Shivasutra
The Kashmiri Shiva Sutras are the trend-setting scriptures of Kashmiri Shivaism . They are attributed to the sage Vasugupta (around 875–925) who lived in the 8th century near Mount Mahadeva in the valley of the Harvan River near Srinagar . According to the legend, he received the aphorisms in a dream visit from a Siddha , a semi-divine being. According to another version, God Shiva is said to have come to him in a dream and instructed him to go to a certain rock ( Shankaropala ) in which he would find the sutras carved. The Shiva Sutras are therefore viewed as of divine origin and not as a product of the human spirit.
Historically, the monistic Shiva Sutras and the associated school of Kashmiri Shivaism are part of the tantric or agamic tradition. The tantrics saw themselves as independent of the main Vedic stream of ideas, practice and rules. The number 78 had a special meaning in Vedanta . These sutras are the type of Hindu scriptures known as agamas , and they are also known as the Shiva Upanishad Samgraha or Shivarahasyagama Samgraha .
content
The Shiva Sutras contain 78 stanzas and are structured in three sections:
- - sambhavopaya - universal consciousness
- - saktopaya - The emergence of innate knowledge
- - anavopaya - The transformations of the individual
According to the commentator Kshemaraja (10th century), the three parts correspond to the three means ( upayas ) for achieving liberation.
In Malinivijaya Tantra, Abhinavagupta defines shambhavopaya as the upaya (means) by which the aspirant can gain access to the highest consciousness only through the grace of the Master. He does not use thoughts ( dhyana ) or a mantra or any kind of meditation.
According to his interpretation, Shaktopaya is the upaya where the aspirant receives mystical access ( samavesha ) through contemplation of that mental object (like 'I am All-Consciousness') that cannot be spoken or recited.
According to its definition, anavopaya is the upaya (medium) where mystical access takes place through concentration on parts of the body, through contemplation ( dhyana ) and recitation with the support of breath ( uccara ) and mantras. In his Tantraloka had Abhinavagupta first shambavopaya as the highest upaya defined and elaborated. Descriptions of shaktopaya and anavopaya follow . There are a number of comments from Vasugupta's contemporaries and successors. The best known are the Kshemerajas Vimarshini (10th century), which Jaideva Singh translated into English, and the translation by Swami Lakshman Joo. There is also a commentary, called Varttika , by Baskara (11th century), which was translated into English by Mark Dyczkowski in 1992. There are also several English translations of the Shiva Sutras (Swami Shankarananda, Swami Lakshmanjoo, SC Kak)
literature
- Siva (Shiva) Sutras: The Supreme Awakening, IDJ413 by Swami Lakshmanjoo, Edited John Hughes, Paperback, 2007, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8121511844
- Singh, Jaideva, 1979, Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity (with Vimarsini commentary in Sanskrit and English translation), Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi.
- Kashmir Shaivism, Jagadish Chandra Chatterji, St Univ of New York (Paperback - December 1986)
- Pratyabhijnahrdayam: The Secret of Self-recognition, Sanskrit text with Engl. Transl., TB, Jaideva Singh (Feb. 5, 2005)
credentials
- ↑ Kashmiri Tantrism
- ↑ [Kak, SC, 1994, The Astronomical Code of the Rgveda. Kak, SC, 1994 - Aditya, New Delhi. ]
- ↑ Malinivijayottara Tantra
- ↑ shambavopaya