Migration balance

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The term “ migration balance” or “ migration balance” is one of the measurable variables in demography and describes the difference between immigration and emigration from outside or outside a certain area within a specified period of time.

The reference area is variable and can include , for example, municipalities , federal states or states .

From the combination of the birth balance and the migration balance, which z. B. is collected in the context of a census , a statement can be made about population development .

Both balances can change over time. Regional differences are also possible. In Central Europe, the death rate has fallen sharply since the beginning of the 20th century due to improved medical care, and mean life expectancy has risen considerably. Large families have become rare. This development took a similar course in all industrialized countries .

Variations with one another and combinations with one another are basically possible, depending on which room is examined. A sub-point is the so-called internal migration balance, which describes the migration movements within the area under consideration.

Example Germany

Balance of migration in Germany (1991-2015)
  • At the level of the Federal Republic of Germany , the migration balance in 2013 was around 428,000 people. This means that in 2013 this number of people moved there on balance than people left in the same period. Exact figures can be found in the following graphic. Germany's migration balance was negative for the first time in 2008, so in 2008 more people emigrated from Germany than immigrated. In 2009 the balance was again negative.
  • In 2006, the Federal Statistical Office assumed an annual net migration of between 100,000 and 200,000 people as a result of the imminent freedom of movement on the labor market for workers from the states that had recently joined the European Union. The foreigners moving to Germany are on average younger than those who move out. This results in a “rejuvenation effect” for the population remaining in Germany.
  • Due to the reunification and the developments that followed, the new federal states almost always have a negative migration balance in favor of some regions of the old federal states. But also generally economically weak areas have to struggle with these problems (see section Germany in the article Internal migration ).
year Total immigration Immigration of foreigners Immigration of Germans Total departures Departure of foreigners Germans leaving Total migration balance Net migration of Germans Migration balance for foreigners
1991 1,198,978 925.345 273,633 596.455 497,540 98,915 602.523 174,718 427,805
1992 1,502,198 1,211,348 290,850 720.127 614,956 105.171 782.071 185,679 596.392
1993 1,277,408 989.847 287,561 815.312 710.659 104,653 462.096 182.908 279.188
1994 1,082,553 777.516 305.037 767,555 629.275 138,280 314.998 166,757 148.241
1995 1,096,048 792.701 303,347 698.113 567,441 130,672 397.935 172.675 225,260
1996 959.691 707.954 251.737 677.494 559.064 118,430 282.197 133,307 148,890
1997 840.633 615.298 225,335 746.969 637.066 109.903 93,664 115,432 −21,768
1998 802.456 605,500 196,956 755.358 638.955 116.403 47,098 80,553 −33.455
1999 874.023 673.873 200,150 672.048 555,638 116.410 201.975 83,740 118,235
2000 841.158 649.249 191.909 674.038 562,794 111,244 167.120 80,665 86,455
2001 879.217 685.259 193,958 606.494 496.987 109.507 272.723 84,451 188.272
2002 842,543 658.341 184.202 623.255 505,572 117,683 219.288 66,519 152,769
2003 768.975 601,759 167.216 626.330 499.063 127.267 142,645 39,949 102,696
2004 780.175 602.182 177.993 697.632 546.965 150,667 82,543 27,326 55.217
2005 707.352 579,301 128.051 628.399 483,584 144.815 78,953 −16,764 95,717
2006 661.855 558,467 103,388 639.064 483,774 155.290 22,791 −51.902 74,693
2007 680.766 574,752 106.014 636.854 475.749 161.105 43,912 −55.091 99.003
2008 682.146 573.815 108,331 737.889 563.130 174,759 −55.743 −66,428 10,685
2009 721.014 606.314 114,700 733.796 578,808 154,988 −12,782 −40.288 27,506
2010 798.282 683.530 114,752 670.605 529.605 141,000 127,677 −26.248 153,925
2011 958.299 841,695 116.604 678.969 538.837 140.132 279.330 −23,528 302.858
2012 1,080,936 965.908 115.028 711.991 578,759 133,232 368,945 −18,204 387.149
2013 1,226,493 1,108,068 118,425 797.886 657.604 140.282 428,607 −21,857 450.464
2014 1,464,724 1,342,529 122.195 914.241 765.605 148,636 550,483 −26,441 576.924
2015 2,136,954 2,016,241 120,713 997.551 859.278 138.273 1,139,403 −17,560 1,156,963
Mean (1991-2015) 994.595 813.872 180.723 712.977 581,468 131.509 281,618 49,215 232.403
Total (1991-2015) 24,864,877 20,346,792 4,518,085 17,824,425 14,536,708 3,287,717 7,040,452 1,230,368 5,810,084

The figures in the table come from the migration report of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees on behalf of the Federal Government (Migration Report 2015).

The following figures for 2016 and 2017 are taken from the 2016-2017 Migration Report. The results of the 2016 and 2017 reporting years are only partially comparable with the previous year's figures due to methodological changes and technical developments. For 2016, the accuracy of the results is also limited due to inconsistencies in connection with the legal treatment of persons seeking protection.

year Total immigration Immigration of foreigners Immigration of Germans Total departures Departure of foreigners Germans leaving Total migration balance Net migration of Germans Migration balance for foreigners
2016 1,865,122 1,719,075 146.047 1,365,178 1,083,767 281.411 499,944 −135.364 635.308
2017 1,550,721 1,384,018 166,703 1,134,641 885.460 249.181 416.080 −82,478 498,558

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c BAMF: "Migration Report 2013"
  2. ↑ Federal Statistical Office: 11. Coordinated population projection. Assumptions and results , Wiesbaden 2006, p. 27 ( PDF )
  3. ↑ "Migration Report 2015"
  4. ↑ Migration Report 2016–2017 “Table 1-6: Migration between Germany1 and abroad from 1950 to 2017”, pp. 222–223.