Nizâm-ı Cedîd

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Nizâm-ı Cedîd (نظام جديد / 'New Order', with full name Nizâm-ı Cedîd Ordusu , 'Army of the New Order' ) was the name of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III. (1789–1807) founded infantry units based on the European model.

After defeats against Austria and the Russian Empire as well as the peace treaties of Sistowa and Jassy 1791/92, which ended with losses for the Ottoman Empire , Selim III came. concluded that the Ottoman Empire needed a modern army modeled on the European powers. Because he expected resistance and did not consider the existing troops such as the Janissaries to be reformable, he founded a new unit in 1793, initially from volunteers, including Austrian and Russian defectors, which was armed, equipped, trained and drilled based on the European model. Materially, the expenses for the troops were borne by a special fund, called Îrâd-ı Cedîd or Nizâm-ı Cedîd Hazinesi , which consisted of new taxes on alcohol, coffee, tobacco, silk and wool as well as confiscated Tımar goods whose owners had neglected their duties , was fed.

European officers and instructors were appointed to train the new units. In 1800 there were three regiments, which were stationed in two garrisons in what is now Istanbul 's Levent (Levend Çiftliği) and Üsküdar districts . In July 1801 the troops reached a staff strength of 27 officers and 9,263 ranks. A contingent of these troops had taken part in the successful defense of Acre under Cezzar Ahmet Pasha in 1799 . After 1802, a new recruiting system was introduced in Anatolia, which was based on levies, in Rumelia , however, local rulers (aʿyān) prevented the introduction of this system. In 1806 the number of personnel was finally 1590 officers and 22685 ranks, roughly half of which were stationed in Istanbul and in Anatolia. In 1805/06 Selim finally founded a new location for the Nizâm-ı Cedîd in Edirne , for which recruits from the European part of the empire were planned. The reforms of Selim led to unrest among the Janissaries and the Ulema , which resulted in a Janissary revolt in May 1807. So under pressure, Selim himself dissolved the Nizâm-ı Cedîd before his abdication. In the riots that followed, the mob hunted down members of the troops and killed everyone it could get hold of.

After the rushed to the scene to rescue the already murdered Sultan Selim Alemdar Mustafa Pasha had suppressed the revolt in 1808, and in turn the proclaimed by the rebels Sultan Mustafa IV. Deposed and Mahmud II. Was placed on the throne, he aspired to from the remaining ruins of the Nizam -ı Cedîd to continue this troop secretly under the name niẓāmlı ʿasker or sekbān-ı cedīd , but had no success. In 1808 he was killed in an uprising against his policies.

At the end of May 1826, Mahmud II made another attempt to set up a new troop on the model of the Nizâm-ı Cedîd, this time with the name Eşkinci Ocağı . After the Janissaries found out about this, there was again a Janissary uprising, which was bloodily suppressed. The victory against the rebellious janissaries was described by the government as a "charitable event" (Vaḳʿa-i Ḫayrīye) . Then the leaders of the Janissaries were executed and the Janissary Corps dissolved in mid-June 1826.

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Online: 2012, print edition: ISBN 9789004161214 , 1960–2007

  • JH Kramers and CE Bosworth: Muṣṭafa Pas̲h̲a, Bayraḳdār , in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, CE Bosworth, E. van Donzel, WP Heinrichs. Consulted online on 04 December 2016 doi : 10.1163 / 1573-3912_islam_SIM_5612

Online: 2012, print edition: ISBN 9789004161214 , 1960–2007

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ On the revolt see Kemal Beydilli: Kabakçı İsyanı. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 24, Ankara 2001, p. 8 f. ( PDF file; 1.8 MB ); on the person of the revolt leader see E. Kuran: Kabakči̊-Og̲h̲lu Muṣṭafā. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol. 4, Brill, Leiden 1997, p. 322 f.
  2. ↑ Abdülkadir Özcan: Sekbân-ı Cedîd. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 36, Istanbul 2009, p. 328 f. ( PDF file; 1.7 MB ).
  3. ↑ Abdulkadir Özcan: Eşkinci Ocağı. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 11, Istanbul 1995, p. 471 ( PDF file; 869 KB ); Kemal Beydilli: Mahmud II. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 27, Ankara 2003, pp. 352–357, here: p. 354 ( PDF file; 5.2 MB ).
  4. ↑ Kemal Beydilli: Vak'ai Hayriyye. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 42, Istanbul 2012, pp. 454–457 ( PDF file; 251 KB ); Abdülkadir Özcan: Hüseyin Paşa, Ağa. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 19, Istanbul 1999, p. 3 f., Here: p. 4 ( PDF file; 1.8 MB ); Enver Ziya Karal: Osmanlı Tarihi. 9th edition. Vol. 5 (Nizam-ı Cedid ve Tanzimat Devirleri, 1789–1856) , Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 2011, ISBN 978-975-16-0017-2 , p. 146 ff .; Abdülkadir Özcan: Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 3, Istanbul 1991, p. 457 f., Here: p. 457 ( PDF file; 1.7 MB ).