Tamang Ghale languages
The Tamang Ghale languages form a sub-unit of the Bodic languages , which belong to the Tibetan Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The nine Tamang Ghale languages are closely related to the Tibetan languages and are spoken by 1.2 million people in Nepal . The largest single language is Tamang with 900,000 speakers. The Tamang-Ghale is divided into the Tamang-Gurung group and the individual language Ghale.
Tamang-Ghale within Sino Tibetan
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Sinotibian
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Tibeto Burmese
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Bodisch
- Tamang-Ghale
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Bodisch
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Tibeto Burmese
Classification and number of speakers
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Tamang-Ghale
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Tamang Gurung
- Gurung (Tamu) (230 thousand, ethnic 450 thousand)
- Dialects East: Lamjung, Gorkha, Tanahu
- Western dialects: Kaski, Parbat; South: Syangja
- Ritual language: Tso Kywi
- Tamang (900 thousand)
- Dialects east; Southwest; East Gorkha: Kasigaon, Kerounja
- Dialects Northwest: Dhading; West (Murmi): Trisuli = Nuwakot, Rasuwa
- Thakali (Thaksya) (20 thousand) Dialects: Tukche = Thini, Syang, Marpha, Seke
- Nyishangba (Manangba) (2000)
- Gyasumdo (Tingaule) (2000)
- Nar Phu (Narpa) (500) Dialects: Nar, Phu
- Chantyal (Chantel) (2000, ethnically 10 thousand)
- Kaike (2000)
- Gurung (Tamu) (230 thousand, ethnic 450 thousand)
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Ghale
- Ghale (15 thousand) dialects: Barpak-Mandre, Laprake-Gumda, Khorla-Uiya
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Tamang Gurung
literature
- Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages . Brill, Leiden [u. a.] 2002, ISBN 90-04-12424-1 .
- Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus . University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08175-0 .
- Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages . In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages . Oxford University Press, New York 1990, ISBN 0-19-520521-9 .
- Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages . Mouton, Berlin [a. a.] 1982, ISBN 90-279-3379-0 .
- James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman . University of California Press, Berkeley [et al. a.] 2003, ISBN 0-520-09843-9 .
- Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages . Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin [a. a.] 2004, ISBN 3-11-017841-9 .
- Thurgood, Graham & Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages . Routledge, London [u. a.] 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1129-5 .
- George van Driem: Languages of the Himalayas . Brill, Leiden [u. a.] 2001, ISBN 90-04-10390-2 .