Car communication

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A preschooler in front of a mirror looking at self-made changes using finger paints

With car communication communication processes are referred to, in which a person responds themselves. The same person acts as the sender and recipient of a message. Autocommunicative processes run in parallel on the one hand when one person communicates with another, on the other hand when one person is alone. Synonyms are u. a .: Self-talk, self-address, talking to yourself, self-communication, intrapersonal communication . A distinction can be made between three types of auto communication: memory-aiding (mnemonic), artistic (inventive) and self-regulating auto-communication (see also self-exploration ).

definition

Autocommunication is defined “as an individually performed communicative operation”. Lotman (1922–1993), an Estonian-Russian semiotic , first used the term in 1970; he also speaks of communication in the “I-I model”. Broms & Gahmberg (1983) and Neuberger (1985) developed Lotman's conception into a social-psychological concept.

Communication is understood as a process: A sender encodes ("translates") personal content into expressible characters (communication, e.g. oral or written message), which is decoded (decrypted) by a recipient (recipient) and made his personal content ( transmitter-receiver model ). - The recipient's answer is always part of personal communication. This is z. For example, it is clear when a greeting is not picked up or when the listener does not laugh while telling a joke. - Autocommunication can only be used if a sender and a receiver can be identified within a person.

Semiotic model of car communication

Lotman (2010) examines communications where the messages are text. Persons and systems (e.g. the “ culture ”) direct messages to others (“I-He model”) and to themselves (“I-I model”). The latter are called auto communications. The two message models use different codes; Depending on the code, a message is interpreted differently. The recipient decides which code to apply to a text. If a text is received in the I-I model, it has “the tendency to build up individual meanings and to organize the disordered associations in the consciousness of a person.” Autocommunication changes the “I” and the self. Schorno (2004) locates auto communication between cognition and communication. He carries out a semiotic analysis of the meaning processes associated with them.

Autocommunicative phenomena

There is a variety of "autocommunicative phenomena".

Memory-aiding car communication

  • Keeping a diary as a reminder; Notes from a person to remember later, e.g. B. Shopping list.

Artistic car communication

  • An author takes on the perspective of the audience (roletaking) when producing or revising an (artistic) text. An ensemble (as a collective person) rehearses a theater performance.

Self-regulating car communication

  • Any public communication from an organization, institution or group can be interpreted as a self-description. The communication “to the outside” works back “to the inside” and influences the internal communication processes (Broms & Gahmberg 1983).
  • Maintaining the self: In a message, a person as the sender offers the recipient at the same time an “I definition”. The message acts back on the sender's self (Neuberger 1985; Watzlawick et al. 1969).
  • A communication partner is merely introduced: a person communicates with imagined (known or fictional) persons, with internalized authority figures (roletaking); she hears the "voice of conscience "; she consults with herself on conflicting decisions ; she has “two souls in her breast” (Schulz von Thun 1998).
  • Self-communication, self-assessment (Tönnies 1994); Self-reward, self-punishment.
  • Self-instruction: A person says e.g. B. Rules of calculation before; Predicting oneself and following rules for structuring cognitive processes (Meichenbaum 2003); Follow an instruction manual; Resolution.
  • A reader / listener uses a published text for personal clarification, self-interpretation or meaning, e.g. B. on the basis of a fictional character, a formulated prayer or a motto. A ritual is usually aimed at the person performing it, not at uninvolved third parties (Lotman 2010).

Management as symbolic action

Broms & Gahmberg (1983) apply Lotman's approach to the management of organizations (collective persons). Leadership is effective when it generates and communicates visions, images, myths and values. Using the autocommunicative code, the tour enriches its public communications with corresponding ideas, images and slogans. The messages are given a motivating and “I-enhancement” effect, both for the leadership itself (as the sender) and for the recipients (public, employees). The authors cite as evidence that “strategic”, i. H. long-term, plans that are communicated by large organizations to the public (shareholders, government agencies, etc.) are usually not implemented in practice. Rather, they have an auto-communicative effect, they generate a vision and change the organization's self. "Many plans act like mirrors held up in front of an organization that say 'This is how you should look': In this sense, planning is Lotman's car communication."

Maintaining the Self

Neuberger (1985) takes the Lotman reception from Broms & Gahmberg (1983) and applies it to the communication of people and organizations. The message from a sender in the “I-He model” contains the four “sides” of content, self-disclosure, relationship and appeal ( four-page model according to Schulz von Thun 1981). The recipient decodes the message according to these four sides. According to Neuberger, auto communication is the 5th page of a message: After sending, the message has an effect on the sender's self in the "I-I model". Neuberger brings as an example: In a meeting, a boss asks a specialist employee to make coffee because the secretary is on vacation. The employee complies with the request. With this, the boss confirms himself in his leadership position in an auto-communicative way. - The self is constituted in communications from earliest childhood. It is maintained in communications every day, auto-communicatively. “When [the word] is pronounced, it may not change the world, but it certainly changes the speaker. After speaking, we are different, because words speak as loudly as (other) actions - to ourselves. ”Genser (2010) describes the process as follows:“ Modified from: 'I think, therefore I am', the following also applies: 'I speak, therefore I am 'as well as:' I speak the same thing, so I am and will remain the same '. ... [This is] to be expanded: 'I speak and someone listens to me, therefore I am'. "If a listener were to contradict, the car communication would be invalidated. The questioning child in the fairy tale disturbs the emperor in the idea of ​​his new clothes.

Neuberger also discusses examples from organizations such as status symbols, corporate identity, personnel appraisals and pay differentiation. He interprets these as communication processes in which auto communication is the primary purpose of the messages. Watzlawick u. a. (1969) described auto communication without using this term: “The prototype of a message from a sender will always amount to the statement: 'This is how I see myself' at the relationship level.” The sender offers this “I-definition” to the recipient "For ratification to". The recipient can reply with confirmation, rejection or cancellation.

Self-communication

Tönnies (1994 ) describes self-communication (intrapersonal communication) as “mostly involuntary content of consciousness that adults mostly do not think aloud ...”. Two questionnaires he developed contain positive and negative statements on self- communication ; z. B: "I did that very well"; “It just doesn't work for me.” The questionnaires are validated on clinical samples and can be used in psychotherapy. The statements formulate self-addresses. The sender and recipient are the same person. These are car communications.

"Inner Team"

People who are faced with a decision or from whom a statement is required usually perceive "inner messages", "strivings" or "inner impulses". These relate to various aspects of yourself that are important for the respective decision. Schulz von Thun (1998) develops the “metaphor” of the “ inner team ”, in which the “inner ambassadors” deal with each other under the leadership of the “head” - meaning the “I” - and come to a conclusion. When a person has achieved clarification in an “internal team conference”, they can “communicate clearly and powerfully to the outside world”. Every inner striving is perceived or imagined and verbalized as a kind of role. The "inner team conference" is a process of car communication.

Self instruction

According to Meichenbaum (2003), people tell themselves “what to think, what to believe and how to behave. ... By taking a thought as an 'instruction to yourself', one emphasizes the purposefulness of that particular thought and the fact that [one] can control it. ”In stress vaccination training, self- instructions are developed for effective stress management; z. For example: "Divide the stress into clear units", "As long as I do not get nervous, I can control the situation." The stressed person speaks requests ("instructions") to himself in an autocommunicative manner that would otherwise be addressed to him by another person were.

Rituals

Rituals are communicative acts. The spoken texts are usually known to the people involved. According to Lotman (2010), in a ritual between sender and recipient, no communication about unknown facts is exchanged, but the ritual text gains a new meaning in the process of communication through the introduction of an additional code. With this additional code, the people involved can express their respective personal content, their current experience with each execution of the ritual again and again. The execution of a ritual is therefore primarily an autocommunicative process.

Law

In 2011 the Federal Court of Justice ruled that intercepted self-talk as a rule may not be used in court. Talking to oneself belonged to the absolutely protected core area of ​​the personality.

literature

  • Henri Broms, Henrik Gahmberg: Communication to self in organizations and cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 1983, pp. 482-95.
  • Burkhard Genser: car communication . In: ders .: News from a psychiatric clinic . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2010, pp. 220–226.
  • Jurij M. Lotman: Two models of communication . In: DP Lucid (ed.): Soviet semiotics. At anthology . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1977, pp. 99-101 (Russian 1970).
  • Jurij M. Lotman: Auto communication: the "I" and the "other" as addressees. (Via two communication models in the system of culture). In: ders .: The inner world of thinking . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin 2010, pp. 31-52 (Russian 1973).
  • Donald Meichenbaum: Intervention in Stress. Application and effects of stress vaccination training 2nd edition. Huber, Bern 2003.
  • Charles W. Morris: Signs, Language, and Behavior . Ullstein, Frankfurt / Main 1981 (American 1946).
  • Oswald Neuberger: When we talk, we enchant ourselves. Car communication . Psychologie heute 12 (11), 1985, pp. 32-35.
  • Christian Schorno: Car communication. Self-address as a deviation or parallel phenomenon of communication . Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2004.
  • Friedemann Schulz von Thun: Talking to Each Other Volume 1. Disturbances and clarifications 49th edition. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2011 (1st edition 1981).
  • Friedemann Schulz von Thun: Talking to Each Other Volume 3. The “inner team” and situation-appropriate communication . Rowohlt, Reinbek 1998.
  • Sven Tönnies: Self-communication. Empirical findings on diagnosis and therapy . Asanger, Heidelberg 1994.
  • Paul Watzlawick, Janet H. Beavin, Don D. Jackson: Human Communication. Forms, disorders, paradoxes . Huber, Bern 1969 (American 1967).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Charles W. Morris: Signs, Language and Behavior . Ullstein, Frankfurt / Main 1981, p. 319 f.
  2. ^ Christian Schorno: Auto communication. Self-address as a deviation or parallel phenomenon of communication . Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2004, p. 23 ff.
  3. ↑ Schorno 2004, p. 1.
  4. ↑ Jurij M. Lotman: The car communication: The "I" and the "other" as addressees. (Via two communication models in the system of culture). In: ders .: The inner world of thinking . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin 2010, p. 43.
  5. ↑ Schorno 2004, p. 17 ff.
  6. ↑ Morris 1981, p. 319; Lotman 2010, p. 32.
  7. ↑ Morris 1981, pp. 319 f .; Schorno 2004, p. 23.
  8. ^ "Enhancement of the ego." Henri Broms & Henrik Gahmberg: Communication to self in organizations and cultures. Administrative Science Quarterly 28, 1983, p. 485.
  9. ↑ Broms & Gahmberg 1983, p. 489 f.
  10. ↑ Neuberger 1985, p. 33.
  11. ^ Burkhard Genser: Auto communication . In: ders .: News from a psychiatric clinic . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2010, p. 222.
  12. ↑ Neuberger 1985, p. 34 f.
  13. ^ Paul Watzlawick, Janet H. Beavin & Don D. Jackson: Human Communication. Forms, disorders, paradoxes . Huber, Bern 1969, p. 83 f.
  14. ^ Sven Tönnies: Self-communication. Empirical findings on diagnosis and therapy . Asanger, Heidelberg 1994, p. 24.
  15. ↑ Tönnies 1994, p. 223.
  16. ↑ Friedemann Schulz von Thun: Talking to Each Other, Volume 3. The "inner team" and situation-appropriate communication . Rowohlt, Reinbek 1998, p. 16 f.
  17. ↑ Donald Meichenbaum: Intervention in case of stress. Application and effects of stress vaccination training 2nd edition. Huber, Bern 2003, p. 90 ff.
  18. ↑ Lotman 2010, p. 33, p. 47 ff.
  19. ↑ Christian Rath: Protected Self-Discussions, in: Badische Zeitung No. 297, December 23, 2011, p. 5.
  20. ↑ Christian Rath: Protected Self-Discussions, in: Badische Zeitung No. 297, December 23, 2011, p. 5.