Table dating of the Minoan eruption
The Minoan eruption of Santorini is dated differently by experts. The following table assigns the individual measurement data and views to the two main groups. Furthermore, relevant, supplementary dates are added. The numbers given in the middle three columns are years from the period “v. Chr. ". The time periods correspond formally to the time indications for the archaeological cultures of the Middle Helladic and the Late Helladic on the Greek mainland.
Eldest | medium | Recently | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early dating: | ||||
Tsunami sediments, Palaikastro , Crete (bones, ceramics, volcanic ashes) | 1680 | 1650 | 1620 | 30th |
Olive tree, Thera (2002/2006, C14 with Delta 20 J Be10) | 1646 | 1633 | 1620 | 13 |
Irish oak | 1628 | |||
Anatolian wood | ~ 1628 | |||
Pines from Sweden. Peat bog | ~ 1628 | |||
White Mountains pines | 1627 | |||
Olive tree, Thera (2002/2006, C14) | 1626 | 1613 | 1600 | 13 |
Door threshold to Niemeier | 1600 | |||
Late dating: | ||||
Olive tree, Thera (2002/2006, C14, recalibration 2018) | 1600 | 1525 | ||
Deucalionic flood according to the Parian Chronicle | 1529 | 1528 | ||
Storm stele of Ahmose I ("Tosen & Finsternis") according to Beckraht | 1539 | 1528 | ||
Storm stele of Ahmose I ("Tosen & Finsternis") according to Hornung et al. | 1528 | 1517 | ||
Storm stele of Ahmose I ("Tosen & Finsternis") after Schneider | 1519 | 1508 | ||
Classical dating after the discovery of Akrotiri using ceramics. Transition from SM IA to SM IB shortly before the onset of the so-called sea style |
1520 | 1510 | ||
Relative chronology according to Evans / Warren / Hankey | 1530 | 1500 | ||
Latest dating according to SCIEM 2000 under the direction of Manfred Bietak | 1530 | 1500 | ||
Classical dating according to Marinatos (1939) | 1550 | 1500 | 1450 | 50 |
Other events: | ||||
Avellino eruption , Vesuvius (1993) | 1775 | |||
Avellino eruption , Vesuvius (C14) | 1705 | 1660 | 1615 | 45 |
Mount St. Helens eruption , USA | ~ 17 century | |||
Ice cores Greenland (1987, acid, volcanic glass) possibly from the eruption of Mount Aniakchak , Alaska (> 10 km³ tephra, VEI = 6) |
1665 | 1645 | 1625 | 20th |
Transition from phase SM I A to SM I B of the Minoan culture on Crete | 1580 | 1480 | ||
Fall of the Minoan civilization on Crete (end of SM I B) | 1490 | 1450 | 1430 |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hendrik J. Bruins, Johannes van derpflicht, J. Alexander MacGillivray: The Minoan Santorini eruption and tsunami deposits in Palaikastro (Crete): Dating by geology, archeology, 14 C, and Egyptian chronology . In: Radiocarbon, Vol. 51, No. 2. Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, 2009, pp. 397-411 , accessed May 2, 2011 .
- ^ Friedrich WL, Kromer B., Friedrich M., Heinemeier J., Pfeiffer T., Talamo S. (2006): Santorini eruption radiocarbon dated to 1627-1600 BC. In: Science 312 (5773): 548-548; doi: 10.1126 / science.1125087
- ^ Mari N. Jensen: Dating the Ancient Minoan Eruption of Thera Using Tree Rings. University of Arizona, August 15, 2018 (English).
- ↑ a b c Karen Polinger Foster & Robert K. Ritner: "Text, storms and the Thera eruption", in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, 1996, pp 1-14.
- ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronology of the Pharaonic Egypt. The timing of Egyptian history from prehistoric times to 332 BC Chr. , Verlag von Zabern, Mainz 1997. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7
- ↑ Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology , Brill, Leiden & Boston 2006. ISBN 9-0041-1385-1
- ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen , Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 1997. ISBN 3-7608-1102-7
- ^ Fritz Schachermeyr : The early Aegean period. Volume 2: Die Mykenische Zeit und die Gesittung von Thera , Vienna 1976, ISBN 3700101643 , pp. 82–86.
- ↑ Peter Warren & Vronwy Hankey: Aegean bronze age chronology , Bristol Classical Press, Bristol, 1989. ISBN 0-906515-67-X
- ^ The Synchronization of Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 2nd Millennium BC. SCIEM 2000, November 18, 2008 (English).
- ↑ Spyridon Marinatos: The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete , in: Antiquity 13, 1939, pp. 425-439.