Progressive matrices

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Ravens Progressive Matrices (as well known Ravens Matrices ) are language-free multiple choice - intelligence tests . They measure a person's cognitive abilities and were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936 . The individual test items are about understanding an existing pattern and correctly selecting the missing part from a number of possible parts. The patterns can be arranged in the form of a 4 × 4, 3 × 3, or 2 × 2 matrix , which is what gives the test its name. The real success thanks Ravens Progressive Matrices, according to John Raven junior to the Second World War : "While other men were called to the front, my father developed in the service of the British army Matrices on. In 1942 every conscript was tested with the Raven Progressive Matrices. ”One of the great advantages of the test is the fact that it“ works reliably even with people who cannot read or write ”.

Versions

The matrices are available in three different forms, depending on the ability of the test participants:

  • Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM): The SPM were the original form of the matrices and were first published in 1938. The test booklet contains five sentences (A to E) with 12 graphic test items each (e.g. A1 to A12). The items within a sentence have an increasing degree of difficulty, which requires an ever higher cognitive ability to analyze and decipher the information. All tasks are shown in black on a white background.
  • Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM): The CPM are designed for younger children, for the elderly and for people with mild or severe learning disabilities . The test contains sentences A and B from the standard progressive matrices with a further set of 12 items (sentence Ab) inserted between sentences A and B. Most of the tasks are presented on a colored background. The test thus has a visually stimulating effect on the participants. However, the final tasks in sentence B are presented in black and white. This makes it easier for the test user to switch to sentences C, D, and E of the SPM if the test subject exceeds expectations when using the CPM.
  • Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM): The APM contains 48 items, which are divided into a set of 12 (set I) and a set of 36 (set II) tasks. The items are again shown in black on a white background and their level of difficulty increases within one sentence. The tasks are suitable for highly gifted adults and young people.

In addition, so-called "parallel forms" of the Standard Progressive Matrices and the Colored Progressive Matrices were published in 1998. The parallel forms became necessary as Raven's die tests became too popular with the general public. The test results of the test subjects increased by a good 10 IQ points per generation over the last 70 years due to the increasing experience with the progressive matrices (see Flynn effect ). The tasks of the parallel forms were constructed in such a way that the average proportion of the solution for each question is identical for the classic and the parallel version. An expanded form of the Standard Progressive Matrices, the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus (SPM Plus), was also published in 1998 for gifted adolescents and young adults. The SPM Plus again enable precise differentiations between people in this age group. The Colored Progressive Matrices are also published as a “board form”. The "board shape" allows the test to be processed similarly to a puzzle. The parts are freely movable and can be inserted into the pattern.

Basic principles

According to the author, Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales measure the two main components of general intelligence (first determined by Charles Spearman ):

  • the ability to think clearly and in a structured manner and to give meaning to complex issues and things, ie deductive skills and
  • the ability to store and reproduce information, ie reproductive skills.

A 2007 study found that people with Asperger's Syndrome , a mildly debilitating disorder from the autism spectrum, had higher test scores on Ravens matrices than other people. Another study, also from 2007, showed that people with classic autism , a severely debilitating disorder from the autism spectrum, had higher test scores in the Raven matrices than in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WIE) . In addition, people suffering from classic autism need less time for correct answers in Raven's matrix tests than the neurotypical test participants with the same number of incorrect answers.

John Carlyle Raven first published his progressive matrices in Great Britain in 1938 . His three sons founded the test publisher JC Raven Ltd. in Scotland in 1972. In 2004, Harcourt Assessment, a division of Harcourt Education based in the USA, took over the publisher. In 2008, the rights to the Raven Progressive Matrices went to the Pearson Clinical and Talent Assessment department with the takeover of Harcourt Assessment by the media group Pearson .

Raven's matrices as a measurement of the g-factor of intelligence

Raven's matrices are often used as the sole measurement of the g-factor of intelligence . It should be noted here that a constructive-representative operationalization of the g-factor requires different tasks with different cognitive requirements (e.g. reasoning, processing speed, memory) and content-related embedding (e.g. figural, numerical, verbal). It could therefore also be shown empirically that Raven's matrices alone do not represent a particularly good operationalization of the g-factor and should therefore not be used in this sense.

Some gifted associations such as the Triple Nine Society and International Society for Philosophical Inquiry (both IQ 146+) accept a test result of 35 out of 36 points in the Raven APM (Set II).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ JC Raven: Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly educative and mainly reproductive. MSc Thesis, University of London 1936.
  2. ↑ Interview with John Raven from February 13, 2009
  3. ↑ Interview with John Raven from February 13, 2009
  4. ↑ Hayashi et al .: PDF, 2007
  5. ↑ M. Dawson, I. Soulières, MA. Gernsbacher, L. Mottron: The level and nature of autistic intelligence . In: ScienceDaily . 18, No. 8, 2007, pp. 657-62. doi : 10.1111 / j.1467-9280.2007.01954.x . PMID 17680932 .
  6. ↑ a b Gignac, GE (2015). Raven's is not a pure measure of general intelligence: Implications for g factor theory and the brief measurement of g. Intelligence, 52, 71-79. doi : 10.1016 / j.intell.2015.07.006
  7. ↑ Shadish, WR, Cook, TD, & Campbell, DT (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  8. ↑ Jensen, AR, & Wang, L.-J. (1994). What is a good g? Intelligence, 18, 231-258.
  9. ^ Reeve, CL, & Blacksmith, N. (2009). Identifying g: A review of current factor analytic practices in the science of mental abilities. Intelligence, 37 (5), 487-494. doi : 10.1016 / j.intell.2009.06.002
  10. ^ Qualifying Scores for the Triple Nine Society. triplenine.org, accessed May 2, 2017 .
  11. ↑ ISPE - Qualifying Scores. (No longer available online.) In: thethousand.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016 ; accessed on May 2, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thethousand.com

literature

  • S. Bulheller, HO Häcker (Ed.): Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM). (German processing and standardization according to JC Raven.) Pearson Assessment, Frankfurt 1998.
  • S. Bulheller, HO Häcker (Ed.): Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM). (German processing and standardization according to JC Raven.) Pearson Assessment, Frankfurt 2002.
  • J. Raven, JC Raven, JH Court: Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Basic manual. Pearson Assessment, Frankfurt 2003.
  • R. Horn (Ed.): Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) . (German processing and standardization according to JC Raven.) 2nd edition. Pearson Assessment, Frankfurt 2009.

Web links