Sangiin election 2010

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← 2007Constituencies 2010 (73 seats)2013 →
Share of votes in%
 %
40
30th
20th
10
0
39.0
33.4
10.2
7.3
3.9
4.0
2.3
Otherwise.
Independent
Gains and losses
compared to 2007
 % p
 12
 10
   8th
   6th
   4th
   2
   0
  -2
  -4
  -6
  -8th
-1.5
+2.0
+10.2
-1.4
-2.1
-1.0
-6.3
Otherwise.
Independent
Proportional election 2010 (48 seats)
Share of votes in%
 %
40
30th
20th
10
0
31.6
24.1
13.6
13.1
6.1
3.8
2.1
2.0
3.7
Gains and losses
compared to 2007
 % p
 14th
 12
 10
   8th
   6th
   4th
   2
   0
  -2
  -4
  -6
  -8th
-7.9
-4.0
+13.6
-0.1
-1.4
-0.7
+2.1
+2.0
-3.6
New overall composition of the Sangiin
        
A total of 241 seats

The 2010 Sangiin election , formally the “22nd Ordinary election of Sangiin MPs “( Japanese 第 22 回 参議院 議員 通常 選 挙 , dai-nijūni-kai Sangiin giin tsūjōotenyo ), to the Japanese council house ( Sangiin ) , the upper house (jōin) of the national parliament ( Kokkai ) took place on July 11th 2010. The official election campaign began on June 24, 2010. The mandate of the MPs elected in 2004 ends on July 25, 2010.

121 of the 242 MPs stood for election for a six-year term. 73 were elected by simple, non-transferable votes - identical in the individual constituencies to simple majority elections - in the 47 prefectures , 48 were elected by national proportional representation with preferential votes .

On the same day as the 2010 Sangiin election, the Shiga Prefecture gubernatorial election and several local elections took place.

History and election campaign

The coalition cabinet of Prime Minister Naoto Kan from the Democratic Party (DPJ) and the New People's Party , which has been in office since June 2010, tried to increase its narrow majority of (as of June 2010) 123 mandates. In June 2010, Kan had replaced the party chairman and Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama , who had resigned over the restructuring of the US military presence in Okinawa Prefecture. The Sangiin faction of the Democratic Party, which includes the coalition parties as well as the New Japan Party , gained an independent majority in February 2010 when former LDP member Kōtarō Tamura ( Tottori ) joined.

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has been in opposition since 2009 after many years of government work , tried to consolidate. After the severe defeat in the Shūgiin election in 2009 , their polls continued to fall. 38 of their 71 seats were up for election in 2010. Her former coalition partner Kōmeitō defended 11 of his 21 seats, the Communist Party of Japan 4 out of a total of 7. In the Social Democratic Party , which until May 2010 had belonged to the government coalition under Prime Minister Hatoyama, three out of five seats were up for election in 2010.

For the first time in Sangiin elections, the 2009/10 newly founded parties Minna no Tō , Shintō Kaikaku , Tachiagare Nippon and Kōfuku-jitsugen-tō .

The strict regulations for the Internet election campaign should be relaxed for the first time for the Sangiin election 2010. The ban on updating websites and blogs during the official election campaign would have been lifted following an agreement between the ruling and opposition parties; the election campaign via e-mail and Twitter, however, should remain banned. However, it was not possible to pass the amendment in time for the parliamentary elections.

The election campaign officially opened on June 24, 2010. The parties had already presented their election programs beforehand ( Manifesuto for the major parties ). Central issues are economic policy and budget consolidation, in particular Prime Minister Kan's prospect of a VAT increase. The ruling Democratic Party also has to justify itself because of the donation scandals surrounding Yukio Hatoyama and Ichirō Ozawa and because of the broken promise to relocate Marine Corps Air Station Futenma from Okinawa.

Survey

Approval rates of the political parties since the general election in 2009 (polls by the NHK):
  • Democratic Party
  • Liberal Democratic Party
  • Kōmeitō
  • Communist Party of Japan
  • Social Democratic Party
  • Minna no Tō
  • Others
  • no party / rejection

    • According to surveys, the Democratic Party was well ahead of the opposition parties in both proportional representation and in the constituencies as a whole; however, the position of the Liberal Democratic Party in single-mandate constituencies, including traditionally conservative strongholds, is significantly stronger than the national average, so that the governing majority was nevertheless considered to be at risk.

    survey date Approval rate
    Cabinet Kan     		Voting intention proportional representation Intention to vote constituencies
    approval Rejection DPJ LDP Kōmeitō Minna no Tō DPJ LDP
    Mainichi Shimbun 8/9 June 66% 18% 41% 14% 5% 8th %
    NHK 11-13 June 61% 23%
    Yomiuri Shimbun 12./13. June 59% 27% 31% 16% 4% 5% 34% 16%
    Asahi Shimbun 12./13. June 59% 23% 43% 14% 4% 4%
    Yomiuri Shimbun 18.-20. June 55% 32% 30% 14% 5% 4% 32% 15%
    Asahi Shimbun 19./20. June 50% 27% 36% 17% 4% 5%
    Sankei / MSN 19./20. June 54.3% 29.9% 42.4% 17.5% 5.2% 9.7%
    Yomiuri Shimbun 25-27 June 50% 37% 31% 15% 5% 6% 33% 16%
    Asahi Shimbun 26./27. June 48% 29% 39% 15% 4% 6%
    Mainichi Shimbun 27./28. June 52% 28% 40% 17% 6% 9%
    Yomiuri Shimbun 2-4 July 45% 39% 28% 16% 5% 7% 32% 19%
    Asahi Shimbun 3rd / 4th July 39% 40% 30% 17% 5% 6%

    Poll-based election forecasts published by major news media at the end of June, which took into account the constituency division, predicted that the governing coalition could just miss an absolute majority after the election, with the number of seats required for an absolute majority just below or above the upper end of the predicted seat interval. The attempt to expand the government coalition to include one of the new parties founded by ex-LDP politicians in 2009/2010 was considered a likely outcome in this case; otherwise, as between 2007 and 2009, a “twisted parliament” and a new intra-party power struggle threatened the regular election of the DPJ chairman in autumn 2010. The second largest opposition party Kōmeitō before the election, rejects a possible coalition with the Democrats. - After the loss of the majority, Kan was challenged by Ichirō Ozawa himself in the election for party chairman in September 2010. The negotiations between Kan and other parties (Tachiagare Nippon, Social Democratic Party), which were later carried out for the budget discussions in 2011, did not lead to any result.

    Available mandates

    Members whose term of office ended in 2010, by political group (as of June 16, 2010)
    fraction Constituencies Proportional representation total
    Democratic Party / Shinryokufūkai / New People's Party / New Party of Japan 37 19th 56
    Liberal Democratic Party 25th 13 38
    Kōmeitō 3 8th 11
    Shinto Kaikaku 3 2 5
    Communist Party of Japan 0 4th 4th
    Social Democratic Party / "Alliance for the Protection of the Constitution" 1 2 3
    Tachiagare Nippon 1 0 1
    Non-attached (including the President = DPJ) 2 0 2
    total 72 48 120

    Candidates and nomination strategy

    At the start of the campaign, there were a total of 438 declared candidates. Of the 251 constituency candidates for the 73 seats in the prefectures, the DPJ 61, the LDP 49, the Kōmeitō 3, the KPJ 46, the SDP 8, the New People's Party 2, the Minna no Tō 21, Tachiagare Nippon 4, the Shintō Kaikaku 7 , the Kōfuku-jitsugen-tō 19, the Nippon Sōshintō 4 and the other parties 27. Among them are 55 office holders, four former MPs and 192 first-time applicants for a seat in the Sangiin. Twelve parties and political groups are competing for 48 seats in the nationwide proportional representation; the DPJ has 45 candidates, the LDP 35, the rest of the 187 proportional representation candidates are divided between Minna no Tō, KPJ, Kōmeitō, Women's Party ( josei-tō ), Tachiagare Nippon, SDP, New People's Party, Nippon Sōshintō, Shintō Kaikaku and Kōfuku- jitsugen-tō.

    In most individual constituencies, an LDP and a DPJ candidate or independents formally supported by one of the parties ran, in addition to which there was usually a candidate from the Communist Party, individual candidates from smaller parties or independent independents, depending on the prefecture.

    In all multi-mandate constituencies with the exception of Miyagi, Chiba and Tokyo, the LDP ran with only one candidate, while the Democratic Party, with the exception of Niigata and Fukuoka, had nominated two candidates each. This gave her the opportunity to win two seats in these prefectures, but at the same time ran the risk that the DPJ votes would be distributed unfavorably between both candidates . This aggressive nomination strategy planned by former DPJ General Secretary Ozawa was confirmed after Hatoyama and Ozawa resigned in mid-June 2010.

    Four DPJ ministers from the Kan cabinet tried to defend their mandate in 2010: Justice Minister Keiko Chiba was up for re-election in the three-mandate Kanagawa constituency, Administration Minister Renhō in the five-mandate constituency of Tokyo and Defense Minister Toshimi Kitazawa defended a seat in the two-mandate Nagano. Economy Minister Masayuki Naoshima ran for proportional representation as in 2004; at that time he had reached sixth place on the DPJ list with around 211,000 preference votes. Sangiin President Satsuki Eda (DPJ) tried to defend his seat in the single-mandate Okayama.

    Early in the election campaign, the announcement by several parties that they would nominate prominent athletes or former athletes as candidates caused public interest. It stood as candidates, the judoka Ryoko Tani , the gymnast Yukio Iketani and track riders Tomohiro Nagatsuka for the Democratic Party, the Liberal Democratic Party of baseball manager Tsuneo Horiuchi and the baseball player Hiroo Ishii , Kiyoshi Nakahata also baseball players, for Tachiagare Nippon and pro wrestler Osamu Nishimura for the New People's Party. In addition, some "Erbpolitiker" 2010 began to challenge the election: In Shimane be applied Kazuhiko Aoki for the LDP to the seat of his no longer antretenden father Mikio Aoki , came in Nagano Kenta Wakabayashi for the succession of his resigned in April Father Masatoshi Wakabayashi to in Hiroshima ran Yōichi Miyazawa for the seat that his father Hiroshi had held until 1998 , and Tarō Hatoyama , a former member of the Tokyo Prefectural Parliament and son of the ex-minister Kunio Hatoyama , who is currently independent , stood in the proportional representation for the Shintō Kaikaku.

    Voter turnout and outcome

    Composition of the Sangiin according to the choice:
  • Democratic Party
  • Liberal Democratic Party
  • Kōmeitō
  • Minna no Tō
  • Communist Party of Japan
  • Social Democratic Party
  • Tachiagare Nippon
  • New People's Party
  • Shinto Kaikaku
  • Kofuku-jitsugen-tō
  • Okinawa Shakai Taishūtō
  • Independent

    • The possibility of early voting was used at the start of the election campaign period: by June 27, 2010, over 780,000 voters had cast their vote in three days, 15 percent more than in the same period in 2007. By July 10, 2010, over twelve million voters had voted Voters, and thus around 11.6% of all eligible voters, cast their votes early, an increase of 11.9% compared to 2007.

    The total turnout was 57.92%, 0.7% lower than in 2007.

    Result of the 2010 Sangiin election
    Political party Composition before the election Constituencies Proportional representation Elected in 2010 Composition
    according to the choice
    total not an option for optional be right proportion of Seats be right proportion of Seats
    Democratic Party 116 62 54 22,756,000,342 38.97% 28 18,450,139.059 31.56% 16 44 106
    Liberal Democratic Party 71 33 38 19,496,083, 000 33.38% 39 14,071,671.422 24.07% 12 51 84
    Kōmeitō 21st 10 11 2,265,818, 000 3.88% 3 7,639,432.739 13.07% 6th 9 19th
    Minna no Tō 1 1 0 5,977,391.485 10.24% 3 7,943,649.369 13.59% 7th 10 11
    Communist Party of Japan 7th 3 4th 4,265,400, 000 7.29% 0 3,563,556,590 6.10% 3 3 6th
    Social Democratic Party 4th 2 2 602,684, 000 1.03% 0 2,242,735.155 3.84% 2 2 4th
    Tachiagare Nippon 3 2 1 328,475, 000 0.56% 0 1,232,207,336 2.11% 1 1 3
    New People's Party 6th 3 3 167,555, 000 0.29% 0 1,000,036,492 1.71% 0 0 3
    Shinto Kaikaku 6th 1 5 625.431, 000 1.07% 0 1,172,395.190 2.01% 1 1 2
    Kofuku-jitsugen-tō 1 1 0 291.810, 000 0.50% 0 229,026.162 0.39% 0 0 1
    Other * 0 0 0 318,847, 000 0.55% 0 908,582.924 1.55% 0 0 0
    Independent 5 3 2 1,314,313,072 2.25% 0 - 0 3
    total 241
    (1 vacancy)     		121 120
    (1 vacancy)     		58,400,807.899 100.00% 73 58,453,432.438 100.00% 48 121 242

    (*): Nippon Sōshintō ; proportional representation only: Josei-tō ("women's party"); constituency candidates only: Shintō Furīwei Kurabu ("New Party Freeway Club"), Akitsu Shintō ("New Party 'Dragonfly'"), Sumairu-tō ("Smile Party"), Shintō Honshitsu ("New Party 'The Essentials'") , Heiwa-tō kakuheiki haizetsu heiwa undō ("Peace Party , peace movement for the abolition of nuclear weapons"), Sekai-kezai-kyōdōtai-tō ("World Economic Community Party ")

    For an explanation of the decimal places, see Elections in Japan # “Proportional fractional votes” .

    Constituencies

    As in previous elections, special attention was paid to the prefectures with only one mandate ( 一 人 区 , ichinin-ku ), as relatively small shifts in votes can lead to a change, while the large parties often share the seats in the multi-mandate constituencies. With the majority gains of the opposition in Sangiin so far, which led to a so-called "twisted parliament" , the results in the individual constituencies were mostly particularly clear ( 1989 government 3 - opposition 23 and 2007 6-23; the exception was the government defeat in 1998 despite a 16–23 8 victories in the single-mandate constituencies). In 2010, the opposition LDP won 21 single-seat constituencies over the ruling DPJ eight. In the multi-mandate constituencies, the DPJ won 20 seats, the opposition parties 24.

    In a change that began in the 2007 election, the distribution of mandates was adapted to the population of the prefectures: the constituencies of Chiba and Tokyo elected one additional MP each (compared to 2004), and one less Tochigi and Gunma.

    2010 constituency results
    Party affiliation of the election winners (status: election day) :
  • Democratic Party

  • Liberal Democratic Party
  • Kōmeitō
  • Minna no Tō

    • In multi-mandate constituencies from left to right with descending numbers of votes     		Hokkaidō
     G       
    Aomori
     G 
    Akita
     G      		Iwate
     I 
    Niigata
     I      G      		Yamagata
     I      		Miyagi
     G      I 
    Ishikawa
     I      		Toyama
            		Tochigi (−1)
     G.      		Fukushima
     I      I 
    Fukui
     I      		Nagano
     G      I      		Gunma (−1)
     I      		Saitama
     I      I            		Ibaraki
     I      I 
    Shimane
            		Tottori
     G.      		Hyogo
     I      I      		Kyoto
     I      I      		Shiga
     I      		Gifu
     G            		Yamanashi
     I      		Tokyo (+1)
     I      I   I   G                  		Chiba (+1)  G. 
                
    Yamaguchi
     I      		Hiroshima
     G      I      		Okayama
     I      		Osaka  I   I 
                  		Nara
     I      		Aichi
                        		Shizuoka
     G      I      		Kanagawa
     I      G      I 
    saga
            		Fukuoka
     G      I      		Wakayama
     I      		Mie
     I 
    Nagasaki
     G      		Kumamoto
     I.      		Ōita
     I      		Ehime
     I      		Kagawa
     G      		 I  again selected Office i nhaber

     G  G ewinn a mandate from another party

    Kagoshima
     I      		Miyazaki
     I      		Kochi
     I.      		Tokushima
     G 
    Okinawa
     I 

    Proportional representation

    In the nationwide proportional representation, the Democratic Party fell from 19 to 16 seats, but remained stronger than the LDP; the Minna no Tō won from the state seven seats and was able to surpass the Kōmeitō as the third strongest party.

    The majority of preferential votes among all proportional representation candidates received Kōzō Akino of the Kōmeitō, a former official of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

    List results and best placed candidates were:

    Political party Democratic Party Liberal Democratic Party Minna no Tō Kōmeitō Communist Party of Japan
    Total votes 18,450,139.059 14,071,671.422 7,943,649.369 7,639,432.739 3,563,556,590
    List votes 14,433,171, 000 10,657,166, 000 7,229,391, 000 3,555,970, 000 3,259,068, 000
    Candidate votes 4,016,968,059 3,414,505,422 714,258,369 4,083,462.739 304,488,590
    Mandates 16 12 7th 6th 3
    Elected candidates
    with the most votes     		Yoshifu Arita 373.834, 000 Satsuki Katayama 299,036.267 Takumi Shibata 87,863, 000 Kōzō Akino 836.120, 000 Tadayoshi Ichida 83,806, 000
    Ryoko Tani 352,594,303 Yukari Satō 278,312,851 Katsuhiko Eguchi 86,299, 000 Hiroaki Nagasawa 630,775.977 Tomoko Tamura 45,668,540
    Masayuki Naoshima 207,821, 000 Eriko Yamatani 254,469, 000 Hiroshi Ueno 52,051,578 Shin'ichi Yokoyama 579.793, 000 Mikishi daimon 43,897, 000
    Masao Kobayashi 207,227,994 Emiko Takagai 210,443,215 Sukeshiro Terata 45,846, 000 Masaaki Taniai 544,217.731 -
    Political party Social Democratic Party Tachiagare Nippon Shinto Kaikaku New People's Party Others
    Total votes 2,242,735.155 1,232,207,336 1,172,395.190 1,000,036,492 1,137,609.086
    List votes 1,614,821, 000 757.939, 000 1,050,977, 000 481,892, 000 823.766, 000
    Candidate votes 627,914.155 474,268,336 121,418.190 518,144,492 313,843,086
    Mandates 2 1 1 0 0
    Elected candidates
    with number of votes     		Mizuho Fukushima 381,554, 000 Toranosuke Katayama 117,636,923 Hiroyuki Arai 65,250.743 -
    Tadatomo Yoshida 130,745.822 - -

    Effects

    The governing coalition lost its majority in the Sangiin, creating a so-called “twisted parliament” like between 2007 and 2009 : the opposition was able to block government bills. Since the coalition in the Shūgiin , the lower house, did not have a two-thirds majority, they could not usually outvote the Sangiin. Prime Minister Kan said he wanted to stay in office. Justice Minister Keiko Chiba achieved only the fourth highest share of the vote in Kanagawa and lost her parliamentary mandate, but should initially keep her ministerial office. She was replaced in a cabinet reshuffle in September 2010.

    The gubernatorial election in Shiga won the independent incumbent Yukiko Kada with the support of the prefectural associations of the Democratic and Social Democratic Party with high voter turnout, clearly against the former LDP Shūgiin MP Ken'ichirō Ueno and the CPJ-backed Hideaki Maruoka.

    See also

    Web links

    Candidates & Programs

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ 参 院 選 、 実 質 ス タ ー ト ４１８ 人 が 立 候補 準備 . In: 47News / Kyōdō Tsūshin . June 16, 2010, Retrieved June 17, 2010 (Japanese).
    2. ↑ Yomiuri Shimbun , May 12, 2010: 参 院 選 か ら ＨＰ 、 ブ ロ グ… ネ ッ ト 選 挙 運動 解禁 ( Memento from May 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
    3. ↑ Daisuke Yamamoto: Diet almost freed up Net campaigning. In: The Japan Times . June 30, 2010, accessed June 30, 2010 .
    4. ↑ Parties starting to shun 'manifesto' buzzword. In: The Japan Times . July 2, 2010, accessed July 5, 2010 .
    5. ↑ Parties focus on economy, taxes. Looking for pocketbook votes, emphasis is on growth, mending government finances. In: The Japan Times . June 24, 2010, accessed June 24, 2010 .
    6. ^ DPJ coalition could lose upper house. (No longer available online.) In: The Daily Yomiuri . June 27, 2010, formerly in the original ; accessed on June 27, 2010 (English).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.yomiuri.co.jp  
    7. ^ Japan Democrats may miss the upper house majority-media. In: Reuters . June 27, 2010, accessed June 27, 2010 .
    8. ↑ Jun Hongō: Showdown could reshape political scene. In: The Japan Times . June 25, 2010, accessed June 27, 2010 .
    9. ↑ http://mainichi.jp/select/seiji/news/20100610ddm003010063000c.html ( Memento from June 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
    10. ↑ http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/yoron/seijiishiki/list_seijiishiki1.html ( Memento from December 1, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
    11. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    12. ↑ http://www.asahi.com/special/08003/TKY201006130288.html
    13. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    14. ↑ http://www.asahi.com/special/08003/TKY201006200239.html
    15. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from June 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sankei.jp.msn.com
    16. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from July 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    17. ↑ http://www.asahi.com/special/08003/TKY201006270353.html
    18. ↑ http://mainichi.jp/select/seiji/news/20100629k0000m010071000c.html ( Memento from June 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
    19. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    20. ↑ http://www.asahi.com/special/08003/TKY201007040328.html
    21. ↑ Asahi Shimbun: 民主 、 過半数 微妙 ５０ 議席 台前 半 か 朝日 新聞 序 盤 調査 ( Memento from June 28, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
    22. ↑ Sankei News / MSN: 参 院 選 序 盤 情勢 民主 失速 首相 目標 「５４」 下回 る 可能性 消費 増 税 発 言 響 く ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sankei.jp.msn.com
    23. ↑ Tōkyō Shimbun / Kyōdō Tsūshin : 与 党 過半数 は 微妙 参 院 選 序 盤 情勢 ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tokyo-np.co.jp
    24. ↑ Yomiuri Shimbun: 与 党 過半数 は 微妙 、 自 民 １ 人 区 で 優勢… 読 売 調査
    25. ^ Coalition could fall short, poll shows. In: The Japan Times . July 7, 2010, accessed July 7, 2010 .
    26. ↑ Yumi Igarashi and Patrick Köllner: Upper House Election in Japan: Fresh Mandate for the Government or Political Standstill? ( Memento of the original from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.giga-hamburg.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 497 kB) GIGA Focus Asia No. 6/2010, GIGA Institute for Asian Studies, Hamburg 2010.
    27. ↑ Coalition revamp possible, Kan says. In: The Japan Times . June 27, 2010, accessed July 1, 2010 .
    28. ↑ Masami Itō: New Komeito's leader lays into 'wavering' DPJ, rules out coalition. In: The Japan Times . June 26, 2010, accessed July 1, 2010 .
    29. ↑ Sangiin: Members of Parliament by parliamentary group ( Memento of the original of December 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sangiin.go.jp
    30. ↑ DPJ sticks to Ozawa election strategy. In: The Japan Times . June 18, 2010, accessed June 27, 2010 .
    31. ↑ 政 権 交代 評 価 い か に 無 風 区 も 一 転 乱 戦 に . (No longer available online.) In: Tōkyō Shimbun . June 24, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 27, 2010 (Japanese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.tokyo-np.co.jp  
    32. ↑ Alex Martin: Parties pin poll hopes on sports star power. In: The Japan Times . May 13, 2010, accessed July 7, 2010 .
    33. ↑ Jiji Tsūshin , June 28, 2010: 期 日前 投票 、 前 回 よ り １５ ％ 増 ＝ ３ 日間 で ７８ 万人 - 参 院 選
    34. ↑ １２０８ 万人 が 期 日前 投票 全 有 権 者 の １１．５６ ％ . In: Asahi Shimbun . July 11, 2010, Retrieved July 11, 2010 (Japanese).
    35. ↑ 投票 率 ５７ ・ ９２ ％ 、 前 回 よ り 下回 る… 読 売 推 計 . In: Yomiuri Shimbun . July 11, 2010, Retrieved July 11, 2010 (Japanese).
    36. ^ A b c Ministry of General Affairs : Results of the 22nd Sangiin election
    37. ↑ Kan now faces grid lock, internal revolt. Floating tax hike backfires; coalition must now solicit new partners to keep hold on chamber. In: The Japan Times . July 12, 2010, accessed July 12, 2010 .
    38. ↑ Ruling camp loses majority. Opposition LDP makes gains; Kan says he'll stay on. (No longer available online.) In: The Daily Yomiuri . July 12, 2010, archived from the original on January 18, 2012 ; accessed on July 12, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    39. ↑ Divided Diet promises gridlock. (No longer available online.) In: The Daily Yomiuri . July 12, 2010; Archived from the original on July 15, 2010 ; accessed on July 12, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yomiuri.co.jp
    40. ^ DPJ takes beating in Upper House election; Kan to stay prime minister. In: Asahi Shimbun . July 12, 2010, accessed July 12, 2010 .
    41. ↑ 千葉 法相 続 投 官 房 長官 が 方針 を 表明 . (No longer available online.) In: MSN / Sankei Shimbun . July 12, 2010; Archived from the original on July 15, 2010 ; Retrieved July 12, 2010 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sankei.jp.msn.com