Micro-expression
Micro-expressions , and micro facial expressions called, are fleeting facial expressions that last fraction of a second. They are mostly described as expressing the seven universal emotions disgust , anger , fear , sadness , joy , surprise and contempt .
Microexpressions are difficult to suppress at will. People who are good observers can use microexpression to expose liars - slow-motion shots of the face can also be used. According to brain researcher Wolf Singer , people who are trained in meditation can recognize microexpressions particularly well.
History of exploration
Microexpressions were first described by Haggard and Isaacs. In their 1966 study, Haggard and Isaacs detailed how they discovered these "micro-moments" of expression while "sifting through films of psychotherapy sessions looking for signs of non-verbal communication between the patient and psychotherapist."
In the 1960s, William S. Condon pioneered the study of interactions. In his one and a half year research project, he examined a four and a half second film frame by frame. In this way he identified interactional micro-movements . For example, he described the pattern in which a woman moves her shoulder while her husband moves his hand towards her, and summarized these combined results in micro-rhythms .
Years after the Condon Study, the American psychologist John Gottman began to use video recordings of lovers to investigate how they interact. By studying the facial expressions of the participants, Gottman was able to predict whether or not a relationship would last. Gottman's 2002 paper does not claim to be accurate in terms of binary classification (relationship persists or does not persist ) but instead is a regression analysis of a two-factor model where skin conductance and the coding of the oral narrative are the only two statistically significant variables are.
The FACS coding scheme, first published in 1976 by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen, is very well known and used for facial expression analysis .
Wizards project
Most people seem to be unable to recognize microexpression in themselves or in others. In the Wizards project, previously the Diogenes project, Paul Ekman and Maureen O'Sullivan first studied people's ability to deceive in 2006. Of the thousands of people tested, only a few were able to determine exactly when someone was lying. The Wizards project researchers called these people "Truth Wizards" (English. Truth Wizards ). To date, Project Wizards has identified just over 50 people with this ability after testing (out of nearly 20,000 people). The "truth wizards" use microexpression, among many other cues, to determine whether someone is lying or not. By studying these people, the scientists hope to identify techniques for detecting deception.
Others
- The American television series Lie to Me is about a team of deception experts who can use microexpression to convict liars.
Individual evidence
- ^ Paul Ekman et al .: Facial Expressions of Emotion: An Old Controversy and New Findings. In: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , 335th vol., No. 1273, January 1992, pp. 63-69 (English).
- ↑ ö1 / ORF: Logos - Theology and Life. Broadcast on January 8, 2011 at 7:05 p.m.
- ↑ Haggard, EA, & Isaacs, KS (1966). Micro-momentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In LA Gottschalk & AH Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- ↑ http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1966/10000/Sound_Film_Analysis_of_Normal_and_Pathological.5.aspx
- ↑ http://www.gottman.com/49853/Research-FAQs.html
- ↑ J. Camilleri: Truth Wizard knows when you've been lying. Chicago Sun-Times, January 21, 2009 ( online )