Mise of Amiens
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The Mise of Amiens (French: Dit d'Amiens , German: Spruch von Amiens ) from 1264 was an attempt to resolve the constitutional conflict between King Henry III. of England and the opposition of English barons around Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester , to settle peacefully.
background
In the summer of 1258, the English barons, led by Simon de Montfort, forced King Henry III. the oath of recognition of the Provisions of Oxford , in which the king had to grant the barons far-reaching political concessions. The Oxford Resolutions were expanded in 1259 with the Provisions of Westminster . With the support of Pope Alexander IV , the king tried to revise these reform provisions wrested from him. In 1261 the Pope released him from his oath and in 1263 Pope Urban IV declared the Provisions of Oxford to be invalid. This led the king into a constitutional conflict with the barons, which gradually escalated into a civil war, the Second War of the Barons .
In order to avert an armed confrontation, the parties to the dispute agreed to the French King Louis IX, recognized as a peacemaker . (Saint Louis) seek an arbitration award on this matter. In September 1262 this had surprisingly reached the agreement reached in July between Heinrich III. and the rebels under Montfort as well as the renewed recognition of the Provisions of Oxford. However, the support of Montfort by the barons declined sharply over the next few months as the king regained power. Montfort was thereby forced to conclude an armistice negotiated with Richard of Cornwall , the king's brother , on November 1st , after the king would recognize the commission if the French king agreed to them again.
The verdict
On December 28th, Heinrich III. back to France, where the meeting between him and the delegation of the barons before the French king was scheduled for January 23, 1264 in Amiens . Montfort himself had to cancel his participation because he fell off his horse on the way to his ship at Catesby and broke a thigh bone. The barons' party was instead represented by his son Henry and Humphrey V. de Bohun . Both sides put forward elaborated representations of their claims. In his award, the French king this time decidedly refused the commission and spoke to Henry III. the right to appoint his ministers according to his will. He also declared all contracts coerced from the English king after 1258 as null and void. They would have robbed the English crown of power and honor and brought unrest to the country. He forbade further legislation based on the commission and called on the English barons to hand over all permanent seats held to their king. The verdict was thus a clear confirmation of the position of the English king. However, Louis IX stated. also that all charters and charter issued before 1258, including the Magna Carta , are not affected by this judgment. To this end, a general amnesty was to be pronounced for all that had happened so far, with which the barons were pardoned for the offenses which had been committed in defense of the Provisions of Oxford. Montfort's absence due to the accident could not have influenced the outcome, so that Heinrich III. had apparently won a clear victory. The judgment was also recognized by Pope Urban IV in March 1264.
consequences
The verdict was immediately rejected by the supporters of Montfort. Even before Heinrich III. After returning to England, Montfort had called on his followers to fight against him; they had only the choice between armed rebellion or total submission to the king. In England there were riots, lawlessness and numerous local feuds, in which the aggression that had built up since 1258 erupted. In open battle against the king, the barons led by Monfort achieved a complete victory over the king on May 14, 1264 in the Battle of Lewes . In December 1264, Montfort then called the De Montfort's Parliament named after him , which met for the first time on January 20, 1265. Thus the first all-encompassing parliament in European history was formed. But already in May there was new fighting, and in August 1265 Montfort fell against the royal family under Crown Prince Eduard Plantagenet in the battle of Evesham .
rating
The motivations of the parties, especially for Montfort, to seek the verdict of the French king are controversial in historical research. Even contemporaries were well aware that King Ludwig IX. could be anything but a neutral arbitrator on this matter. On the one hand, he and Heinrich III. related to each other through their wives. Before the arbitration, he was supported by the diplomacy of Queen Eleanor , who had been in France since September 1262, and the Pope's support for Henry III. influenced. The certainty that the majority of the English magnates Henry III. supported as well as the indignation of Louis IX. about the attacks by the supporters of Montfort on members of the clergy certainly contributed to his decision. In addition, Louis IX. known as a member of the monarchy who, during his reign, had clearly shown the ruling and legislative powers of the French crown to his own vassals - an attitude that ran counter to the motives of the British opposition, who wanted their king to share power. Louis IX would be anything other than a judgment in favor of his English counterpart. not to be expected. Presumably, however, Montfort had speculated on it in order to thereby King Heinrich III. To damage the reputation of the baron of England, who still sympathized with him, by revealing his weakness to his opponents and having to seek help from a foreign monarch against them. At the same time, however, Montfort could position himself and his party as the sole advocate of an independent policy of England towards the Pope and the King of France.
literature
- Reinhold Pauli : Simon von Montfort, Earl of Leicester, creator of the House of Commons (Tübingen, Laupp, 1867)
- JR Maddicott: Simon de Montfort (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
- HW Ridgeway: Henry III (1207-1272). In: Henry Colin Gray Matthew, Brian Harrison (Eds.): Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , from the earliest times to the year 2000 (ODNB). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-861411-X , ( oxforddnb.com license required ), as of 2004
Remarks
- ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 41
- ^ Michael Prestwich: Edward I. University of California, Berkeley 1988, ISBN 0-520-06266-3 , p. 42