Moundbuilders
Watson Brake near Monroe, Louisiana (around 3500 BC)
Poverty Point near Ebbs, Louisiana (from 1650 BC)
Newark Earthworks near Newark, Ohio (Hopewell, from 100 AD)
Holly Bluff Site at Stanton, Yazoo Cty., Mississippi (Coles Creek to Plaquemine, AD 800–1500)
Monks Mound near Cahokia, Illinois (Mississippi, around AD 900)
Serpent Mound , Adams Cty., Ohio (Fort Ancient, around 1100 AD)
Moundbuilders (German earth mound builders ) is an obsolete collective term for some ancient Indian peoples of North America who built artificially created mounds - in English mounds - which were used by various early Indian cultures for burial , living and ritual purposes.
Mounds
The mounds were built by different peoples. They had different cultures and were not linked by common traditions and lore. Therefore any summary is inaccurate.
Obviously, monumental forms of construction go back a long way, perhaps as far as the Middle Archaic (approx. 4500-4000 BC, Middle Archaic Period). The Woodland period (1000 BC - around 1000 AD) shows a greater density of finds .
One assumes the following genesis:
- Archaic cultures:
- The oldest known complex mounds originated in Louisiana such as in Watson Brake around 3500–3000 BC. Chr.
- Poverty Point Culture in the Gulf and Lower Mississippi (1800–1000 BC)
- Adena culture in the central Ohio Valley (1000 BC - 200 AD)
- Hopewell Culture , Mississippi, Ohio to Great Lakes (300 BCE - 500 A.D.)
- Fort Ancient on Ohio, known for its effigy mound
A new phase is forming in the south. These systems already resemble the Central American pyramid complexes:
- Coles Creek on the Lower Mississippi (from 700 BC), then Plaquemine
- Mississippi culture
Late mound builders:
- Mounds in East Arkansas: Arkansas or Quagu
- Mounds in Missouri: Chickasaw
- Mounds in Alabama and Georgia: different tribes of the Muskogee
- Mounds in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee: Cherokee still in historic times
- Mounds in northern Ohio and adjacent parts of New York State: Branch of the Iroquois
- the stone boxes found from southern Illinois to northeast Georgia: Lenni Lenape and Shawnee
literature
- Elliot M. Abrams, AnnCorinne Freter (Eds.): The Emergence of the Moundbuilders. The Archeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio. Ohio University Press, Athens OH 2005, ISBN 0-8214-1609-X .
- Kenneth L. Feder: Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries. Science and Pseudoscience in Archeology. 5th edition. McGraw Hill, Boston MA 2006, ISBN 0-07-286948-8 .
- Ephraim G. Squier , Edwin H. Davis: Ancient Monuments Of The Mississippi Valley. Comprising The Results Of Extensive Original Surveys And Explorations (= Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 1, ISSN 0096-9354 ). Smithsonian Institution et al., Washington DC et al. 1847, ( digitized ).
- Cyrus Thomas : Report of the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. In: Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Vol. 12, 1890/91, ZDB -ID 207317-1 , pp. 3-742, ( digitized ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ephraim G. Squier, Edwin H. Davis: Ancient Monuments Of The Mississippi Valley. 1847.