospital that had been built with the help of investments by the merchants' guild. The actual planning and construction of large western-style hospitals for the army began, however, with the nationwide establishment of troop bases in Tokyo in 1873. The six buildings of the Nagoya Army Hospital, built in 1876, were arranged to enclose a courtyard. This type of arrangement, called the "Buntō style" ( 分 棟 型 , ~ gata ) and in which the private and living spaces are separated from the utility rooms, often structurally by an arrangement in a T-shape, was ideal for western hospital buildings and also the model for the main hospital of the Red Cross. Today two of the original six buildings are located in Meiji Mura, one of which was an administration building. The single-storey building is made of wood and covered with Sangawara bricks. A wrap-around veranda gives the impression of openness and brightness. The design of the details is simple and resembles those of the facilities for the 6th Regiment of the Army. Structurally, however, the plastered walls of the small Japanese-style living quarters differed from the barracks. The building also resembles the official building of the Mie Prefecture, which, however, incorporated further Japanese design elements, while the design of the army hospital remained committed to simplicity. In 1895, the German discovered Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen , the X-rays , which subsequently named after him as X-rays also revolutionized medical diagnostics. Just one year after Röntgen's discovery, it was possible to generate X-rays in Japan. The first Japanese X-ray machines were manufactured in-house in 1909. The infirmary and the administration building of the army hospital were declared a material cultural asset of the Aichi prefecture .
Office building of the Mie prefecture administration ( 三重 県 庁 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1879, original location: Sakaemachi in Tsu , Mie prefecture , location: grid square 1-13
Following the government of the Meiji Restoration, the municipal administrations continued the "return of the lands and subjects from the daimyo to the emperor" decided in 1869, with which in 1871 the "abolition of the feudal system and establishment of the prefectures" began. Thereupon provincial and city governors appointed by the central government were sent to all prefectures. In addition, the Ministry of the Interior ( 内務 省 , naimushō ) was set up as a new central authority in 1873 to support the local government and to promote industry , so that the local government was quickly put in a position to implement the changes. The governors posted to the prefectures initially used the existing prefectural administration buildings, but the prefectural governors, who struggled for leadership as enlightened governors, soon had new western-style administrative buildings built.
The building was designed in 1876 on behalf of Sadataka Iwamura , then governor of Mie Prefecture , as the governor's seat, imitating Western architectural style, and was completed three years later in 1879. The front is very wide at 54 m and extends symmetrically to the right and left around the central entrance area. Both the ground floor. The master carpenter Gihachi Shimizu (1841–1914), who was also involved in the “ Elementary School of Mie Prefecture and Kuramochi Elementary School ” in Meiji Mura , planned and managed the construction. The testimony of Meiji architecture, which has been classified as an important cultural asset since 1968 , has two floors, each with a veranda on the front, and borrows from the Palladian . The hipped roof of the wooden house, which is completely plastered, is covered with Sangawara shingles. The pediment is decorated with a chrysanthemum coat of arms. Since 1967, after more than eighty years of use, it has been located in Meiji Mura, where it serves as a study center and occasionally for exhibitions.
Church of St. Paul ( 大明寺 聖 パ ウ ロ 教会 堂 )
→ Year of construction: 1879, original location: Iōjima, Nagasaki prefecture , location: grid square 5-56
Christianity came to Japan in 1549 with the missionary Francisco de Xavier and was later banned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and then during the reign of Tokugawa Ieyasu . This ban on Christianity was only to be lifted at the beginning of the Meiji period in 1873 more than 210 years later. St. Paul Church was originally built around 1879 in Iōjima , Nagasaki . After the country opened up and the ban was lifted, the Ōura Church (Ōura Tenshudō) was the first Catholic church to be built in Japan. St. Paul was completed barely 15 years after the Ōura Tenshudō. The church was based on plans by the French missionary and priest Auguste Florentin Bourell . It was built by the carpenter Ōwatari Isekichi, who lives in Iōjima, and who had previously worked on the construction of the Ōura church and who contributed his knowledge to the construction of St. Paul. The three-aisled interior is reminiscent of the Gothic construction, while the outer facade has the shape of an ordinary farmhouse. The vault is designed as a six-part cross - ribbed vault, with the middle column left open. After completion, the church was extended by a porch, which also carries a small wooden belfry. The replica of a Lourdes grotto inside St. Paul's Church is also unusual .
Higashi-Yamanashi County Office Building ( 東山 梨 郡 役 所 )
→ Year of construction: 1885, original location: Kusakabe-chō in Yamanashi , Yamanashi prefecture , location: grid square 2-16
With the “ abolition of the Han and the establishment of the prefectures”, the “Gunkuchōson Heiseipō” ( 郡 区 町 村 編制 法 , for example “Law on the Organization of Counties , Districts , Towns and Villages ”) was enacted in 1878 to effectively implement the municipal administration . With this, the district administrator was appointed provincial governor and took over the supervision and management of the city and local government in the districts. The Yamanashi Prefecture was the entry into force of the reform first in four counties, by a notice of Daijō-kan then divided into nine districts (Great Chancellery) 1880th The newly created district of Higashi-Yamanashi (East Yamanashi) initially comprised 30 parishes. While provisional offices were used at the beginning, a new office building was completed in Kusakabe ( 日下 部 村 ) in 1885 . At that time, the provincial governor Shirō Fujimura , who was an enlightening personality, had many buildings built in the western style, so that the vernacular also spoke of the "Fujimura style". The front of the building with the veranda and the two wings on the left and right were designed identically, based on the model of the official building in Mie Prefecture . The building was built in the traditional way by local craftsmen and covered with "Sangawarabuki" that were freely decorated with western patterns. The pillars of the building are designed according to the Western model as a Doric order with entasis , the corner stones are provided with black lacquer. In particular, the ceilings of the interiors are charmingly decorated with stucco, which expresses the theme of "the beauty of the landscape and nature". In June 1966, the official building was classified as an “ important cultural asset ”.
Miyazu dish ( 宮 津 裁判 所 法 廷 )
→ Year: 1886, original Location: Honmachi in Miyazu , Kyoto , location: Planquadrat 5-63
In premodern Japan, the idea of the independence of the court, i.e. the judiciary, from administrative authorities did not yet exist; instead, administrative authorities usually also functioned as courts. 1868, the year in which the Boshin War raged, was also the birth of a new constitution ( 政体 書 , Seitaisho ). Through this "constitution of 1868" the power of the Council of State ( Daijō-kan ) was divided into judiciary , executive and legislative branches according to the French model . The judiciary was transferred to a newly established "judicial organ" ( 刑法 官 , Keihōkan ), which was responsible for internal security and administration of justice and which also acted as a judicial authority. This marked the path to a separation of powers and independence of the judiciary. Three years later, in 1871, the Ministry of Justice ( 司法 省 , shihō-shō ) was established. This was followed in 1875 as the highest instance by the Supreme Court , a year later four higher courts and 23 regional courts nationwide. In the following period there were repeated restructuring until 1890 a "law on the organization of courts" ( 裁判 所 構成 法 , Saibanshokōseihō , Eng. Court Organization Law ) consolidated the judicial system. In 1882, based on the French model, a criminal procedure law ( 治罪 法 , chizaihō ) was created, which in 1890 in its revised version became the criminal procedure code ( 刑事訴訟法 , keijisoshōhō ). The courthouse in Miyazu was built in 1886 in the midst of the emergence of the Japanese judicial system and was therefore part of that process.
In contrast to the western brick construction, courthouses were built from wood in a mixture of western and Japanese styles. The western influence can be seen in the windows, entrances and the interior. The entire courthouse of Miyazu is laid out in a symmetrical H-shape, with the center of the building serving as a two-story administration building, while the two wings on the right and left were used as courtrooms. When the courthouse in the museum was rebuilt, life-size dolls were used to vividly illustrate a court scene from that time. A judge, the public prosecutor and a seated clerk are on a raised platform , while the defense attorney and the defendant are positioned at ground level.
Tendō Arch Bridge ( 天 童 眼鏡 橋 )
→ Year of construction: 1887, original location: Tendō , Yamagata prefecture , location: grid square 5-54
The stone arch bridge was in the city in 1887 Tendō that in the Yamagata Prefecture is located and for their Shōgi built is famous -Spielsteine. At the same time, it replaced the existing wooden bridge construction. The Tendō Arch Bridge is 7.7 m wide and 13.3 m long. The ratio of the height of the arrow and the span is 2.6. It was built from stones from local mountain temples. Such semicircular arch bridges were built in the area of Euphrates and Tigris in pre-Christian times and further developed in Roman times. It is generally believed that the construction of arch bridges in Japan begins at the beginning of the Edo period with the double arch bridge ( 眼鏡 橋 , Megane-bashi ) in Nagasaki. Initially, arch bridges , especially in Kyūshū, were technically based on the model of China, and with the beginning of the Meiji period, bridges based on European and American models were mainly built across the country. The railings of the Japanese bridges are usually wooden constructions according to the Japanese construction method. a. are anchored in the main pillar. The Tendō Arch Bridge was brought to Meiji Mura in 1975.
House of Mori Ōgai and Natsume Sōseki ( 森 鴎 外 ・ 夏目漱石 住宅 )
→ Year of construction: 1887, original location: Sendaki in Bunkyō , Tokyo prefecture , location: grid square 1-9
The house is a prototype of what was then a middle-class house. It was built in 1887 for the doctor Nakajima with a size of 39 tsubo (129.5 m²). In 1890 the doctor and writer Mori Ōgai rented the house for a year. In the same year Ōgai's literary debut The Dancer ( 舞 姫 , Maihime ) appeared. Here he also wrote The Messenger ( 文 づ か ひ , Fumizukai ). Ōgai worked as a military doctor and studied from 1884 to 1888 in Germany a. a. Hygiene. During his stay in Germany, he also wrote a “book about Japanese houses” ( 日本 家 屋 論 , Nihon kaoku-ron ) in which he countered the accusation of the western world that Japanese houses are unhygienic.
About 10 years after Ōgai, from 1903 to 1906, the writer Natsume Sōseki also lived in this house. The cat flap in the house is very similar to the one described in his masterpiece Ich der Kater .
Electric street lamp on the Nijūbashi Bridge ( 二 重 橋 飾 電燈 )
→ Year of construction: 1888, original location: Chiyoda in the Chiyoda district , Tokyo prefecture , location: grid square 1-11
The Nijūbashi Bridge, adorned with the electric street lamp, is on the palace grounds; today it represents the central entrance to the imperial palace. The name Nijūbashi means about double bridge . The bridge was made of wood in the Edo period. It spans a moat. Since it was still difficult to build the bridge on pillars at the time of construction, a second, supporting bridge was built under the bridge, from which the name is derived. In 1888 the original wooden structure was replaced by a metal bridge. For the two entrances to the renewed bridge, the neo-baroque 5.2 m high street lamps were manufactured in Germany by the Harkort company. This lantern and part of the bridge railing have been on display in Meiji Mura since 1965.
Until the beginning of the Meiji period, gas lanterns and arc lamps were the most common in Japan . When Edison invented the carbon filament lamp in 1879 , a lot of activity and research began in Japan around electricity. In 1885, 40 electric light bulbs were used in Japan when building the Tōkyōter Bank in Nihonbashi. Two years later, the Tōkyō electricity company ( 東京 電燈 会 社 , Tōkyō Dentō Kaisha ) began operations.
Prison cells of the Maebashi Prison ( 前 橋 監獄 雑 居 房 )
→ Year: 1888, original Location: Minami-chō in Maebashi , Gunma Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 5-61
In 1872, with the “Prison Ordinance and Charts ” ( 監獄 則 並 図 式 , kangokusoku narabi ni zushiki , Prison rules with charts ), new rules for the penal system were enacted. At the same time, the traditional right of the son or wife to take revenge on the murderer of the father or husband on the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth " was abolished. The penal system was made more humane through the equal treatment of all prison inmates and the separation of convicts from prisoners on remand. The prison in Maebashi was built in 1888 with a cross-shaped arrangement of the prison cells taking these new regulations into account . Although the building is designed in a mixture of Western and Japanese styles and, interestingly, with a roof lantern, the prison cells arranged around a main aisle give an impression of the prison structure of the Edo period. The main roof struts attach to the side of the roof lantern, the weight of which also rests on the walls of the central inner corridor. The cells are constructed like a bird cage; The solid, continuous ceiling and floor of a cell are framed by massive chestnut planks that are offset from one another. Cross beams reinforce the construction so that the cell is surrounded by grids instead of closed walls. The otherwise common tendency in prisons to be unsanitary due to the limited space for sanitary facilities in the cell was countered by good ventilation made possible by this grid construction. When the building in Meiji Mura was rebuilt, only nine of the original 21 prison cells plus the washroom were rebuilt. The entrances were locked with a wooden bolt and padlock.
Headquarters of the Imperial Guard - annex ( 近衛 局 本部 付 属 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1888, original location: Chiyoda in the Chiyoda district , Tokyo prefecture , location: grid square 1-4
After government power was returned to the imperial family in 1867, Edo Castle , until then the seat of the Tokugawa Shogunate, became the seat of the imperial court in 1869. The residence used by the Tennō in the western part of the castle, the Nishi-no-maru, burned down in 1873, so that a new palace building was planned. Among other things, due to the Satsuma rebellion , the move into the new residence ( 皇居 , Kōkyo , about "Tennō residence") was delayed until 1888. The construction of the building to guard the imperial residence for the palace guard began in 1887 on the site at Sakashita -Tor ( 坂 下 門内 ), was converted into the main building of the imperial bodyguard during construction and completed the following year. The headquarters of the Palace Guard moved into the building and remained the quarters of the Sakashita Life Guard until 1967.
The walls of the single-storey, wooden outbuilding of the headquarters are plastered with white mortar. The front of the building has an arcade, the arches of which protrude slightly to allow the water to drain off. According to old plans, there was a 90 cm high cast iron railing between the eight arches at the beginning, which was lost when the building was dismantled. The partition walls between the individual rooms inside the building were removed during the reconstruction in Meiji Mura.
Mie Prefecture Elementary School and Kuramochi Elementary School ( 三重 県 尋常 師範学校 ・ 蔵 持 小学校 )
→ Year of construction: 1888, original location: Kuramochicho in Nabari , Mie prefecture , location: grid square 1-3
The building was built in 1888 as the main building of the elementary school in Mie Prefecture. In 1928 the building was sold as part of renovations and moved from its original location in the city of Nabari to Kuramochi, where it housed a primary school. The school building and an administrative building in Mie Prefecture, both of which were planned by the architect Shimizu Gihachi ( 清水 義 八 ), are structurally almost identical. A characteristic feature of both buildings is bilateral symmetry. Special features of the school building, which was brought to Meiji Mura in 1978 , are the central entrance area and the right wing of the building, in which two classrooms have been preserved. The entrance area is designed as an arcade and is supported by 4 pillars that extend to the first floor. The roof is designed as a hip roof . Flower ornaments adorn the gable and arch of the roof. The pillars of the covered entrance area are built in the Tuscan style. The arch does not rest on the pillars, it starts in the middle of the pillars.
House number 25 in Nagasaki's foreign quarter ( 長崎 居留地 二 十五 番 館 )
.jpg)
→ Year of construction: 1889, original location: Minamiyamatemachi in Nagasaki , Nagasaki prefecture , location: grid square 3-31
The house from Nagasaki, where there were three foreign quarters - one eastern, one southern and one in Ōura, Nagasaki Bay - comes from the southern district. One of the first residents of the house was the Scot John Fulton Calder , who in 1867 came to Japan for the spirits company & Co. Boyd worked. In 1876 he went to Yokohama, then headed the Osaka Iron Works and returned to Nagasaki when the Nagasaki shipyard was privatized and sold to Mitsubishi . After his return, he lived in a company apartment near the shipyard, but then moved to house number 25, which had been built by the shipyard in Akunoura on a hill in the southern foreign quarter. While Japan's first construction dock was built in the Osaka shipyard , the Nagasaki shipyard built Japan's first steel ships , such as the “Yūgaomaru” ( 夕顔 丸 ), which until 1962 supplied Nagasaki from the coal mine in Takashima. Calder died at the age of 45. His grave is in the Sakamoto cemetery.
The house is surrounded on three sides by a veranda. Each room had its own stove. Wooden shingles were attached to the outside walls up to the floor. The architectural style is influenced by the Southeast Asian colonial buildings. The roof is drawn low so that it also protects the veranda. In 1910 an extension was added to the house on the right.
Japanese Migrants Clubhouse in Hilo, Hawaii ( ハ ワ イ 移民 集会 所 )
→ Year: 1889, original Location: Hilo , US - State of Hawaii , Location: Planquadrat 4-40
It was pastor Jirō Okabe who built a church for the Japanese in Hawaii in 1889 in the city of Hilo on the nearby Wailuku River. After the completion of the church, a clubhouse for the Japanese was also built, which was initially used as a storage area for the English edition of the local newspaper. The roof of this building was later torn off and an additional storey was added, which significantly changed the appearance. When the building was moved to Meiji Mura, it was first rebuilt in its original form. Only later was it discovered in old photographs that the building had been extended by one floor. As a result, they returned to the later form and added more details, such as the fence surrounding the house and a small bridge at the entrance to the house.
The interior of the church consisted of a simple rectangular room. The entrance at the front of the building is adorned with a triangular gable with a cornice ( 軒 蛇 腹 , nokijabara ) in the tooth cut , in the front gable wall there is a triangular ventilation hole . The outer wall is covered with wooden shingles in the western style, the roof with corrugated sheet iron. The national flag of the Kingdom of Hawaii hung on a flagpole next to the building. The bell on the left side of the building is called the Pepeekeo Bell. This bell regulated the hard ten-hour working day of Japanese migrants by ringing the bell to get up at 4:30 a.m., then announcing the start of work at 6:00 a.m., the half-hour lunch break and the end of the shift at 4:00 p.m.
Shimbashi Manufacturing Hall and Imperial Salon Car ( 鉄 道 局 新橋 工場 と 明治天皇 ・ 昭憲皇 太后 御 料 車 )
→ Year of construction: 1889, original location: Ōi-machi in Shinagawa , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 1-12
Even before the founding of the state of Japan, both the Russian Evfimi Wassiljewitsch Putjatin and the American Matthew Calbraith Perry each brought a model of a steam locomotive with them to Japan. Spurred on by this, a steam locomotive was built for the first time in Japan in the Lehen Saga in 1855 . After the Meiji Restoration, the new government decided to evaluate the construction of an east-west railway line between Kyōto and Tōkyō in order to stabilize the political situation. In 1872 the first steam locomotive drove between Shimbashi and Yokohama, while in 1874 the line between Osaka and Kobe opened and Tokyo became the focal point. The authority, then known as the Railway Office ( 鉄 道 寮 ), was initially set up in Tōkyō, but moved to Osaka in 1874, renamed the Railway Authority ( 鉄 道 局 ) three years later and finally moved to Kobe in 1881. In the meantime, a factory in Kobe had started building passenger cars in 1875, which were assembled from a body made from local wood and parts for the passenger compartments that were imported from England. Kobe advanced to become the most important production facility, the production of steam locomotives alone was delayed and was not completed in Kobe until 1894. In parallel to the production of own passenger cars and locomotives, the establishment of railway systems developed.
The railway station and production hall in Shimbashi, built in 1889, had pillars and lattice girders made in Japan made of cast iron, the frame structure is made of metal and wood shingles, the roof is covered with sheet copper. The Railway Authority and the Shimabashi production hall, which were built using building materials completely imported from England and according to measurements in feet and inches , are invaluable as the country’s own production facilities, as they testify to the technological status of Japan at the time. While the roof of the original building was designed as a half-timbered structure with a hanging column as a central support beam ( king post truss ), the roof of the current building is simpler and more elegant. The roof lantern to illuminate the interior was added later, but the original metal window frame, which bears the inscription "IGRKOBE1889" and which was built at the same time as the supporting pillars, two of which can still be found in Meiji Mura, was preserved Japan was produced. At that time there were two railway carriages in imperial possession for the first time, which had been specially made for the Tennō, his wife, the empress mother and the crown prince. One of the cars, car number 5, is a two-axle bogie car with a length of 16 m and a weight of approx. 22 t, which is equipped with ceiling paintings by Hashimoto Gahō and Kawabata Gyokushō and its wall covering and furniture upholstery Wisteria, the heraldic flower of Empress Shoken's family branch , are magnificently decorated. The second car with the number 6, which was built in the Meiji period, is the most recent exhibit. This is also a bogie wagon made of wood with three axles, a length of 20 m and a weight of 33.5 t. The ceiling of this car is covered with heavy brocade fabric from the Chinese province of Sichuan , the interior is decorated with gold embroidery, mother-of-pearl and decorations in cloisonné form ( 七宝 装飾 ), the wood paneling with traditional inlay work in the manner of Japanese handicrafts. The Shimbashi factory is declared a railway monument ( 鉄 道 記念 物 ).
St. Francis Xavier Basilica ( 聖 ザ ビ エ ル 天主堂 )
→ Year of construction: 1890, original location: Nakagyō-ku , Kyōto , location: grid square 5-51
The chalk white basilica of St. Francis Xavier was built in Kyoto in 1890 according to plans that the French-born father Francis had come from all over Japan and under his supervision. It commemorates the beginning of the Catholic mission in modern times. The outer walls are built with bricks, the upper storey with its round windows, the roof structure and the pillars inside the church with bamboo wood. Inside and outside the church was whitewashed with white lime mortar. Above the main entrance there is a colorful rose window with a diameter of approx. 3.6 m, in the gable triangle above, in a round recess, a cross. On the outside of the two long sides there are buttresses with small pinnacles . During the reconstruction in Meiji Mura, the brick building with its Gothic-looking windows was replaced with precast concrete for reasons of stability. St. Francis Xavier is a three-nave church. The three-tier structure inside, consisting of an arcade , triforium and upper cladding, is executed in an exemplary Gothic manner. The ribbed vault in the central nave is decorated with wood carvings. Both the thick, angular pillars of the side aisles, which extend to the roof, as well as the thinner pillars that rest on them, are made of polished wood from the Japanese zelkove .
Red Cross Hospital ( 日本 赤 十字 社 中央 病院 病 棟 )
→ Year: 1890, original Location: Hiroo in Shibuya , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-35
The beginning of the Red Cross in Japan falls in the year 1877, when it came to the Satsuma rebellion in Kyushu under the leadership of Saigō Takamori . In 1886 Japan signed the Geneva Conventions , which formally recognized the Red Cross under that name and as an organization. On this occasion, the imperial court donated a million yen fund and a piece of the imperial estate in Shibuya for the construction of a Red Cross hospital. The hospital , like the imperial palace in Akasaka, was built according to plans by the architect Katayama Tōkuma , but made of wood and much simpler. When the hospital in the Meiji Mura Museum was rebuilt, the building was rotated 180 degrees. The original south side is now the north side of the house, which has also been lightened. The facade is designed as a half-timbered structure with abundant ornaments. This can be seen in the decorated window shutters and the deep, shady eaves . The chimney-like roof structures used for ventilation are still in their original condition. The entrance is decorated with a relief with paulownia , bamboo and the shape of a firebird.
Classrooms for physics and chemistry of the 4th high school ( 第四 高等学校 物理 化学 教室 )
→ Year of construction: 1890, original location: Sengoku-chō in Kanazawa , Ishikawa prefecture , location: grid square 2-15
With the secondary school ordinance issued in 1886, the preparatory schools of the University of Tokyo were transformed into the "first upper secondary school" ( 第一 高等 中 学校 ), a branch school of Osaka University into the "third upper secondary school". As a result, the second middle school of this type was gradually built in Sendai , the fourth in Kanazawa and the fifth in Kumamoto . These upper middle schools were renamed secondary schools ( 高等学校 ) by the secondary school ordinance in 1894 and thus reorganized. The classrooms for physics and chemistry were given in 1890 to the "fourth upper middle school" and later fourth high school from Kanazawa University. Science education became an important task for the Meiji government, which promoted the renewal of the school system, which they took into account with the "Elementary School Regulations " of 1872 by placing great emphasis on the four subjects of natural history ( 窮 理学 , Ryūrigaku ), Natural science ( 科学 , kagaku ), natural history ( 博物 , hakubutsu ) and the study of living beings ( 生理 , seiri ) as phases of elementary education. In middle and high school this also included conducting scientific experiments. With this in mind, classrooms for physics and chemistry were also set up. These rooms were originally laid out in large buildings with the floor plan of an "H", but in Meiji Mura only the central part of the building of the fourth high school has been preserved.
The wooden building, which consists of only one storey, the ground floor, is covered with Sangawara shingles; the rooms were designed like lecture halls with rows of seats rising to the rear. The outer walls are covered with wood paneling in the so-called Nanking Shitami style ( 南京 下 見 ), whereby long wooden boards are fastened horizontally to the wall in such a way that the upper board slightly overlaps the one immediately below. The windows can be moved vertically and are provided with a Ranma ventilation opening above them. The eaves are also provided with a large number of small holes for ventilation of the laboratories and extraction hoods . According to a notice board, the construction work was led by the two engineers working for the Mombu-shō Yamaguchi Hanroku (1858-1900) and Kuro Masamichi (1855-1914). Two reliefs by the sculptor Kikuchi Kazuo hang in one of the rooms , showing the two Meiji-Mura founders Taniguchi Yoshirō and Motoo Tsuchikawa. They remind you that the two of them attended this fourth high school as classmates, where the idea and decision for Meiji Mura began.
Kureha-za Theater ( 呉 服 座 )
→ Year: 1892, original Location: Nishihonmachi in Ikeda , Osaka , location: Planquadrat 4-49
The Kureha-za playhouse is a remnant of traditional Japanese construction from the Edo period . The theater was originally built near the Shinto Ebisu shrine in Ikeda at the beginning of the Meiji period . The entire building was then moved to the bank of the border river Ina-gawa, which flows through the western part of the city, in 1892 and was named Kureha-za for the first time. At the beginning, Kabuki guest performances were held here, followed by various performances such as Shimpa theater , Rakugo , Naniwa-bushi , Kōdan (traditional Japanese way of storytelling), Manzai and the like. a. presented. At that time the theater was also used as a meeting place and so performances like those of Ozaki Yukio , the father of parliamentary democracy, or the anarchist and socialist Kōtoku Shūsui attracted a lot of attention.
The building is designed as a single-storey wooden structure with a cedar roof. The auditorium and the stage are spanned by a large gable roof , while the entrance is covered by a high eaves . Immediately above the entrance door there is a sign with the name of the theater, with program boards to the left and right. On the gable above a small balcony protrudes, which offers space for the use of a taiko as a signal drum. The front of the theater is decorated waist-high with brown clapboards, painted over with black varnish . The theater has a rotating stage. The artist's cloakroom is based on the Hanamichi and, contrary to custom, is not placed behind the scenes , but close to the entrance. The Kureha-za Theater was classified as an Important Cultural Property in December 1984 . From June 1 to 6, 1993, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the local television station Aichi TV, a special performance was organized in the Kureha-za Theater with Bandō Tamasaburō in the lead role. More than 3,000 people saw this performance.
Kyoto Tramway ( 京 都市 電 )
→ Year of construction: approx. 1895, location: grid square 3-24
In 1881 the first electric tram was put into operation in Germany, followed by Japan with Kyoto in 1895 . Since Kyōto is located on Lake Biwa , a power supply could be built up and guaranteed for the first time in 1891 through the use of water power. Two years later, the building permit for the Fushimi line was granted. With the decision to hold the Japanese industrial fair in Kyōto in 1895, the construction of the first " electric " also went hand in hand. The tram ordinance provided for safety by means of so-called “precursors” ( 先走 り , Sakibashiri ). Most of them were young people between the ages of 12 and 15 who rode in the driver's cab, jumped off the tram and warned passers-by of the approaching tram. This procedure was abolished in 1904 because it was dangerous, hard work, especially at night to run ahead of the tram with lanterns. In 1904 Nagoya followed the example of Kyoto.
The two trams that can be seen in Meiji Mura were produced between 1910 and 1911. In Tōkyō , the first horse-drawn tram ran between Shimbashi , Ueno and Asakusa in 1882 . In 1899 the horse-drawn tram company Shinagawa ( 品 川馬 車 鉄 道 会 社 , Shinagawa Basha Tetsudō Kaisha ) was taken over, switched to electric trams the following year and renamed Electric Tram Tokyo ( 東京 電車 鉄 道 , Tōkyō Densha Tetsudō ). In its heyday, the Shinagawa horse-drawn railway company owned around 300 carriages and 2,000 horses.
Auditorium of the primary school in Chihaya-Akasaka ( 千 早 赤阪 小学校 講堂 )
→ Year of construction: 1897, original location: Chihaya-Akasaka , Minamikawachi-gun, Osaka , location: grid square 2-14
The primary school building, which houses a sports hall on the ground floor and classrooms on the first floor and which originally stood as a normal school in the Kita district of Osaka in 1897 , was moved to the Minami-Kawachi district in 1929 and incorporated into the Chihaya-Akasaka primary school. The two-storey wooden building has a hipped roof, which is covered with Sangawara roof tiles, which are concave in the middle and convex on the side edges. The building is lined on all four sides by an arcade with a support spacing of 1.8 m. The vertically movable cross-glass windows on the first floor, which are arranged around the building and are also crowned with an ornamental gable and adorned with collar stones under the window sill, have a classic design. The entrance doors and ventilation openings ( ranma ) are designed as sliding glass doors with two rails for sliding the doors one behind the other ( hikichigai )
From the middle of the Meiji period onward, physical education became more important. Big gyms began to be built, and exercise with dumbbells was changed to the Swedish teaching method. When the building was moved to Meiji-Mura, it was found that it exceeded the height allowed for wooden buildings, so steel girders were built into the four corners of the walls for reinforcement during the reconstruction. In the arcade, whose post is designed as a square post, a hanging lamp could be attached to the metal cladding alternately every two posts, i.e. at a distance of 3.6 m. Since the first floor does not meet the Japanese building regulations, only the ground floor can be visited.
Steam locomotive No. 1 of the Bisai Railway ( 尾 西 鉄 道 蒸 気 機関 車 １ 号 )
→ Year of construction: approx. 1897, location: grid square 4-42
For the opening of the Bisai line in 1897, a locomotive from the American company Brooks with a 2B1 wheel arrangement was purchased. First, the railway line connected Yatomi and Tsushima . A year later, a station in Ichinomiya was added. When the Bisai and Nagoya Railroad merged in 1925, the locomotives became the property of the Nagoya Railroad.
Dr. Shimizu's practice ( 清水 医院 )
→ Year of construction: 1897, original location: Ōkuwa, Kiso-gun , Nagano prefecture , location: grid square 2-17
Shimizu Hanjirō was born in Suhara, studied medicine in Tokyo and opened a practice after his return to the Kiso Valley ( 木 曽 谷 , Kiso-dani). In addition to many inns, the practice itself lined one of the major country roads and travel routes and was thus in a prominent position. The roof is covered with shingles made from Japanese cypress , like that of a department store . The white front presents itself in a western design with round arches over the windows and the entrance door, joint cuts on the masonry and pilaster-like decorations on the corners of the house. The round arches can be opened inwards independently of the windows.
In Shimizu's practice Sonoko ( 園子 ), the older sister of the writer Shimazaki Tōson, was also treated. Tōson made them the model of his 1921 novel Aru onna no shōgai ( あ る 女 の 生涯 , for example: The life of a woman ), in which he describes the appearance of the Hachiya Clinic in Suhara at that time. Opposite the entrance area in the house were the waiting room and the medicine dispenser. The treatment room was next to the waiting room, which was covered with tatami mats. The fusuma (sliding doors) of the waiting room were written in large black letters with health notes. On the first floor of the house there were living rooms and a room for the tea ceremony. The exact year of construction is not known, but based on the architectural style it is assumed that the building was built in the 30s of the Meiji period (1896–1906).
Switchboard and operator in Sapporo ( 札幌 電話 交換 局 )
→ Year of construction: 1898, original location: Ōdōri Park in Sapporo , Hokkaidō , location: grid square 2-21
The American Samuel Morse invented telegraphy in the 1830s . In 1876, Bell succeeded in further developing telephony until it was ready for the market. At the same time as the rapid development of this new means of communication, Japan opened up. Immediately after the Meiji Restoration and Bell's groundbreaking Puss development, the telephone was introduced in Japan in 1877, whereupon Japan developed plans to set up a nationwide telephone network. In 1890 the first two exchanges in Yokohama and Tokyo went into operation. At the end of 1898, the switchboard in Sapporo was completed.
The building was built on a single story with massive stone walls and divided into small work areas by wooden partitions inside the building. A decorative keystone was used in the window arches on the ground floor , while the windows on the first floor have a horizontal lintel . Below the windows on the first floor is a cornice with round floral patterns. The Sapporo switchboard was moved to Meiji Mura in 1965 and classified as an Important Cultural Asset in April 1968 .
Tōmatsu House ( 東 松 家 住宅 )
→ Year of construction: approx. 1901, original location: Funari-chō in Nakamura-ku , Nagoya , Aichi prefecture , location: grid square 2-18
The Tōmatsu House was built in the center of Nagoya in the 19th century . Until the end of the Meiji period it served as a trading house for the sale of oil, with the beginning of the Shōwa period, the Horikawa bank, founded in 1894, moved into the Tōmatsu house. Several alterations were made in the traditional Edo period building style that was common at the time. Originally, the construction of two- and multi-storey wooden buildings in the urban area was prohibited. This ban was first abandoned in Tokyo and Kyoto in 1867. The prosperity of the Edo period also made it no longer just for sword nobility to build houses with several floors. Nevertheless, in the years that followed, building was rarely built high. The trading houses that stood on the Horokawa River between Nagoya Castle and Ise Bay were built with a low overall height and great interior depth. The Tōmatsu House, the current state of which was created around 1901, is one of these trading houses.
On the first floor there is a tea room with a typical tokonoma . With its flat front, but the extensive rear part of the house, it represents the typical house of a businessman. The upward-pointing construction of future commercial buildings is announced on the front side, which already extends to the second floor. The wooden house with a pointed roof was classified in February 1974 as an " important cultural asset ".
Konasami-jima lighthouse ( 小 那 沙 美 島 燈台 )
→ Year of construction: 1904, original location: Okimi, Saeki-gun, Hiroshima prefecture , location: grid square 5-53
At the exit of Hiroshima Bay to the Seto Inland Sea , near Miyajima, lies the small island of Konasami, on which a lighthouse was built in 1904. Hiroshima was established as a troop base as early as 1873, which was specified in more detail by a regulation for the 5th Division in 1876 . In 1888, the Tokyo Naval Academy moved to Eta Island. The establishment of a naval base ( 鎮守 府 , chinjufu ) and the military and industrial use of the bay made the region around Hiroshima strategically important. During the Sino-Japanese War 1894–95, the imperial headquarters was relocated to Hiroshima and the outer port of Ujina ( 宇 品 港 ) proved to be an important supply port , as it did in 1904–05 in the Russo-Japanese War . The Konasami-jima lighthouse was built in just three months around the time of the Russo-Japanese War. In order to shorten the construction time, the parts of the lighthouse were prefabricated from cast iron. The lighthouse consisted of a cylindrical column only 7 m high. The lighting was carried out with acetylene gas, reached a light intensity of 60 candela and could be seen about 10 km away.
Evangelical Church of Japanese Immigrants in Seattle ( シ ア ト ル 日 系 福音 教会 )
→ Year: 1907, original Location: Seattle , US - State of Washington , Location: Planquadrat 4-38
It is said that in 1869, when the Aizu-Wakamatsu Han was defeated in the Boshin War , many Japanese emigrated to America and founded the Wakamatsu colony in California . This venture failed, but the supply and demand for labor in America meant that the number of Japanese migrants increased from the middle of the Meiji period onwards and that migration, not least due to the opening of a sea connection to Seattle from the end of the Meiji reached its peak by the beginning of the Taishō period.
After a devastating fire in June 1889 destroyed large parts of downtown Seattle, the early 20th century's reconstruction focused on fishing and forestry. In the course of this development, new residential areas were created, the mountainous surrounding area reclaimed and re- parceled out . The building of the Protestant church was also built around 1907 in one of these new residential areas. . The wooden structure of the house was mass-produced as a prefabricated house and can be seen as a precursor to the current Western Frame construction (platform frame). Cedar wood from the region was used for the construction. After it was built, the house was initially used as a residence for Americans. In 1930 it came into the possession of Japanese immigrants. It was the first building that the Japanese immigrants owned after years of hardship since moving, and it was expropriated again during World War II. After the war, the building was used as a Protestant church by the first generation of immigrants. With the aging and shrinking of this first generation, the building then lost its function and was moved to Meiji Mura.
Kanazawa Prison Guard Common Rooms ( 金 沢 監獄 中央 看守所 ・ 監 房 )
→ Year of construction: 1907, original location: Kodatsuno in Kanazawa , Ishikawa prefecture , location: grid square 5-62
The prison in Kanazawa included a variety of administrative and cell wings that were built in the Western style in 1907 with north-south orientation. The octagonal building that can be seen today in Meiji Mura is the former common room for the guards. The house stood in the center of the site, with the administration building to the north and the cell wing to the south. On five of the eight front sides of the building, there were radial buildings with cell wings, which were numbered 1 to 5 in a clockwise direction. In the Meiji Mura, in addition to the central octagon, the entrance gate of the prison and part of the 5th building with the cells of that time can be seen. The building for the guards is made of wood, the facade is clad with clapboard and the built-in windows are vertical sliding glass windows. Even if the building apparently had a western-looking facade, the walls were triple. The building can therefore be assigned a role model function in terms of soundproofing and thermal insulation. A 12 meter high watchtower protrudes from the center of the building roof.
St. John's Church ( 聖 ヨ ハ ネ 教会 堂 )
→ Year of construction: 1907, original location: Nakagyō-ku , Kyōto , location: grid square 1-6
With the completion of the land closure ( Sakoku ) in 1873, the ban on the Christian church was lifted even after 200 years. As a result, churches were built again in many parts of the country. One of them was the Church of St. John, which was built as a Japanese- Anglican Church - a branch of the Protestant Church - in Kyōto in the Shimogyō district in 1907 . The first floor was used as a meeting room, the ground floor for a kindergarten and Sunday school. The appearance of the church is characterized by a mixture of medieval Romanesque basic themes and details of the Gothic architectural style. The front is dominated by two high pointed towers, while the interior of the church is laid out in the shape of a cross. The arched windows used in the center and in the two pointed towers ensure that the interior is very bright. The construction takes into account the many earthquakes in Japan. The ground floor is made of bricks, the first floor is made of wood and the roof is also made of wood, which is planked with metal.
After the country opened, not only missionaries but also traders and educators came to Japan. Among them was the American James McDonald Gardiner , who planned the Church of St. John. Gardiner, who studied architecture at Harvard University , came to Japan in 1880. As headmaster he devoted himself to his educational mission, as architect to building the church and school. The Church of St. John was brought to Meiji Mura in 1964 and classified as an Important Cultural Property in May 1965 .
Yasuda Bank Branch in Aizu ( 安 田 銀行 会 津 支店 )
Yasuda Bank branch in Aizu
→ Year of construction: 1907, original location: Omachi in Aizu-Wakamatsu , Fukushima prefecture , location: grid square 2-20
After the State Bank Ordinance ( 国立 銀行 条例 , Kokuritsu ginkō jōretsu ) had been promulgated in 1872 , the first state bank opened a year later on Kaiunbashi Street in the Kabutochō district of Tokyo. In addition, private banks were founded, so in 1876 the currency bank Mitsui Group was reorganized as Mitsui Bank in the Nihombashi-Muromachi district. These two new bank establishments impressively show the imitation of western buildings, which was representative at the beginning of the Meiji period and which extended into the mid-1890s and which then gradually went out. When the permission to set up state banks was canceled in 1879 after 153 banks, the establishment of private banks increased by leaps and bounds. Yasuda Bank was also licensed in 1879 and opened the following year. The first two branches opened in Utsunomiya in Tochigi Prefecture , then expanded into the Tōhoku region and opened the Wakamatsu branch in Aizu-Wakamatsu in 1890 . At the beginning, the warehouse style ( 土 蔵 造 , Dozō-zukuri ) was used, but in 1907 the branch in Wakamatsu was completely rebuilt.
For this purpose, the traditional warehouse style was built, but innovations were borrowed from Western design; The entrance area ( Genkan ) was made of stone, the front and the right side of the house were paneled with stone and the windows were provided with thick iron bars. To make the warehouse fire resistant, thick posts and thick clay walls have been used since ancient times. The building is a good example of how effective fire protection has been combined with western design in such representative Meiji buildings. The Namako walls ( 海 鼠 壁 ) on the sides of the building also add to the beauty of the building. Even more than the exterior, the interior is designed in a western style. First of all, it catches the eye that a lot of light falls through two rows of windows into the high office space, which is reflected through the white walls, which brightens the interior extraordinarily. The four support arrows that support the gallery are ribbed. The counter is paneled.
Oguma photo studio from Takada ( 高田 小熊 写真 館 )
→ Year of construction: 1907, original location: Honcho in Jōetsu , Niigata prefecture , location: grid square 5-65
The two-storey wooden house was built around 1908 in the ski resort of Takada , but the eastern extension dates from the Taisho period. It housed the Oguma photo studio , in which many pictures of the 58th Infantry Regiment of the Japanese Army were taken, which were once stationed in the village.
In 1982 it was transported to Meiji Mura and restored to its original state with the exception of the extension. The building is completely tailored to its previous function. The owner's family rooms were housed on the lower floor as well as two retouching rooms . A small staircase led from the entrance area to the second floor, which was entirely reserved for the photo studio and a dressing room. Another staircase led from the studio to the darkroom below. The roof, which is covered with shingles, has a large skylight on the north side , so that the studio had sufficient natural light during the day. Photographs of the studio are exhibited in the house as well as the furniture and photographic equipment customary around 1908.
Akasaka Palace Shield House ( 赤 坂 離宮 正門 哨 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1908, original location: Moto-Akasaka in Minato , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 1-5
The bell-shaped roof dome of the sentry house is clapboard and covered with copper sheet. With its whitewashed walls, the delightful sentry box stood together with three other, rectangular signposts to the left and right of the main gate to the Akasaka Palace , two on the outside and two on the inside of the site. The Akasaka Palace, which is now used to receive state guests, was completed in 1909 as the palace of the Crown Prince. The facade of the palace and the expansive gardens that extend to the main gate are wonderful examples of western architecture in the Meiji period. The Akasaka Palace, originally built by the Kishū branch of the Tokugawa family as a daimyō residence in 1872, was destroyed by flames in 1888, so there was no imperial palace until the new building. The planning of the new building, which was intended as a residence for the Crown Prince, began at the end of 1887. The planning was entrusted to Katayama Tōkuma , who had been taught by the English architect Josiah Conder after his training and was selected as the best graduate of four. Before Katayama became the architect of the imperial court, he had already been entrusted with the construction of the imperial museums in Nara and Kyoto for the imperial building authority ( 内 匠 寮 ). Katayama traveled to Europe several times during the planning phase and was particularly interested in the Palace of Versailles and the Louvre , which serve as models for his plans.
Covered entrance to the University of Applied Sciences for Religion ( 宗教 大学 車 寄 )
→ Year of construction: 1908, original location: Nishisugamo in Toshima , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 3-33
What looks like a small pavilion was originally the roof over the main entrance of the private college for religion, which was built in 1908 in Toshima , now a district of Tokyo . The building itself was a two-story wooden building with an auditorium in the center and classrooms lined up to the right and left of it. The approximately 6.9 m high roof stood directly in front of the main entrance of the baroque school building. The masonry of the foundation was made of granite. Even after the school was renamed “Taishō College” in 1926, the building served as a school building for a long time, in which Shiio Benkyō taught. In 1968, the year in which the preservation of the Imperial Hotel attracted attention, the technical college disappeared without a trace, so that today only the roofing of the entrance area in Meiji Mura reminds of it.
Official residence of the principal of the Gakushūin school ( 学習 院長 官 舎 )
→ Year of construction: 1909, original location: Mejiro in Toshima , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 1-7
Construction work on the building began in 1909. At that time, Nogi Maresuke was the director of Gakushūin , the school for the imperial family and the Japanese nobility . The building initially served as a reception hall for guests, later it was converted into the director's office. What is special about the building is its division into a Japanese and a Western style wing. Access to both parts of the building is a roofed iron entrance.
Main entrance of the 8th high school ( 第八 高等学校 正門 )
→ Year of construction: 1909, original location: Mizuho-chō, Mizuho in Nagoya , Aichi prefecture , location: grid square 1-1
The main gate of the former high school now serves as the entrance gate to the Meiji Mura theme park. The school was founded in 1908 in the former school building of the first middle school in Aichi Prefecture and moved to the new campus with the newly built entrance gate in 1909. The four masonry goal posts were made of red bricks and white granite according to the western model. They carry a two-wing main gate and two single-wing iron side gates. The historical background is the Reformation of the education system. At the beginning of the Meiji period in 1872, Minister of Culture Mori Arinori , from Satsuma and a member of the "Klankabinett" , initiated the reformation of the Japanese education system. In addition to this gate of the 8th high school, 2 more cast iron gates were made in the Meiji period and later declared an important cultural asset. It is the entrance gate of the Gakushuin -Schule (1875), the forerunner of the University of the same name and to the 1876-built gate for the Temple Myoho-ji in Tokyo District Suginami .
Ujiyamada Post Office ( 宇 治 山田 郵 便 局 )
→ Year of construction: 1909, original location: Toyokawa-chō in Ise , Mie prefecture , location: grid square 4-46
In 1870 the Great Council of State ( 太 政 官 , Da [i] jō-kan) announced the establishment of the postal service to the Meiji government . In the following 4 years the first ordinances were issued and the first post office was built on the Edo Bridge ( 江 橋 橋 , Edo-bashi ) in Tōkyō. As a result, post offices were set up across the country; this is how, less than 5 years after the first post office was built, a small post office with an area of only 4 tsubo (approx. 13.2 m²) was built in Ujiyamada (since 1955 Ise ). The postal system as a symbol of a modern state developed quickly and was soon expanded to include telegraphy and telephony . In 1909 a new building was built for the post office of Ujiyamada on a street corner near the Toyouke-Daijingū shrine according to the plans of an engineer from the Ministry of Communications ( 逓 信 省 , Teishin-shō ). The center of the one-story wooden building is a rotunda , the conical roof of which was covered with sheet copper. the two wings to the left and right received a hipped roof . The facade is adorned with two small tower-like building parts with a dome-shaped roof on the right and left. The facade is designed as a half-timbered structure, mortar and wooden shingles were used for the plastering of the walls . The Ranma ( 欄 間 ) is decorated with stucco. The windows are designed as rotating windows. The public area of the round main building is surrounded by counters that are also arranged in a circle. The room was lit by a tulip-shaped chandelier that hung from the ceiling. The Ujyamada Post Office was classified as an Important Cultural Property in May 1999. The post office is currently operated like a regular post office, except that there is a fee to enter, as it is located in the open-air museum and visiting the museum requires an entrance fee.
Azumayu bath house in Handa ( 半 田東 湯 )
→ Year: 1910, original Location: Kamezaki-chō in Handa , Aichi Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-50
The two-story bath house Azumayu was built in the first decade of the 20th century in Kamesaki, a district of Handa , a port city at the tip of the Chita Peninsula and across from Mikawa Bay . Despite its only three ken (approx. 5.5 m) wide front, the public bath house was the jewel of the small town. The wooden house, which served as a bathhouse for about half a century, has two entrances protected by a canopy, one for men on the left and one for women on the right. In the basement there are therefore two changing rooms and two bathing areas, which however have connecting doors. A staircase leads from the men's changing room to the first floor, which does not extend over the entire floor, but is only as large as the two changing rooms below. In the past only men were allowed to enter the salon located here. It has a gable roof and the typical Japanese paneling of the outer walls with wooden shingles. The windows and doors on the ground floor were provided with glass windows, while those on the first floor were covered with paper. The building has been in Meiji Mura since 1980. Only the ground floor is accessible to museum visitors. With its front and the place for the overseer ( 番 台 , bandai ) of a public bath house, it gives an impression of the old bathing culture of the Meiji period.
Barber Kinotoko ( 本 郷 喜 之 床 )
_in_Meiji_Mura.jpg)
→ Year: 1910, original Location: Hongō in Bunkyō , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-47
The barber shop Kinotoko was located in the two-story wooden house built by the Arai family in Tokyo. The ground floor served as a business space, although the glass front was still a novelty in Tokyo when it was built around 1910. The first floor, on which there were two rooms, served as living space. This is where the poet Takuboku Ishikawa , who had been given the apartment by his friend, the poet Miyazaki Ikuu (1885–1962) who lives in Hakodate, lived for two years, from June 16, 1909 to 1911, with his mother, his wife and Setsuko his daughter Kyōko. During this time Takuboku pursued his writing activity and also worked as a lecturer for the Asahi Shimbun in Tokyo. Takuboku's son Shin'ichi was born here in October 1910, but he died. In December of the same year, his first collection of poems, “A handful of sand” ( 一 握 の 砂 , Ichiaku no suna ), was published, which was supposed to make him immortal. The years 1910 and 1911, which were also the years of the treason affair, had a lasting influence on Takuboku's view. During this time he, his mother and his wife also contracted tuberculosis. As the illness made climbing stairs excruciating, he moved with his family to Koishikawa on August 7, 1911, where Takuboku's mother died on March 3, 1912. Takuboku followed his mother at the young age of 27 on April 13, 1912. However, the interior of the business comes from a barber named Nyumura from Jōetsu . The building has been in the museum park since 1980.
Entrance hall of the school for the blind in Tōkyō ( 東京 盲 学校 車 寄 )
→ Year of construction: 1910, original location: Mejirodai in Bunkyō , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 1-10
In his book "Conditions in the West" ( 西洋 事情 , Seiyō jijō ), Fukuzawa Yukichi described the situation of blind and deaf-mute people in the West in 1866 and thus the practice of teaching them using Braille. Lessons for the blind in Japan began around 1873, but lessons at that time were not yet systematic. In 1880 a private school for the disabled was built in Tetsukiji, in the Tokyo district of Chūō , which began with a first real education for the disabled. The school was later converted into a state school and shortly thereafter continued as a school for the deaf-mute and the blind with the aim of providing a uniform education for the disabled, but in 1908 the "Zōshigaya" ( 雑 ヶ 谷 ) in the old part of Koishikawa (today: Bunkyō ) was built Tokyo School for the Blind ”to teach the blind and the deaf and dumb separately. The main building of this school for the blind was completed in June 1910.
The main building was a two-storey monumental building with a front of 62 m length from whose paneling the vertical and horizontal pillars and crossbeams emerged as a half-timbered structure characteristic of the end of the Meiji period. When the main building was demolished in 1967, only the roofing of the entrance, in which the style of the main building is manifested, was preserved in Mejii-Mura in the function of a garden pavilion.
Kanazawa Prison Entrance Gate ( 金 沢 監獄 正門 )
→ Year of construction: 1910, original location: Kodatsuno in Kanazawa , Ishikawa prefecture , location: grid square 5-52
In 1872 the Japanese State Council ( Daijō-kan ) published a scheme for the standardization of the law of the penal system. This guideline was groundbreaking for a modern penal system and also for the construction of western penal institutions with radial prison cells. These efforts, based on Napoleon's French Civil Code , culminated in a Penal Act (1880) and a Prison Act (1881) in the 1880s. One of the first prisons of a new type, which was called Shūjikan ( 集 治 監 ) and that u. a. The Miyagi-Shūjikan, built in 1879, was used to intern long-term prisoners and deportation prisoners. In 1907 a prison was built in Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, with an area of 250 m in north-south and 190 m in east-west, which was surrounded by a high brick wall and had an unmistakable gate to the west. This interesting gate, which was then equipped with belt-shaped clinker bricks, which were fashionable in the western architectural style, now serves as the main gate of the museum. It also has a small observation tower on both sides with small windows that are reinforced with iron bars.
Cabinet Library ( 内閣 文庫 )
→ Year: 1911, original Location: Chiyoda in the district of Chiyoda , Tokyo , Location: Planquadrat 5-59
The cabinet library was built in 1873 on imperial grounds in Tokyo's Akasaka district as the central library of the Meiji government. At the same time as the establishment of the Japanese cabinet as a system of the Japanese central government, the cabinet library was renamed in 1890. Until the establishment of a public archive in 1971, the documents contained therein were mainly and extensively used by researchers.
This collection is the foundation of the Momiji-yama Library ( 紅葉 山 文庫 , Momiji-yama Bunko ), which is the centerpiece of the records on the Tokugawa Bakufu , the documents collected by the Shōheizaka Gakumonjo ( 昌平 坂 学問 所 ), such as Japanese-Chinese publications and Certificates, includes. In addition, the collection was expanded during the Meiji government to include old documents, certificates and western publications and treasures of Japanese culture from the Middle Ages to modern times, as well as treasures of Chinese culture from the Ming and Qing Dynasty added. The building was the main building of the administration building of the cabinet library on the imperial summer residence built in 1911. The building is in the Renaissance style and built from brick of the Meiji period as if from the textbook. In particular, the center of the facade with 4 columns over 7m high and 2 angular pillars on which a huge triangular gable rests, is reminiscent of the Greco-Roman architectural style.
Shibakawa Mataemon's villa ( 芝 川 又 右衛門 邸 )
→ Year of construction: 1911, original location: Nishinomiya , Hyōgo prefecture , location: grid square 3-68
Shibakawa Mataemon's villa was built on a hill, which means that the two-story building has an archway on one side . It was originally in Nishinomiya and was completed in Art Nouveau in 1911 on the basis of plans by Goichi Takeda (1872-1938), who had studied in Europe and founded the architecture department at the Imperial University of Kyoto . Since then the house has been expanded and rebuilt several times until 1928. The entrepreneur Mataemon Shibakawa (1853-1938), who, as an importer with his department store "Mukadeya" ( 百足 屋 ) in the Fushimi district of Osaka, was one of the most influential families alongside the Mitsui and Sumitomo families, left the villa as a weekend house in his Kōtō-en orchard ( 甲 東 園 ) erect. The Saihō line of the Hanshin Schnellbahn (today: Hankyū-Imazu-Line ( 阪急 今 津 線 )) opened in 1921 and ran right along the property, so Mataemon asked the operator Hankyū to set up the Kōtō-en stop in the immediate vicinity of the weekend house and give him ten thousand Tsubo Land and the assumption of the costs offered. A tea house and the corresponding garden belonged to the building. The style of the villa is eclectic, i. H. he mixes Japanese architectural styles, such as the Sukiya style , with Western ones .
Buildings and objects from the Taishō period (1912–1926)
Shin-Ōhashi Bridge ( 隅田川 新 大橋 )
→ Year: 1912, Original location: between Hama-chō, Chūō and Kōtō , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 5-55
Among the old and famous iron bridges in Japan that served as railroad bridges, the first to be mentioned is the above-described Rokugogawa iron bridge along the Tōkaidō main line. This is followed by the Danjō-bashi bridge (today: Hachiman Bridge), built in 1878, which spanned the Momiji-gawa ( 楓 川 ) in the old Tokyo district of Kyōbashi-ku and which is designated as an important cultural asset . Finally, the "Five Great Bridges" of the Chūō-ku district follow across the Sumida River : the Azuma Bridge ( 吾 妻 橋 , ~ bashi ), the Umaya Bridge ( 厩 橋 , ~ bashi ), the Ryōgoku Bridge ( 両 国 橋 , ~ bashi ), the Eitai Bridge ( 永 代 橋 , ~ bashi ) and the Shin-Ōhashi Bridge.
All of these bridges are structurally similar to one another. The Shin-Ōhashi Bridge was built in 1912 as the last of the "Five Great Bridges" from Hamacho in Nihonbashi to Atakacho in Fukagawa over the Sumida. A team of technicians from the city of Tokyo was in charge of supervision . The building materials were supplied by the American steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie . Immediately after its completion, it was used for tram traffic. It was the only bridge to survive the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923. With a total length of 180 m, it was designed as a truss bridge with parallel girders with two posts in the bridge half. The central track, flanked by footpaths on both sides, was made of asphalt concrete. Today only the first 25 m of the bridge (Nihonbashi-side) are in Meiji Mura. The arched bridge railings rounded off the massive and massive impression that the Shin-Ōhashi bridge gave.
Police station in Shichijō Kyōto ( 京都 七 條 巡査 派出所 )
→ Year of construction: 1912, original location: Shimogyō-ku in Kyōto , location: grid square 2-23
With the collapse of the Edo Shogunate at the end of the Edo period, anarchy prevailed in Tōkyō. In order to restore public order, the feudal clans from Satsuma and Chōshū were recruited as security forces. This was the beginning of the police force. A little later, soldiers were selected from all clans under the control of the Ministry of Military Affairs ( 兵部 省 ) and united to form a protective force for the prefecture. In this way, prefectural and provincial security forces emerged in all parts of the country. With the abolition of the feudal system and the establishment of the prefectures , the security forces were transferred to the area of responsibility of the Ministry of Justice ( 司法 省 , Shihō-shō ; 1871 to 1948). In order to set up a police force, the security forces were organizationally separated from the military and brought together nationwide. In 1873 the Japanese Ministry of the Interior was founded, which from then on took control of the security forces. This development resulted in the establishment of a National Police Authority ( National庁 , Keisatsu-chō ) in 1886 , which had a headquarters in every prefecture and province. This centralized police system existed until the transition to a municipal police system in 1947. The term for policeman ( 警察官 , Keisatsukan ) changed over time in many cases and has been following the designation policeman ( 巡査 , Jisa use) only after the 1875th The police station building was originally near the main station in Kyoto, on a street corner between Nishi Hongan-ji and Ryūkoku University . The building is made of wood, but has a brick look that is similar to the western style of the time. The copper roof is very low in shape. In addition, the building has a canopy in the form of a kamaboko over the entrance area .
Nagoya Railway Substation in Iwakura ( 名 鉄 岩 倉 変 電 所 )
→ Year: ca. 1912 original location: Shimohonmachi in Iwakura , Aichi Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 5-66
Japan's first power station went into operation in Tokyo in 1887. Since the demand for electricity was great from the start, many small thermal power plants were built which, as low-voltage systems for regional supply, generated direct current and which were distributed all over the country. The standardization of the power grid initially caused great effort and one therefore began to build high-voltage power plants for low-loss energy transmission. In the course of this, the smaller low-voltage power plants built up until then were replaced by transformer stations . The advances in power plants made new modes of transport such as electric trains and trams possible. Three years after Tokyo, Nagoya became the second Japanese city to receive an inner-city tram , which was soon expanded and opened as the Meitetsu Inuyama line in 1912 .
On the occasion of this expansion, the substation in Iwakura was built in 1912. Because of the expensive and large power transformers . which housed the building, it has high brick walls and it is covered with natural slate. The doors and windows have semicircular arches. The building is decorated with four belt-like cornices made of dark bricks. Small buttresses are attached to the four corners of the building as supports . In Meiji Mura, the building currently stands on a reinforced concrete substructure.
Police station at Tōkyō Central Station ( 東京 駅 警備 巡査 派出所 )
→ Year of construction: approx. 1912, original location: Marunouchi in Chiyoda , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 5-60
In 1908, construction began on the new central station, which was extended with the Tōkaidō main line from the starting point at that time, Shinagawa station , to Marunouchi , which was in front of the Imperial Palace. Six years later, the mega-construction project was completed, Tokyo Central Station got his name and was opened. On the occasion of the inauguration of the station, a police station was also built on the station forecourt. The police station was planned in such a way that it stood out against the overwhelming impression of the station building. The police station had an octagonal base and was crowned with a small roof turret . There was a canopy over the entrance, a semicircular ornamental gable above it, the windows were provided with pediments as window canopies , and waist-high, belt-shaped white clinker bricks were used to decorate the facade. Only the facade was made of bricks, while the construction of the police station was made of reinforced concrete. The police station was usually manned by twelve police officers.
Kitasato Institute ( 北 里 研究所 本館 ・ 医学 館 )
→ Year of construction: 1915, original location: Shirokane in Minato , Tokyo Prefecture , location: grid square 3-25
Clinical medicine and anatomy developed in the West, going back to the Greek founding father Hippocrates , but it was not until the second half of the 17th century that a vague idea of the existence of microorganisms developed. In 1683, the Dutch microscope maker Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered and saw bacteria for the first time. From that point on, the development of microscopes promoted research into microorganisms until Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur recognized bacteria as a cause of disease in the second half of the 19th century. That was also the hour of birth of bacteriology as a sub-area of basic medicine.
Kitasato Shibasaburō studied medicine in Tokyo; he went to Germany, where at the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin he succeeded in isolating the bacterium Clostridium tetani , which causes tetanus . After his return to Japan in 1892, with the support of Fukuzawa Yukichi, he established the first Japanese research facility for infectious diseases . When the research facility was attached to the University of Tokyo in 1914, he left the facility and founded his own research center, the Kitsato Institute. Kitasato, who had researched in German institutes, had the Kitasato institute built in 1915 in the style of the German baroque. The building has a simple roof covered with natural slate. The original institute was initially designed as a simple two-story wooden building with an "L" -shaped left wing . On the covered driveway was the Kitasato family coat of arms, consisting of a symbol for the discovered bacteria framed by laurel branches, which is still the school coat of arms of the Kitasato educational institution today.
"Musei-dō", martial arts training hall of the 4th high school ( 第四 高等学校 武術 道場 「無声 堂」 )
→ Year: 1917, original Location: Sengoku chō in Kanazawa , Ishikawa Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 4-34
With the renewal of the educational system at the beginning of the Meiji period, instead of the traditional martial arts such as sword fighting, Jiu Jitsu , but also swimming, the focus was more on the martial arts for physical training. In 1882 Kanō Jigorō developed the martial art of Judo in an effort to renew the old martial arts . Because of this development, it became common practice after the Sino-Japanese War to teach martial arts to children from the age of 15, mostly at universities and high schools, in extracurricular sports groups for physical training. This training, which until then, as in Western physical education, also included self-reflection, assumed an increasingly military character in the second half of the Meiji period.
The martial arts training hall "Musei-dō" was built in 1917 by the 4th high school in Kanazawa as a training hall for Jūdō, Kendō and Kyūdō in the western style. The entire building is designed as a wooden structure and covered with inconspicuous wooden shingles. The Jūdō training hall has springs to increase the elasticity of the floor, while the floor of the Kendō hall has grooves to improve the room resonance. The Kyūdō training hall has a deep-drawn eaves that is covered with reeds and rounded. On the front there are rain doors ( amado ), which can be opened to the sides over the entire front without a disturbing support pillar.
House of Japanese migrants in Registro, Brazil ( ブ ラ ジ ル 移民 住宅 )
→ Year: 1919, Original location: Registro in the state of São Paulo , Brazil, Location: Planquadrat 4-39
1907-08 an informal contract, the Gentlemen's Agreement ( 日 米 紳士 協約 , Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku ) was decided between Japan and America . In 1906, the Ministry of Education required that students of Japanese descent be taught in schools that were segregated by race. The gentlemen's agreement that was subsequently negotiated stipulated that America waived these restrictions on Japanese immigrants if Japan no longer allowed emigration to America in return. In 1908, 781 Japanese emigrants hired as temporary workers on the factory ship Kasato Maru to emigrate to South America instead. They settled in the state of São Paulo and started growing coffee. They weren't the only ones; The number of Japanese immigrants in Brazil increased year after year until it had already exceeded 20,000 by the beginning of the Showa period.
The house in Registo is one of many that was built by the Japanese emigrants in the middle of the dense Brazilian forest. The houses were built in Japanese style by carpenters who had come to Brazil with the settlers, using local hardwood. The house in the open-air museum, which was built in 1919 and brought from Registro to Meiji Mura, was designed as a single-storey, simple wooden house. It is covered with tiles , has wooden shutters and a balcony. In the main house a staircase leads to the living room on the upper floor. The main house has a small extension in which the kitchen is located.
"Zagyosō" - country house of Kōshaku Saionji Kimmochi ( 西 園 寺 公 望 別 邸 「坐 坐 漁 荘」 )
→ Year of construction: 1920, original location: Shimizu-ku in Okitsumachi, Shizuoka Prefecture , location: grid square 3-27
The zagyosō was commissioned by the nobleman Saionji Kimmochi , who intended to spend his retirement here carefree with occasional fishing. This is also suggested by the name of the house that was built on the coast of Okitsu (today: Shizuoka ) in 1920 . After the death of Kimmochi, one of the last Genrō , in this house in 1940, the building fell into disrepair and was moved to the museum grounds in 1971 in the course of fragile work on the coast. Its interior design has both local and western elements, such as a stone fireplace. The building was designated as a cultural treasure in 2003.
Main entrance and lobby of the Imperial Hotel ( 帝国 ホ テ ル 中央 玄関 )
→ Year: 1923, original Location: Uchisaiwai-chō in Chiyoda , Tokyo Prefecture , location: Planquadrat 5-67
The history of the Imperial Hotel goes back to 1890. After the hotel, originally made of wood and brick and designed by Yuzuru Watanabe , burned down completely in 1919, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to rebuild the hotel. The new hotel, built from a combination of brick and Ōya stone , was built between 1915 and 1923. The first test of the new building was the great Kanto earthquake in 1923, which it survived without damage. On the day of the earthquake, on September 1st, the hotel was busy preparing for a wedding celebration that was to take place on the occasion of the opening. While most of the buildings in the immediate vicinity collapsed or burned down, the newly built hotel suffered no significant damage. The four-story hotel with 270 rooms was opened in Tokyo in 1923 and was considered one of the most renowned hotels in the world. The building was created with maximum flexibility in construction and it was groundbreaking in terms of earthquake and fire protection. If one part of the building is damaged, all other parts should remain intact. In addition, the hotel had a steam heating system that was new and unique for the time. The striving for perfection meant that the estimated construction costs of 15 million yen in the end increased to six times as much, to 90 million yen.
After the end of the Second World War, the building was confiscated by the American High Command . For years it housed forces of the American occupation army. The hotel was renovated in 1954 and resumed operations with 170 guest rooms. Four years later it was expanded to nine floors and four basement floors with a total of 450 guest rooms. In 1964 it was demolished to make way for a modern Imperial Hotel. Wright's building, whose floor plan was based on the initials I and H, was used to move the entrance hall and lobby, including the pond in front of it, to Meiji Mura. Today these are officially classified as material cultural assets. In 1968 the hotel was renovated on the original site as a modern reinforced concrete structure and an annex was added in the 1980s.
The Imperial Hotel designed by Yuzuru Watanabe
Imperial Hotel shortly after the Kanto earthquake in 1923
Front of the Imperial Hotel designed by Wright
Imperial Hotel today
Replica of the hotel in Tobu World Square (1:25 scale)
Detail: entrance hall in Meiji Mura
Detail: entrance area
Detail: Original chairs from Wright's Imperial Hotel
v. l. To the right : John Lloyd Wright, Arata Endō, Frank Lloyd Wright and Aisaku Hayashi
_in_Tobu_World_Square.jpg)
Buildings from the Shōwa period (1926–1989)
Kawasaki Bank Headquarters ( 川 崎 銀行 本店 )
→ Year of construction: 1927, original location: Nihombashi in Chūō , Tokyo prefecture , location: grid square 5-57
The headquarters of the Kawasaki Bank was built in 1927 in Tokyo in the Renaissance style, also with the function of a bank, i.e. not only for representative purposes. For the time, the building was designed as a monumental reinforced concrete structure with two floors, a basement , a 38 m wide front and a height of 20 m. The extensive construction work began in 1922, a year before the Great Kantō earthquake, and lasted five years. The planning and project management was the responsibility of Yabe Matakichi , who was trained at the Technical University of Berlin and who built many bank buildings in Japan. The Kawasaki Bank is considered his main work.
The Kawasaki Bank, which was founded by Kawasaki Hachiemon ( 川 崎 八 右衛門 ), the treasurer of Mito-han , was one of the most influential banks of the Meiji period. In 1927 the bank was renamed Kawasaki Daihyaku. After the Kawasaki part of the name had been removed in 1936, the Daihyaku Bank merged with the Mitsubishi Bank in 1943. The Kawasaki Treuhandgesellschaft , founded as part of the Kawasaki Zaibatsu , has also been using the building together with the bank since 1936 . This joint-stock company took over sole use of the building from 1953. For a long time, the Kawasaki Bank shaped the appearance of Tokyo city center, similar to the Nihonbashi Bridge. In 1986, however, it had to give way for the construction of modern office buildings and was demolished. Only part of the building, the front and the outer wall on the right, were brought to Meiji Mura.
More buildings
Other buildings of the open-air museum in chronological order by year of construction are:
- 1877 Tea house “Ekiraku-an” ( 茶室 「亦 楽 庵」 )
→ Year of construction: 1877, original location: Komatsubara Kitamachi, Kita-ku , Kyōto , location: grid square 3-28 - 1887 House for western foreigners in Kobe ( 神 戸 山 手 西洋人 住居 )
→ Year of construction: 1887, original location: Yamamotodōri in Ikuta-ku, Kobe , location: grid square 3-32
Picture gallery
Rose window in St. Francis Xavier
Kyoto tram
Mailbox in front of the Ujiyamada post office
Detail from the machine shop of the Shimbashi factory
Interior of the Church of St. Paul
Kureha-za theater stage
Passenger cars
Interior of the Tomatsu House
.jpg)
_-_Meji_Mura.jpg)
Meiji Mura as the location
The open-air museum is sometimes used as a backdrop and location for film and television productions:
- for the film Devilman (2004)
- for the film Tsurugidake: Ten no Ki ( 劒 岳 点 の 記 ) (2009)
- for Itsuji Itaos film King of the escapees ( 板尾創路の脱獄王 , Itao Itsuji no datsugokuō , Eng. Itsuji Itao's King of the Escape ) (2010)
- for the Japanese-American co-production Leonie (2010)
- for the NHK television series Saka no Ue no Kumo (2009)
See also
- Abashiri Prison Museum in Abashiri ( 博物館 網 走 監獄 , Hakubutsukan Abashiri kangoku ). Prison complex with 38 buildings.
- Edo Tokyo building park in Tokyo ( 江 戸 東京 た て も の 園 , Edo Tōkyō tatemono no en ) with 30 buildings
- Japanese Farmhouse Open Air Museum
- Glover Garden in Nagasaki ( グ ラ バ ー 園 , Globa-en ). Garden with 10 buildings from the mid-19th century
- Hida Folk Village in Takayama ( 飛 騨 民俗 村 , Hida minzoku mura ) with 30 buildings
- Historical villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama
- Historic village in Sapporo ( 北海道 開拓 の 村 , Hokkaido kaitaku no mura ) with 52 buildings
- Shikoku Mura in Takamatsu ( 四 国 村 ) with 30 houses from different time periods
- Shōwa Mura ( 日本 昭和 村 , Nihon Shōwa Mura ) in Gifu Prefecture .
literature
- Meiji Mura (Ed.): Hakubutsukan Meiji Mura. 100 p. Nagoya Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha, Nagoya 1991.
- Mike Meyer: Bound for Glory. on: time.com , August 30, 2004.
- Wilfried Koch : Architectural style. Orbis Verlag, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-572-00689-9 .
- Hans Koepf : Picture dictionary of architecture. Kröner, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-520-19402-3 .
Remarks
- ↑ The name Kōro is made up of the first syllable of the surname.
- ↑ 花鳥 風月 , Kachōfūgetsu is a fixed cohesion ( Yojijukugo ) from the four characters for flowers, birds, wind and moon.
- ↑ See also the Wikisource source given below.
- ↑ Megane-bashi literally: Glasses Bridge bears this name in Japanese because the two approximately semicircular arches of the bridge with their reflection in the water look like nickel glasses . Also photos of both bridges for direct comparison (above Nagasaki, below Tendō Bridge).
- ↑ In other words, the Schools for the preparatory course or in preparation for study at the university, which was taken up at this time after the middle school, were outsourced as an independent school form. In this way a three-part school system consisting of elementary, middle and high school was created. At the same time, the duration of the studies was set at the four years that are still common today.
- ↑ The Oberschule corresponds to the Gymnasium in Germany.
- ↑ The term Ryūrigaku goes back to the Dutch lore and is the translation of the Dutch word Natuurkunde .
- ↑ a b The Ranma is an openwork screen over the sliding doors that separate two rooms. (See also explanation in the Japanese architecture database JAANUS )
- ↑ Information on the Wakamatsu Colony ( memento of the original from July 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ See also the model of the entire prison grounds on the Japanese website of the Meji Mura open-air museum
- ↑ Detail images
- ↑ Pictures of the interior ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Then, as now, the name of the district is representative of the Tokyo Stock Exchange .
- ↑ The warehouse style is a fire-resistant construction, albeit made of wood, which was used in the 19th century in particular in large cities such as Edo and the Kantō region.
- ↑ This is a method to protect the wall plaster against damage, especially by water, by applying rectangular flat bricks.
- ↑ The school was merged in 1949 to form Nagoya University . Your campus is now the Yamanohata campus of Nagoya Municipal University : (PDF) ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Miyazaki Ikuu was married to the younger sister of Takuboku's wife Setsuko.
- ↑ The socialist Kōtoku Shūsui planned an assassination attempt on the Tennō with like-minded people.
- ↑ The Shōheizaka Gakumonjo is an educational institution founded in 1790 in the old district of Yushima in Kanda , which was under the direct control of the Tokugawa Shōgunate.
- ↑ The background to the total of six informal agreements was that there was tension between America and the strengthening Japan, which had recently won the Russo-Japanese War . At that time, approximately 1% of California's population was Japanese.
- ↑ The name "Zagyosō" ( 坐 漁 荘 ) consisting of the characters for "place, seat", "fishing" and "possession, fiefdom" is expanded and understood as follows: "Spending time doing nothing, sitting carefree and fishing" ( な に も せ ず 、 の ん び り 坐 っ て 魚 を と っ て 過 ご す ).
- ↑ Illustration of the Imperial Hotel from 1958 ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ John Lloyd Wright was the son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Arata Endo was a Japanese architect and student of Frank Lloyd Wright. Aisaku Hayashi was a businessman and manager of the Imperial Hotel.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mike Meyer: Bound for Glory. on: time.com , August 30, 2004.
- ↑ 菊 の 世 酒 蔵 . Uchiyama Info Group, accessed May 20, 2017 (Japanese, website for the Kikunoyo Brewery with many images showing details of the building).
- ↑ 菊 の 世 酒 蔵 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed on May 20, 2017 (Japanese, details page for the Kikunoyo Brewery on the museum's website).
- ↑ 小泉 八 雲 避暑 の 家 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (details page on Lafcadio Hearn's house on the museum's website).
- ^ Self-assertion discourses in Asia: China - Japan - Korea . In: Iwo Amelung , Matthias Koch, Joachim Kurtz, Eun-Jeung Lee and Sven Saaler (eds.): Monographs from the German Institute for Japanese Studies . tape 34. . Iudicium, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-89129-845-5 , Self-Assertion Discourses in Japanl II: Politics and Science, p. 127–219 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Chieko Irie Mulhern: Kōda Rohan . In: Twayn's world author series . tape 432 , 1973, ISBN 0-8057-6272-8 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ 幸 田 露 伴 住宅 「蝸牛 庵」 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page on the home of Kōda Rohan on the museum's website).
- ↑ Mukuriyane in the Japanese architecture database JAANUS
- ↑ Definition of terms in the Japanese architecture database JAANUS
- ↑ 京都 中 井 酒 造 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for the Nakai sake brewery on the museum's website).
- ↑ 品 川 燈台 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Shinagawa lighthouse details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ Biographical summary (Japanese)
- ↑ 大 井 牛肉 店 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detailed page for the Ōi butcher shop on the museum's website).
- ↑ 鉄 道 寮 新橋 工場 （機械 館） ・ リ ン グ 精 紡機 （重要 文化 財） ・ 菊花 御 紋章 付 平 削 盤 （重要 文化 財) . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on August 26, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the machine hall of the Shimbashi factory).
- ↑ 歩 兵 第六 聯隊 兵 舎 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2001, accessed on December 6, 2016 (Japanese, detail page on the barracks of the 6th Infantry Regiment on the museum's website).
- ↑ a b sangawara. JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System, accessed July 10, 2014 .
- ↑ 菅 島 燈台 付 属官 舎 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on July 12, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the Sugashima Lighthouse's official residence).
- ↑ 蒸 気 機関 車 12 号 . (No longer available online.) Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, archived from the original on July 2, 2014 ; accessed on August 12, 2014 (Japanese, details page for steam locomotive number 12). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Biographical summary ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Japanese)
- ↑ 西 郷 從 道 邸 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detailed page on the residence of Margrave Saigō Tsugumichi on the museum's website (including a picture gallery of the interior)).
- ↑ 六 郷 川 鉄 橋 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Rokugogawa Iron Bridge detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 工部 省 品 川 硝 子 製造 所 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Shinagawa glass factory detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ buntougata 分 棟 型 . Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System, 2001, accessed July 13, 2013 .
- ↑ 名古屋 衛戍 病院 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed on July 13, 2013 (Japanese, details page for the infirmary and administration building of the Nagoya Army Hospital on the museum's website).
- ^ Mei Prefectural Office (Mie, 1879). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on August 21, 2012 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 三重 県 庁 舎 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on August 31, 2014 (Japanese, detail page on the Mie Prefectural Administration building with images of the furniture).
- ↑ 明治 13 年 (1880) 大明寺 に 聖 パ ウ ロ 教会 が 建 ち 、 小 教区 が 始 ま る
- ↑ 大明寺 聖 パ ウ ロ 教会 堂 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, St. Paul Church details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ Sangawarabuki in the Japanese architecture database JAANUS
- ↑ 東山 梨 郡 役 所 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Higashi-Yamanashi official building details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ Kevin Doak: A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People . Brill, Leiden 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15598-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed July 14, 2013]).
- ↑ Jinko Schelz: The implementation of a modern education system in Japan. State building, modernization and school development . Vienna 2010, p. 67 ( univie.ac.at [PDF; accessed on July 14, 2013] dissertation).
- ↑ 宮 津 裁判 所 法 廷 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed on July 13, 2013 (Japanese, details page for the courthouse in Miyazu on the museum's website).
- ↑ 天 童 眼鏡 橋 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Tendō Bridge detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 「日本 の メ ガ ネ の 歴 史 を 紐 解 く 旅 ~ メ ガ ガ 名 所 所 り ～」 . kaiteki-eye.jp, 2006, accessed December 11, 2011 (Japanese).
- ↑ 森 鴎 外 ・ 夏目漱石 住宅 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page on the home of Mori Ōgai and Natsume Sōseki on the museum's website).
- ↑ 明治 村 二 重 橋 飾 電燈 . (No longer available online.) In: Cultural Heritage Online. Bunka-chō , formerly in the original ; Retrieved July 13, 2013 (Japanese). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 二 重 橋 飾 電燈 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page for the street lamp on the Nijubashi Bridge on the museum's website).
- ↑ Daniel V. Botsman: Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan . Princeton University 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-13030-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed August 28, 2014]).
- ↑ 監獄 則 並 図 式 . In: デ ジ タ ル 版 日本人 名 大 辞典 + Plus at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 28, 2014 (Japanese).
- ↑ 前 橋 監獄 雑 居 房 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on July 12, 2014 (Japanese, detail page on the communal cell of the Maebashi prison).
- ↑ 近衛 局 本部 付 属 舎 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on August 26, 2014 (Japanese, detail page on the headquarters of the Imperial Guard - annex).
- ↑ Biographical summary (Japanese)
- ↑ 三重 県 尋常 師範学校 ・ 蔵 持 小学校 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for Mie elementary school on the museum's website).
- ↑ Meiji Portraits. Bernd Lepach, accessed on August 31, 2014 .
- ↑ 長崎 居留地 二 十五 番 館 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on August 31, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for house no.25 in the foreigners' district of Nagasaki).
- ↑ 明治 村 ハ ワ イ 移民 集会 所 . In: 文化 財 ナ ビ 愛 知 (Aichi Cultural Properties Navi). Retrieved July 13, 2013 (Japanese).
- ↑ ハ ワ イ 移民 集会 所 . private photo report on uchiyama.com, accessed July 13, 2013 (Japanese, with images of the bell).
- ↑ ハ ワ イ 移民 集会 所 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed on July 13, 2013 (Japanese, details page on the Clubhouse of Japanese Migrants in Hilo on the museum's website).
- ↑ 千 鉄 道 局 新橋 工場 と 明治天皇 ・ 昭憲皇 太后 御 料 車 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on July 10, 2014 (Japanese, page on the Shimbashi factory of the Japanese State Railways with further detailed images).
- ↑ 聖 ザ ビ エ ル 天主堂 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on January 12, 2014 (Japanese, details page for the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier on the museum's website).
- ↑ Biographical summary (Japanese)
- ↑ 日本 赤 十字 社 中央 病院 病 棟 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Red Cross Hospital details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 窮 理学 . In: デ ジ タ ル 版 日本人 名 大 辞典 + Plus at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 26, 2014 (Japanese).
- ↑ 南京 下 見 . In: デ ジ タ ル 版 日本人 名 大 辞典 + Plus at kotobank.jp. Retrieved August 26, 2014 (Japanese).
- ↑ 第四 高等学校 物理 化学 教室 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed August 26, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the classrooms for physics and chemistry of the 4th high school).
- ↑ 呉 服 座 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Kureha-za Theater detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ Timeline of Tamasaburō's appearance ( memento of the original from May 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 京 都市 電 . (No longer available online.) Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, archived from the original on May 7, 2013 ; Retrieved on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page for the tram in Kyoto on the museum's website). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ hikichigai. JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System, accessed July 10, 2014 .
- ↑ 千 早 赤阪 小学校 講堂 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page on the auditorium of the primary school in Chihaya-Akasaka).
- ↑ 尾 西 鉄 道 蒸 気 機関 車 1 号 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Bisai Railway details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 清水 医院 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for Dr. Shimizu's practice on the museum's website).
- ↑ a b 札幌 電話 交換 局 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for the switchboard in Sapporo on the museum's website).
- ↑ a b Tomatsu House (Nagoya, c. 1901). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on August 7, 2009 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Illustration of a Tokonoma ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (with Japanese lettering)
- ↑ 小 那 沙 美 島 燈台 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 5, 2016 (Japanese, Konasami-jima lighthouse detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 明治 村 シ ア ト ル 日 系 福音 教会 . Aichi Prefecture, 2008, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese).
- ↑ (シ ア ト ル 日 系 福音 教会 （旧 シ ア ト ル 住宅) . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page for the Evangelical Church in Seattle on the museum's website).
- ↑ 金 沢 監獄 中央 看守所 ・ 監 房 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Kanazawa Prison prison guards room details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 聖 ヨ ハ ネ 教会 堂 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for St. John's Church on the museum's website).
- ↑ dozou-zukuri. Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System (JAANUS), 2001, accessed December 1, 2016 .
- ↑ namakokabe. Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System (JAANUS), 2001, accessed December 1, 2016 .
- ↑ 安 田 銀行 会 津 支店 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for the Yasuda Bank branch on the museum's website).
- ↑ Oguma Photo Studio (Nigata, c. 1908). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on October 19, 2011 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English, with pictures and floor plans).
- ↑ 赤 坂 離宮 正門 哨 舎 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on July 10, 2014 (Japanese, detail page on the sentry house of the Akasaka Palace. With a picture of the main gate.).
- ↑ 宗教 大学 車 寄 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on January 12, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the entrance to the University of Applied Sciences for Religion on the museum's website. With an illustration).
- ^ Gakushūin, Principal's Residence, Peers' School (Tokyo, 1909). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on July 25, 2012 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English, with pictures and floor plans).
- ↑ 第八 高等学校 正門 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for the main entrance to the 8th high school on the museum's website).
- ↑ 宇 治 山田 郵 便 局 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Ujiyamada Post Office details page on the museum's website).
- ^ Japanese Bathhouse “Azuma-yu” (Aichi, 1900s). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on September 12, 2012 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English).
- ↑ 半 田東 湯 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed August 26, 2014 (Japanese, Azuma-yu bathhouse detail page).
- ↑ Barber Shop "Kinotoko" (Tokyo, c.1910). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on February 9, 2011 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English).
- ↑ 本 郷 喜 之 床 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on July 10, 2014 (Japanese, detail page about the barber Kinotoko).
- ↑ 東京 盲 学校 車 寄 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on August 26, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the entrance hall of the school for the blind in Tōkyō with a picture of the main building).
- ↑ 三 監獄 法 . In: 犯罪 白 書 . Meiji Mura Museum, 1968, accessed July 13, 2013 (Japanese).
- ↑ Michele M. Mason: Dominant Narratives of Colonial Hokkaido and Imperial Japan: Envisioning the periphery and the modern nation-state . Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-137-28975-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed July 13, 2013]).
- ↑ 集 治 監 . In: デ ジ タ ル 版 日本人 名 大 辞典 + Plus at kotobank.jp. Retrieved December 22, 2011 (Japanese).
- ↑ 金 沢 監獄 正門 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed July 13, 2013 (Japanese, Kanazawa Prison main gate details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 内閣 文庫 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detail page for the cabinet library on the museum's website).
- ↑ The Villa of Mataemon Shibakawa (Nishinomiya, 1911) . (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on October 19, 2011 ; accessed on July 16, 2013 (English, detail page for the villa).
- ↑ 芝 川 又 右衛門 邸 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2001, accessed on December 6, 2016 (Japanese, detail page for Shibakawa Mataemon's villa on the museum's website).
- ↑ 国 指定 重要 文化 財 弾 正 橋 . (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 20, 2015 ; Retrieved December 21, 2012 (Japanese, with numerous illustrations). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 隅田川 新 大橋 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page for the Shin-Ōhashi bridge on the museum's website).
- ↑ 京都 七 條 巡査 派出所 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, police station details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ (名 鉄 岩 倉 変 電 所 （岩 倉 ホ ー ル) . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Nagoya Railway substation detail page on the museum's website).
- ↑ 東京 駅 警備 巡査 派出所 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2013, accessed on July 14, 2013 (Japanese, detail page for the police station at Tōkyō Central Station on the museum's website).
- ↑ 北 里 研究所 本館 ・ 医学 館 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, detailed page for the Kitasato Institute on the museum's website).
- ↑ 第四 高等学校 武術 道場 「無声 堂」 . Museum Meiji Mura, 2006, accessed on January 12, 2014 (Japanese, detail page for the martial arts training hall of the 4th high school on the website of the museum. With an illustration).
- ↑ ブ ラ ジ ル 移民 住宅 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed on December 21, 2012 (Japanese, details page on the house of Japanese migrants in Brazil on the museum's website).
- ↑ "Zagyo-so," Villa of Prince Saionji Kimmochi (Shizuoka, 1920). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on February 9, 2011 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English).
- ^ Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel (Tokyo, 1923). (No longer available online.) Housing.com, 2011, archived from the original on May 5, 2012 ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (English).
- ↑ 川 崎 銀行 本店 . Meiji Mura Museum, 2006, accessed December 21, 2012 (Japanese, Kawasaki Bank details page on the museum's website).
- ↑ Tsurugidake: Ten no ki (2009). Internet Movie Database , accessed May 22, 2015 .
- ↑ Itao Itsuji no datsugoku-ô (2009). Internet Movie Database , accessed May 22, 2015 .
- ^ Leonie (2010). Internet Movie Database , accessed May 22, 2015 .
- ↑ Abashiri Prision Museum. Exploitation of Hokkaido and the prisoners. (No longer available online.) Abashiri Prison Museum, 2000, archived from the original on January 7, 2011 ; Retrieved December 21, 2012 (Japanese, English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Official website. (No longer available online.) Edo Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum, archived from the original on November 13, 2012 ; accessed on December 22, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Welcome to Glover Garden. (No longer available online.) Nagasaki City, 2008, archived from the original on October 27, 2012 ; accessed on December 22, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Hida Folk Village / Hida no Sato. 飛 騨 民俗 村 , 2005, accessed on December 22, 2012 (English, official website of the Hida Museum).
- ↑ 北海道 開拓 の 村 . 北海道 開拓 記念 館 , accessed on December 22, 2012 (Japanese, official website of the historic city , with basic English information).
- ^ Shikoku Mura Museum Village. (No longer available online.) Association for Tourism Promotion Shikoku, 2012, formerly in the original ; accessed on December 21, 2012 (German brief information). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 日本 昭和 村 . (No longer available online.) 平 成 記念 公園 日本 昭和 村 , Archived from the original on December 22, 2012 ; Retrieved December 22, 2012 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Site plan of the museum with its five grid squares ( 丁目 ) and the building number
- Official website (Japanese, English)
- Picture gallery
Coordinates: 35 ° 20 ′ 30.9 ″ N , 136 ° 59 ′ 21.4 ″ E