Rap (protein)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rap (of Ras -related protein , Ras-related protein ') is a group of proteins small GTPases of the Ras superfamily .

properties

Rap proteins are highly conserved in slime molds , Drosophila melanogaster and also in humans and show approx. 50% homology to the amino acid sequence of the Ras proteins. Like all Ras-related proteins, rap proteins play an important role in various cellular regulatory processes such as cell adhesion , cell-cell contact , cell shape regulation and cell migration, cell polarity of neurons , synaptic plasticity , apoptosis avoidance and hematopoiesis .

Types

  • Rap1 (in Drosophila also "Roughened", "Dras3" or CG1956 ): RAP1A, RAP1B
  • Rap2: RAP2A, RAP2B, RAP2C

function

Like any GTPase, Rap also requires at least one guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) in order to switch between active and inactive form and to be able to perform its function. For rap in Drosophila , PDZ-GEF1 (also “Dizzy”) could be identified as GEF and Rapgap1 as GAP.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ AM Rojas, G. Fuentes, A. Rausell, A. Valencia: The Ras protein superfamily: evolutionary tree and role of conserved amino acids. In: Journal of Cell Biology . Volume 196, number 2, January 2012, pp. 189-201, doi : 10.1083 / jcb.201103008 . PMID 22270915 . PMC 3265948 (free full text).
  2. ^ K. Wennerberg, KL Rossman, CJ Der: The Ras superfamily at a glance. In: Journal of cell science. Volume 118, Pt 5 March 2005, pp. 843-846, doi : 10.1242 / jcs.01660 . PMID 15731001 .
  3. ↑ SM Robbins, M Khosla, R Thiery, G Weeks, GB. Spiegelman: Ras-related genes in Dictyostelium discoideum . In: Dev Genet. , 1991, 12 (1-2), pp. 147-153, PMID 2049874
  4. ^ FS Neuman-Silberberg, E Schejter, FM Hoffmann, BZ. Shilo: The Drosophila ras oncogenes: structure and nucleotide sequence . In: Cell. , 1984, 37, (3), pp. 1027-1033, PMID 6430564
  5. ↑ IK Hariharan, RW Carthew, GM. Rubin: The Drosophila roughened mutation: activation of a rap homolog disrupts eye development and interferes with cell determination . In: Cell. , 1991, 67 (4), pp. 717-722, PMID 1934069
  6. ↑ V Pizon, P Chardin, I Lerosey, B Olofsson, A. Tavitian: Human cDNAs rap1 and rap2 homologous to the Drosophila gene Dras3 encode proteins closely related to ras in the 'effector' region . In: Oncogene. , 1988, 3 (2), pp. 201-204, PMID 3045729
  7. ^ AL Knox, NH. Brown: Rap1 GTPase Regulation of Adherens Junction Positioning and Cell Adhesion . In: Science , 295, 2002, p. 1285, PMID 11847339 .
  8. ↑ C Hogan, N Serpente, P Cogram, CR Hosking, CU Bialucha, SM Feller, VM Braga, W Birchmeier, Y. Fujita: Rap1 Regulates the Formation of E-Cadherin-Based Cell-Cell Contacts . In: Mol. Cell Biol. , 2004, 24 (15), p. 6690, PMID 15254236
  9. ↑ LS Price, A Hajdo-Milasinovic, J Zhao, FJ Zwartkruis, JG Collard, JL. Bos: Rap1 regulates E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion . In: J. Biol. Chem. , 2004, 279, pp. 35127-35123, PMID 15166221
  10. ↑ WJ Pannekoek, MR Kooistra, FJ Zwartkruis, JL. Bos: Cell-cell junction formation: the role of Rap1 and Rap1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors . (Review). In: Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 2009, 1788 (4), pp. 790-796, PMID 19159611
  11. ↑ H Kitayama, Y Sugimoto, T Matsuzaki, Y Ikawa, M. Noda: A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity . In: Cell. , 1989, 56 (1), pp. 77-84, PMID 2642744
  12. ↑ H Asha, ND de Ruiter, MG Wang, IK. Hariharan: The Rap1 GTPase functions as a regulator of morphogenesis in vivo . In: EMBO J. , 1999, 18 (3), pp. 605-615, PMID 9927420
  13. ↑ C. Spilker, MR Kreutz: RapGAPs in brain: multipurpose players in neuronal rap signaling. In: The European journal of neuroscience. Volume 32, Number 1, July 2010, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1111 / j.1460-9568.2010.07273.x , PMID 20576033 .
  14. ^ X. Ye, TJ Carew: Small G protein signaling in neuronal plasticity and memory formation: the specific role of ras family proteins. In: Neuron. Volume 68, number 3, November 2010, pp. 340-361, doi: 10.1016 / j.neuron.2010.09.013 , PMC 3008420 (free full text).
  15. ↑ a b N. Minato: Rap G protein signal in normal and disordered lymphohematopoiesis. In: Experimental cell research. Volume 319, number 15, September 2013, pp. 2323-2328, doi: 10.1016 / j.yexcr.2013.04.009 , PMID 23603280 .
  16. ↑ Rap1 on Flybase. FlyBase ID: FBgn0004636
  17. ↑ D. Vigil, J. Cherfils, KL Rossman, CJ Der: Ras superfamily GEFs and GAPs: validated and tractable targets for cancer therapy? In: Nature Reviews Cancer . Volume 10, number 12, December 2010, pp. 842-857, doi: 10.1038 / nrc2960 , PMC 3124093 (free full text).
  18. ^ IM Ahearn, K. Haigis, D. Bar-Sagi, MR Philips: Regulating the regulator: post-translational modification of RAS. In: Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology. Volume 13, number 1, January 2012, pp. 39-51, doi: 10.1038 / nrm3255 , PMC 3879958 (free full text).
  19. ↑ M. Gloerich, JL Bos: Regulating Rap small G-proteins in time and space. In: Trends in cell biology. Volume 21, number 10, October 2011, pp. 615–623, doi: 10.1016 / j.tcb.2011.07.001 , PMID 21820312 .
  20. ↑ J de Rooij, NM Boenink, M van Triest, RH Cool, A Wittinghofer, JL. Bos: PDZ-GEF1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor specific for Rap1 and Rap2 . In: J Biol Chem. , 1999, 274 (53), pp. 38125-38130, PMID 10608883
  21. ↑ F Chen, M Barkett, KT Ram, A Quintanilla, IK. Hariharan: Biological characterization of Drosophila Rapgap1, a GTPase activating protein for Rap1 . In: Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. , 1997, 94 (23), pp. 12485-12490, PMID 9356476