Tamang Ghale languages

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The Tamang Ghale languages form a sub-unit of the Bodic languages , which belong to the Tibetan Burman languages , a primary branch of Sinotibetic . The nine Tamang Ghale languages ​​are closely related to the Tibetan languages and are spoken by 1.2 million people in Nepal . The largest single language is Tamang with 900,000 speakers. The Tamang-Ghale is divided into the Tamang-Gurung group and the individual language Ghale.

Tamang-Ghale within Sino Tibetan

  • Sinotibian
    • Tibeto Burmese
      • Bodisch
        • Tamang-Ghale

Classification and number of speakers

  • Tamang-Ghale
    • Tamang Gurung
      • Gurung (Tamu) (230 thousand, ethnic 450 thousand)
        • Dialects East: Lamjung, Gorkha, Tanahu
        • Western dialects: Kaski, Parbat; South: Syangja
        • Ritual language: Tso Kywi
      • Tamang (900 thousand)
        • Dialects east; Southwest; East Gorkha: Kasigaon, Kerounja
        • Dialects Northwest: Dhading; West (Murmi): Trisuli = Nuwakot, Rasuwa
      • Thakali (Thaksya) (20 thousand)   Dialects: Tukche = Thini, Syang, Marpha, Seke
      • Nyishangba (Manangba) (2000)
      • Gyasumdo (Tingaule) (2000)
      • Nar Phu (Narpa) (500)   Dialects: Nar, Phu
      • Chantyal (Chantel) (2000, ethnically 10 thousand)
      • Kaike (2000)
    • Ghale
      • Ghale (15 thousand)   dialects: Barpak-Mandre, Laprake-Gumda, Khorla-Uiya

literature

  • Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages . Brill, Leiden [u. a.] 2002, ISBN 90-04-12424-1 .
  • Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus . University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08175-0 .
  • Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages . In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages . Oxford University Press, New York 1990, ISBN 0-19-520521-9 .
  • Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages . Mouton, Berlin [a. a.] 1982, ISBN 90-279-3379-0 .
  • James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman . University of California Press, Berkeley [et al. a.] 2003, ISBN 0-520-09843-9 .
  • Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages . Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin [a. a.] 2004, ISBN 3-11-017841-9 .
  • Thurgood, Graham & Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages . Routledge, London [u. a.] 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1129-5 .
  • George van Driem: Languages ​​of the Himalayas . Brill, Leiden [u. a.] 2001, ISBN 90-04-10390-2 .

See also

Web links