Minka (Japan)
As Minka ( Japanese 民家 be in) Japan , the traditional peasant and townhouses called.
Overview
The traditional Japanese house is a kind of extended pile structure: under one roof are the living rooms 1/2 m above the ground on piles, (N) the “Nando” ( 納 戸 , chamber), (Z1) the “Zashiki” ( 座 敷 , Lounge), (Z2) the “Hi no ma” ( 日 の 間 , reception room) and (D) the kitchen room ( 台 所 , Daidokoro ), the one in front of the ground floor entrance room “Doma” ( 土 間 ) (in the illustration without Designation) opens. The individual rooms are accessible through sliding doors, they are covered with tatami . These are boards covered with a lined cane mat in the format approx. 180 × 90 cm. In the doma there is the bricked cooking area "Kamado" ( 竈 ) and, if necessary, separated, the horse stable, "Maya" ( 馬 屋 ) (M). There is no chimney, the smoke is drawn off through a hatch in the roof. In winter, the residents warm their hands over a brazier, "hibachi" ( 火 鉢 ). The entrance is usually on the long side of the house, with some types, e.g. B. in the Gasshō style, but on the gable side. Occasionally a separate fireproof storage tank "Kura" ( 倉 or 庫 ) belongs to the house. In the course of time, different arrangements of the rooms have developed.
One can distinguish four forms:
- Farmhouses Noka ( 農家 )
- Gyōka fishing huts ( 漁家 )
- Mountain huts Sanka ( 山 家 )
- Machiya townhouses ( 町 家 )
The farmhouse
In its simplest form, Sugoya ( 直 屋 ), which used to be found all over Japan, the house is covered with a hipped roof. In northeastern Japan, the stables are often built at right angles, the type is called Magariya ( 曲 屋 ). In central Japan you can come across the “helmet house”, Kabuto-zukuri ( 兜 造 ), so named because the roof resembles a Japanese helmet. In the snowy prefecture of Nagano , the house is under a wide roof, honmune-zukuri ( 本 棟 造 ). Another striking type in the Gifu / Toyama prefectures has a steep, high roof in the form of slightly folded hands, gasshō -zukuri ( 合掌 造 ). The well-preserved villages in this construction Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama have been a World Heritage Site since 1995 . - In the Kyōto-Osaka area there is the Takabe-zukuri ( 高 塀 造 ) type. In Kyūshū , the houses are laid out in a U-shape (and other similar shapes), Kudo-zukuri ( 竈 造 ).
The town house
The town house is usually designed as a terraced house. In addition to the living spaces, it often also contains sales rooms or production rooms, e.g. B. for pickling (fermenting) vegetables, brewing rice wine, sake , etc.
present
The traditional Minka has disappeared in the cities and in their rural surroundings. As a closed village, Imai (today the district of Imai-chō of the city of Kashihara ( Nara prefecture )) is worth seeing. A well-preserved district can be found in Takayama ( Gifu Prefecture ). Some post stations in the form of street villages are also worth seeing, for example Tsumago and Magome in the southwest of Nagano prefecture on the old post road Kisokaidō . You can get a picture of the farmhouses in the various open-air museums.
literature
- Kotera, Takehisa: Minka to Machinami. (Minka and Dorfstraßen) Schogakukan, 1992. ISBN 4-09-375132-3 .
- 日本 の 美術 ( Nihon no Bijutsu , The Art of Japan) No. 288, 民家 と 町 並. 近畿 ( Minka to machinami Kinki , Minka and streetscapes - Kinki region) (1990)
- 日本 の 形. 民家 ( Nihon no katachi - Minka , Formen Japans - Minka) (2003) ISBN 4-635-40015-8
Web links
- Open-Air Museum of old Japanese Farm Houses (Japanese)
- English language website of the Nihon Minka-en Open Air Museum
Individual evidence
- ↑ Minka. JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System, accessed February 15, 2012 (English).
- ↑ Kudozukuri. JAANUS - Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System, accessed February 22, 2012 (English).