Basic feeling

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The basic feeling , primary effect or basic emotion are those feelings and affects that are considered an essential part of every human existence . Examples of basic emotions are joy , surprise , fear , sadness , fear or disgust . They are found equally in all cultures and are expressed in the same way. Often love or hate are also included.

Definitions

The term basic emotion can be outlined with the following two - non-exclusive - definitions:

1. Basic emotion as a phylogenetically , that is, genus-historically developed mechanism, which is to be found equally in all cultures due to its genus-historical roots in the human psyche . Correspondingly, a cross-cultural, universal facial expression behavior (e.g. laughing or crying ) can be seen as evidence of the existence of a basic emotion.

Representatives of an evolutionary psychological approach include Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard .

Ekman has empirically proven seven basic emotions that are recognized independently of culture: joy , anger , disgust , fear , contempt , sadness and surprise . People can decipher these feelings worldwide, regardless of where they were raised and socialized. However, the way in which these feelings are expressed in social contact differs. This has to do with the fact that feelings are desired or undesirable in certain situations, depending on the cultural context. So it comes to targeted emotional "role play"; this can imply deliberate attempts at deception. Facial expressions, voices and body expressions show minimal deviations; these can be exposed, for example, by means of video recording. Ekman developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) for classification.

2. In a purely psychological or individual psychological perspective, basic emotion is referred to as a feeling that represents a basis (= basis) for further feelings and cannot be reduced to any more fundamental feelings.

According to Martin Dornes , basic emotions are joy , interest - curiosity , surprise , disgust , anger , sadness , fear , shame and guilt .

history

In the 4th century BC BC distinguished the. Cyrenaics two emotions (Pathe): aversion (ponos) and lust (Hedone). Aristotle (384–322 BC) associated the following mental processes with these : Desire (epithymia), anger (orgê), fear (phobos), courage (tharsos), envy (phthonos), joy (chara), friendship (philia ), Hatred (misos), longing (pothos), zeal (zêlos) and pity (eleos).

In 1649 Descartes described six primary passions : besides joy and sadness, amazement , love , hatred and desire .

In 1658 Spinoza reduced these to three basic emotions: desire, joy and hate.

In 1872 Charles Darwin published The expression of the emotions in man and animals (German: The expression of the emotions in humans and animals ).

See also

Literature selection

  • Paul Ekman : Reading feelings. How to recognize emotions and interpret them correctly , Spectrum, Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8274-2568-3 .
  • Maria von Salisch (ed.): Facial expression and feeling: 20 years of research by Paul Ekman , translated by Maria von Salisch, Junfermann, Paderborn 1988, ISBN 3-87387-280-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Maria von Salisch (ed.): Facial expression and feeling: 20 years of research by Paul Ekman , Junfermann, Paderborn 1988, ISBN 3-87387-280-3 .
  2. ↑ Both definitions are not mutually exclusive . Sandra Miener: The basic emotion of disgust: Investigations into the connection between feeling and expression. Dissertation, 2007 .
  3. ↑ Martin Dornes (1995): Thoughts on early development and their significance for neurosis psychology. In: Forum der Psychoanalyse 11, pp. 27–49.
  4. ↑ EN II 4 1105b21-23