Japanese cabinet
The Japanese cabinet ( Japanese 内閣 , Naikaku ) is the government of the Japanese central state. It consists of the Prime Minister of Japan and up to 17, currently 19, other members, all of whom are known as Minister of State ( 国務 大臣 , kokumu daijin ). The Prime Minister is appointed by the Japanese Parliament , the other ministers are appointed and recalled by the Prime Minister. The cabinet as a whole is accountable to Parliament.
Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's fourth cabinet is currently in power . It came into office after the general election on October 22, 2017 and the subsequent prime ministerial election in parliament on November 1, 2017 ( the emperor's appointment ceremony on the same day).
The modern Japanese cabinet is based on Articles 65 to 75 of the Japanese Constitution of 1947. However, a cabinet already existed under the constitution of the Japanese Empire , which came into force in 1890 , which neither explicitly mentions neither cabinet nor prime minister and only refers to every minister of state in Article 55 Dedicated to advising the emperor, and without a constitution since 1885, when the old Dajōkan government system was abandoned. The ministers were individually accountable to the Emperor of Japan . Formal legal regulations for the Prime Minister and Cabinet in the German Empire contained two decrees from the years 1885 ( naikaku shokken , 内閣 職 権 , Dajōkan decree No. 69) and 1889 ( naikaku kansei , 内閣 官制 , k. Decree No. 135).
vocation
According to the constitution, the ministers of state are appointed by the prime minister after he has elected. The prime minister is elected by parliament and then appointed by the emperor. If the lower house and upper house elect different candidates, the will of the lower house takes precedence after an unsuccessful mediation in the mediation committee (Article 67 of the constitution).
A majority in the cabinet, including the prime minister, must be a member of one of the two chambers of parliament. All members must be civilians. Under Article 2 of the Cabinet Act of 2001, the number of ministers of state (other than the prime minister) must be 14 or less; in “special cases” (which in fact mostly exist) the number can be increased to 17. In addition to this limitation, there has been a reconstruction minister for the temporary reconstruction authority since 2012, and since 2015 an additional minister for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games through a separate law. During their term of office, cabinet members enjoy legal immunity as long as the prime minister is subject to legal prosecution does not agree in individual cases.
The cabinet must resign under the following conditions:
- at the first convocation of parliament after general elections to the lower house,
- in the event of a vote of no confidence or a defeat in a vote of confidence in the House of Commons if the cabinet does not dissolve it within ten days of the vote,
- if the Prime Minister is permanently prevented from exercising his office.
In these cases, or if the cabinet resigns of its own free will, parliament appoints a new prime minister, who then appoints new ministers, even if the new cabinet, including the prime minister, may consist of the same persons as before. The resigned cabinet continues to serve until the emperor appoints a prime minister newly elected by parliament. Usually the appointment ceremonies for the Prime Minister (shinninshiki) and the other ministers (shōninkan ninmeishiki) take place one after the other; if the ministers appointed by the new prime minister are not appointed immediately, the new prime minister as a so-called "one-person cabinet" ( hitori naikaku , 一 人 内閣 ) initially holds all ministerial posts (e.g. Katayama 1947, Hata 1994).
Powers
The cabinet has two types of powers. State tasks ( kokuji kōi , Article 7 of the constitution) of the emperor can only "on the recommendation and with the consent of the cabinet, in the interest of the people" (naikaku no jogen to shōnin ni yori, kokumin no tame ni,) exercise, he has other than some monarchs do not have reserve powers, even in exceptional cases.
The cabinet itself exercises other powers. Contrary to the practice in many constitutional monarchies , the Emperor of Japan is not the nominal head of the executive branch in the state. According to the constitution, this function is exercised by the cabinet.
Duties of the emperor at the behest of the cabinet
- Convocation of Parliament.
- Dissolution of the lower house (without a previous vote of no confidence [Article 69], undisputedly only under the prevailing constitutional interpretation of Article 7 since the end of the occupation).
- Calling general parliamentary elections ( Kokkai giin no sō -zunyo , "general election of members of parliament", is in Article 7 of the Constitution, but does not exist in the form; there are general elections to the lower house and ordinary upper house [part] elections, the wording includes both).
- Awarding of honors.
Cabinet's own powers
These result from Articles 72 and 73 of the Constitution.
- Execution of the Laws.
- Exercise of external relations.
- Conclusion of international agreements with the consent of Parliament.
- Head of civil administration.
- Draft budget (which then has to be approved by parliament).
- Adoption of ordinances.
- Granting general amnesty , special amnesty, conversion of punishments, suspension of sentences and restitution to civil rights.
Every ordinance and every law is signed by the relevant Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister.
Historical cabinets
Empire of Japan
Note: Formally, cabinets in the Empire were responsible to the Tennō and thus not tied to parliamentary majorities, and thus not to government parties in the true sense of the word. In the list, however, the parties supporting the government may be indicated for orientation, especially since approaches of parliamentary responsibility of the cabinet developed during the so-called Taishō democracy .
# | cabinet | Taking office | prime minister | Ruling parties | General Elections |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Itō I | Dec 22, 1885 | Itō Hirobumi | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") | |
2 | Kuroda | Apr 30, 1888 | Kuroda Kiyotaka | - | |
- | (executive) | Oct 25, 1889 | Sanjō Sanetomi | - | |
3 | Yamagata I | Dec. 24, 1889 | Yamagata Aritomo | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") | 1. |
4th | Matsukata I | May 6, 1891 | Matsukata Masayoshi | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") | 2. |
5 | Itō II | Aug 8, 1892 | Itō Hirobumi Kuroda Kiyotaka (executive) |
- ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") after the war with China, cooperation with the Liberal Party |
3rd , 4th |
6th | Matsukata II | Sep 18 1896 | Matsukata Masayoshi | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") cooperation with the Progressive Party ( Shimpotō ) |
5. |
7th | Itō III | Jan. 12, 1898 | Itō Hirobumi | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") | |
8th | Ōkuma I | June 30, 1898 | Ōkuma Shigenobu | Kenseitō | 6th |
9 | Yamagata II | Nov 8, 1898 | Yamagata Aritomo | - ( Hanbatsu Naikaku , " Klansabinett ") collaboration with the Kenseitō |
|
10 | Itō IV | Oct. 19, 1900 | Itō Hirobumi Saionji Kimmochi (executive) |
Rikken Seiyūkai | |
11 | Katsura I | June 2, 1901 | Katsura Taro | - ( Kanryō Naikaku , "Cabinet of Officials") | 7th , 8th , 9th |
12 | Saionji I | Jan. 7, 1906 | Saionji Kimmochi | Rikken Seiyūkai | 10. |
13 | Katsura II | July 14, 1908 | Katsura Taro | Rikken Seiyūkai ( Kanryō Naikaku , "Cabinet of Officials") | |
14th | Saionji II | Aug 30, 1911 | Saionji Kimmochi | Rikken Seiyūkai | 11. |
15th | Katsura III | Dec 21, 1912 | Katsura Taro | - ( Kanryō Naikaku , "Cabinet of Officials") | |
16 | Yamamoto I | Feb. 20, 1913 | Yamamoto Gonnohyōe | Rikken Seiyūkai | |
17th | Ōkuma II | April 16, 1914 | Ōkuma Shigenobu | Rikken Dōshikai , Chūseikai , Ōkuma Hakukōenkai | 12. |
18th | Terauchi | Oct 9, 1916 | Terauchi Masatake | Rikken Seiyūkai | 13. |
19th | Hara | 29 Sep 1918 |
Hara Takashi Uchida Kōsai (executive) |
Rikken Seiyūkai | 14th |
20th | Takahashi | Nov 13, 1921 | Takahashi Korekiyo | Rikken Seiyūkai | |
21st | Kato | June 12, 1922 |
Katō Tomosaburō Uchida Kōsai (executive) |
- (Officials, Kizokuin ) Working with Rikken Seiyūkai |
|
22nd | Yamamoto II | Sep 2 1923 | Yamamoto Gonnohyōe | Kakushin Club | |
23 | Kiyoura | Jan. 7, 1924 | Kiyoura Keigo | - (Officials, Kizokuin) Working with Rikken Seiyūkai |
15th |
24 | Kato | June 11, 1924 |
Katō Takaaki Wakatsuki Reijirō (executive) |
Kenseikai , Rikken Seiyūkai, Kakushin Club ( Goken Sampa ) | |
25th | Wakatsuki I | Jan. 30, 1926 | Wakatsuki Reijirō | Kenseikai | |
26th | Tanaka | Apr 20, 1927 | Tanaka Giichi | Rikken Seiyūkai | 16. |
27 | Hamaguchi | July 2, 1929 |
Hamaguchi Osachi Shidehara Kijūrō (executive) |
Rikken Minseitō | 17th |
28 | Wakatsuki II | Apr 14, 1931 | Wakatsuki Reijirō | Rikken Minseitō | |
29 | Inukai | Dec 13, 1931 |
Inukai Tsuyoshi Takahashi Korekiyo (executive) |
Rikken Seiyūkai | 18th |
30th | Saitō | May 26, 1932 | Saitō Makoto | - ("Cabinet of National Unity") | |
31 | Okada | July 8, 1934 |
Okada Keisuke Gotō Fumio (executive) |
- ("Cabinet of national unity": officials, Rikken Minseitō, Shōwakai and others.) | 19th |
32 | Hirota | 9 Mar 1936 | Hirota Kōki | - (“Cabinet of National Unity”) Rikken Minseitō, Shōwa Kenkyūkai u. a. |
|
33 | Hayashi | Feb. 2, 1937 | Hayashi Senjūrō | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": civil servants, military) | 20th |
34 | Konoe I. | June 4, 1937 | Konoe Fumimaro | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Kizokuin, officials) | |
35 | Hiranuma | Jan. 5, 1939 | Hiranuma Kiichirō | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": civil servants, military) | |
36 | Abe | Aug 30, 1939 | Abe Nobuyuki | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Kizokuin, military) | |
37 | Yonai | Jan. 16, 1940 | Yonai Mitsumasa | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": civil servants, military) | |
38 | Konoe II | July 22, 1940 | Konoe Fumimaro | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Taisei Yokusankai ) | |
39 | Konoe III | July 18, 1941 | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Taisei Yokusankai) | ||
40 | Tōjō | Oct 18, 1941 | Tōjō Hideki | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Taisei Yokusankai) | 21st |
41 | Koiso | July 22, 1944 | Koiso Kuniaki | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Taisei Yokusankai) | |
42 | Suzuki | July 7, 1945 | Suzuki Kantaro | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Taisei Yokusankai) | |
43 | Higashikuni | Aug 17, 1945 | Higashikuni Naruhiko | - ("Cabinet of National Unity": Kizokuin) under Allied occupation |
|
44 | Shidehara | Oct 9, 1945 | Shidehara Kijūrō |
Progressive Party of Japan , Liberal Party of Japan under Allied occupation |
22nd |
45 | Yoshida I | May 22, 1946 | Yoshida Shigeru | Liberal Party of Japan, Progressive Party of Japan under Allied occupation |
23. House of Lords: 1. |
State of Japan
# | cabinet | Taking office | prime minister | Ruling parties | Parliamentary elections | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Commons | House of Lords | ||||||
46 | Katayama | May 24, 1947 | Katayama Tetsu |
Socialist Party of Japan , Democratic Party , Kokumin-kyōdō-tō under Allied occupation |
|||
47 | Ashida | 10 Mar 1948 | Ashida Hitoshi | Democratic Party, Socialist Party of Japan, Kokumin-kyōdō-tō under Allied occupation |
|||
48 | Yoshida II | Oct 15, 1948 | Yoshida Shigeru |
Democratic-Liberal Party under Allied occupation |
24. | ||
49 | Yoshida III | Feb 16, 1949 | Democratic-Liberal Party, Democratic Party → Liberal Party under Allied occupation until April 28, 1952 |
2. | |||
1. Reshuffle | June 28, 1950 | ||||||
2. Reshuffle | 4th July 1951 | ||||||
3. Reshuffle | Dec 26, 1951 | 25th | |||||
50 | Yoshida IV | Oct. 30, 1952 | Liberal Party | 26th | 3. | ||
51 | Yoshida V | May 21, 1953 | Liberal party collaboration with the Kaishinto |
||||
52 | Hatoyama I | Dec 10, 1954 | Hatoyama Ichirō | Democratic Party of Japan | 27. | ||
53 | Hatoyama II | 19 Mar 1955 | Democratic Party of Japan | ||||
54 | Hatoyama III | Nov 22, 1955 | Liberal Democratic Party | 4th | |||
55 | Ishibashi | 23 Dec 1956 |
Ishibashi Tanzan Kishi Nobusuke (executive) |
Liberal Democratic Party | |||
56 | Kishi I | Feb 25, 1957 | Kishi Nobusuke | Liberal Democratic Party | |||
Reshuffle | July 10, 1957 | 28. | |||||
57 | Kishi II | June 12, 1958 | Liberal Democratic Party | 5. | |||
Reshuffle | June 18, 1959 | ||||||
58 | Ikeda I | July 19, 1960 | Ikeda Hayato | Liberal Democratic Party | 29 | ||
59 | Ikeda II | Dec 8, 1960 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
1. Reshuffle | July 18, 1961 | 6th | |||||
2. Reshuffle | July 18, 1962 | ||||||
3. Reshuffle | July 18, 1963 | Liberal Democratic Party | 30th | ||||
60 | Ikeda III | Dec 9, 1963 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
Reshuffle | July 18, 1964 | ||||||
61 | Satō I | Nov 9, 1964 | Satō Eisaku | Liberal Democratic Party | |||
1. Reshuffle | June 3, 1965 | Liberal Democratic Party | 7th | ||||
2. Reshuffle | Aug 1, 1966 | ||||||
3. Reshuffle | Dec 3, 1966 | 31. | |||||
62 | Satō II | Feb. 17, 1967 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
1. Reshuffle | Nov 25, 1967 | 8th. | |||||
2. Reshuffle | Nov. 30, 1968 | 32. | |||||
63 | Satō III | Jan. 14, 1970 | Liberal Democratic Party | 9. | |||
Reshuffle | July 9, 1971 | ||||||
64 | Tanaka I | July 7, 1972 | Tanaka Kakuei | Liberal Democratic Party | 33. | ||
65 | Tanaka II | Dec 22, 1972 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
1. Reshuffle | Nov 25, 1973 | 10. | |||||
2. Reshuffle | Nov 11, 1974 | ||||||
66 | Miki | Dec 9, 1974 | Miki Takeo | Liberal Democratic Party | |||
Reshuffle | Sep 15 1976 | 34. | |||||
67 | Fukuda | Dec. 24, 1976 | Fukuda Takeo | Liberal Democratic Party | 11. | ||
Reshuffle | Nov 28, 1977 | ||||||
68 | Ōhira I | 7th Dec 1978 |
Ōhira Masayoshi Itō Masayoshi (executive) |
Liberal Democratic Party | 35. | ||
69 | Ōhira II | Nov 9, 1979 | Liberal Democratic Party cooperation with the New Liberal Club |
36. | 12. | ||
70 | Suzuki | 17th July 1980 | Suzuki Zenko | Liberal Democratic Party | |||
Reshuffle | Nov. 30, 1981 | ||||||
71 | Nakasone I | Nov. 27, 1982 | Nakasone Yasuhiro | Liberal Democratic Party | 37. | 13. | |
72 | Nakasone II | Dec. 27, 1983 | Liberal Democratic Party, New Liberal Club | ||||
1. Reshuffle | Nov 1, 1984 | ||||||
2. Reshuffle | Dec 28, 1985 | 38. | 14th | ||||
73 | Nakasone III | July 22, 1986 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
74 | Takeshita | Nov 6, 1987 | Takeshita Noboru | Liberal Democratic Party | |||
Reshuffle | Dec. 27, 1988 | ||||||
75 | U.N | June 3, 1989 | Uno Sōsuke | Liberal Democratic Party | 15th | ||
76 | Kaifu I | Aug 10, 1989 | Kaifu Toshiki | Liberal Democratic Party | 39. | ||
77 | Kaifu II | Feb 28, 1990 | Liberal Democratic Party | ||||
Reshuffle | Dec 29, 1990 | ||||||
78 | Miyazawa | Nov 5, 1991 | Miyazawa Kiichi | Liberal Democratic Party | 16. | ||
Reshuffle | Dec 12, 1992 | 40. | |||||
79 | Hosokawa | Aug 9, 1993 | Hosokawa Morihiro | New Japan Party , Socialist Party of Japan, Renewal Party , Kōmeitō , Democratic Socialist Party , New Sakigake Party , "Social Democratic League" , "Democratic Reform Association" | |||
80 | Hata | Apr 28, 1994 | Hata Tsutomu | Renewal Party, New Japan Party, Democratic Socialist Party, Liberal Party , Kōmeitō, “Social Democratic League”, “Reform Assembly”, cooperation with the New Sakigake Party |
|||
81 | Murayama | June 30, 1994 | Murayama Tomiichi | Socialist Party of Japan, Liberal Democratic Party, New Sakigake Party | 17th | ||
Reshuffle | Aug 8, 1995 | ||||||
82 | Hashimoto I | Jan. 11, 1996 | Hashimoto Ryūtaro | Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party , New Sakigake Party | 41. | ||
83 | Hashimoto II | Nov 7, 1996 | Liberal Democratic Party Cooperation with Social Democratic Party, New Sakigake Party |
||||
Reshuffle | Sep 11 1997 | 18th | |||||
84 | Obuchi | July 30, 1998 |
Obuchi Keizō Aoki Mikio (executive) |
Liberal Democratic Party | |||
1. Reshuffle | Jan. 14, 1999 | Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party | |||||
2. Reshuffle | Oct 5, 1999 | Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Kōmeitō Cooperation with the "Reform Club" |
|||||
85 | Mori I | Apr 5, 2000 | Mori Yoshirō | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō, Conservative Party Cooperation with the "Reform Club" |
42. | ||
86 | Mori II | 4th July 2000 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō, Conservative Party | ||||
Reshuffle | Dec 5, 2000 | ||||||
87 | Koizumi I | Apr 26, 2001 | Koizumi Jun'ichirō | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō, Conservative Party | 19th | ||
1. Reshuffle | Sep 30 2002 | ||||||
2. Reshuffle | 22 Sep 2003 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō, New Conservative Party | 43. | ||||
88 | Koizumi II | Nov 19, 2003 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō | 20th | |||
Reshuffle | 27 Sep 2004 | 44. | |||||
89 | Koizumi III | 21 Sep 2005 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō | ||||
Reshuffle | Oct 31, 2005 | ||||||
90 | Abe I | 26 Sep 2006 | Abe Shinzo | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō | 21st | ||
Reshuffle | Aug 27, 2007 | ||||||
91 | Fukuda | 26 Sep 2007 | Fukuda Yasuo | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō | |||
Reshuffle | Aug 2, 2008 | ||||||
92 | Asō | Sep 24 2008 | Asō Tarō | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō cooperation with the "Reform Club" |
45. | ||
93 | Hatoyama | 16 Sep 2009 | Hatoyama Yukio |
Democratic Party , Social Democratic Party (until May 2010), New People's Party Cooperation with the New Japan Party and the New Daichi Party |
|||
94 | Can | June 8, 2010 | Kan Naoto | Democratic Party, New People's Party Cooperation with the New Japan Party and the New Daichi Party |
22nd | ||
1. Reshuffle | 17 Sep 2010 | ||||||
2. Reshuffle | Jan. 14, 2011 | ||||||
95 | Noda | Sep 2 2011 | Noda Yoshihiko | Democratic Party, New People's Party Cooperation with the New Japan Party (until April 2012) and the New Daichi Party |
|||
1. Reshuffle | Jan. 13, 2012 | ||||||
2. Reshuffle | 4th June 2012 | ||||||
3. Reshuffle | Oct. 1, 2012 | 46. | |||||
96 | Abe II | Dec 26, 2012 | Abe Shinzo | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō | 23. | ||
Reshuffle | 3rd Sep 2014 | 47. | |||||
97 | Abe III | Dec 24, 2014 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō Temporary collaboration with Nippon no Kokoro and New Daichi Party |
||||
1. Reshuffle | Oct 7, 2015 | 24. | |||||
2. Reshuffle | Aug 3, 2016 | ||||||
3. Reshuffle | 3rd Aug 2017 | 48. | |||||
98 | Abe IV | Nov 1, 2017 | Liberal Democratic Party, Kōmeitō collaboration with Nippon no Kokoro until accession |
||||
1. Reshuffle | Oct 2, 2018 | 25th | |||||
2. Reshuffle | Sep 11 2019 |
swell
Web links
- Official website of the Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet
- UC Irvine Center for the Study of Democracy: Japanese Cabinet Profiles (English, cabinet profiles since 2001)
- List of Japanese Cabinets (Japanese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kantei : Cabinet System of Japan (English)