Th. Mann & Co.

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brand emblem of Th. Mann & Co. on the wing no.16750

Th. Mann & Co. was a Bielefeld piano and grand piano factory that existed from 1836 to around 1942, as well as an instrument dealer for grand pianos, pianinos and harmoniums with occasional defeats in Gütersloh, Herford, Detmold, Rinteln and Paderborn.

Christian Wilhelm Volkening

(occasionally also J. Volkening, born August 5, 1805 in Hille, † October 26, 1858 in Bielefeld)

Christian Volkening came from the Westphalian family Volkening and was the seventh of eight children of a miller from Hille and brother of the preacher Johann Heinrich Volkening . As a journeyman with Andreas Streicher in Vienna, Volkening learned the trade of piano. After completing his apprenticeship, he went to Northern Germany with two other assistants, Klems and Sassenhof. While Klems continued their work in Düsseldorf and Sassenhof in Bremen, Volkening founded his piano-making workshop in Bielefeld in 1836 after working in Bünde. Living at Kreuzstrasse 640, he registered his company under the serial number 27 in 1839 there.

As a young instrument maker in Bielefeld, Volkening exhibited his grand pianos and pianos at the General German Trade Exhibition in Berlin in 1844, where he exhibited a pianino and a concert grand with a Streicherscher patent mechanism, and at the first industrial exhibition of all peoples in London in 1851 out. In Berlin, his instruments attracted the attention of the professional audience: Volkening "delivered a grand piano and a pianino that was very appealing in both tone and variety, all the more meritorious because the small town probably hardly had excellent samples." The following year, Volkening received the bronze medal at the trade fair in Berlin.

Volkening piano number 154
Piano from the workshop of CW Volkening with handwritten number 154 on the notches.

Around 1840, Volkening made a mahogany veneered fortepiano on vase-like legs and with maple inlay jewelry, which was played by Franz Liszt on his concert tour in 1841. This is evidenced by a handwritten inscription by Liszt on the instrument: “Bielefeld - Concert on November 13, F. Liszt.” The instrument is now in the collection of the Museum for Musical Instruments at the University of Leipzig . The invitation to Bielefeld was made by Volkening, who invited the following through an advertisement:

"Announcement. / The announcement to all music lovers here and in the area that the virtuosity in piano playing in / all of Europe, famous for his / his compositions and, because of his high, the most ingenious boldness and power with the most appealing intimacy and tenderness, admired Mr. Franz Liszt who is / is currently present in Munster, upon urgent request against the undersigned, willingly declared that he / she will also delight the music-loving audience in a concert on the upcoming Saturday when he is passing through to Berlin and Petersburg, if 150 listeners have been there beforehand would subscribe. / Bielefeld, November 8, 1841. / Volkening, / Pianoforte manufacturer. "

The Munster hotel lists from November 9th run "Volkening, Pianoforte = Fabrikant a. Bielefeld" as a guest at Gerbaulet in the Kings of England at Prinzipalmarkt 5, where Liszt's secretary Gaetano Belloni also resided.

Nothing is known about the content and course of the concert in Bielefeld, as the then Bielefelder Zeitung, as a state advertising paper, did not yet have a cultural section and so far no private records have been discovered. It can be assumed, however, that it was carried out and attended bar comparable to that in Münster and Osnabrück. Only in retrospect, in later years and in other contexts, is a comment by a music critic about the concert, to which he remarked that visitors "fell into mild madness, as they did before Liszt's arrival".

According to the later Th. Mann & Co factory, Volkening made one of the first supporting wings, the design idea of ​​which was brought to Dresden at a concert in Bad Oeynhausen in 1850/51 with the approval of a Saxon princess.

CW Volkening presumably founded his business in Kühnesches Haus at Kreuzstrasse 565 in Bielefeld and most recently employed 6 assistants.

family

CW Volkening was married to Henriette Volkening, nee Idel (* around 1801; † October 13, 1875).

Theophil Mann Sr.

(Actually Heinrich Jakob Theophilus Mann; occasionally Theophilus Mann or Theodor Mann; * April 14, 1831; † June 21, 1913)

Locations of Th. Mann & Co. in Bielefeld 1886
Locations of Th. Mann & Co. in Bielefeld 1886

Theophil Mann was born as the son of a master rope maker in Hildesheim. Following his school days, he trained as a carpenter before, from 1848, he got an insight into piano making in the workshop of the court instrument maker JH Weykopf in Hanover. After only a short debut, he went back home to the organ builder Heinrich Schaper . CW Volkening, with whom he had previously studied at Streicher in Vienna, called him to Bielefeld in 1849. With him Th. Mann got to know the piano building trade from the ground up. In order to deepen his knowledge, Mann made stops in the workshops of Ernst Irmler jun., Leipzig, Eduard Voigt and Karl Rönisch, Dresden, Karl Schönberner, Bautzen, Alois Bieber, Munich and Carl Blädel, Stuttgart from 1853.

After the death of Volkening, Th. Mann took over the workshop and continued it as "Pianoforte = Factory Th. Mann, Bielefeld". The aim was to manufacture high-quality pianos with a well-trained workforce. In the early days of the company, Theophil Mann sen. nine workers. The production quality had an impact on the sale of the instruments and the increase in this made it necessary to expand the workshop.

In 1868 the new building at Oberntorwall 29 in Bielefeld was completed and the factory moved out of the building at Kreuzstrasse 565. On November 5th, Th. Mann registered his company under his name and number 501 in the company register. His wife Sophie was granted power of attorney.

Like Volkening before, Th. Mann sent numerous industrial exhibitions at home and abroad. At the industrial and art exhibition in London in 1862, Th. Mann showed "a pianino with the device (...) of a 'movable hammer chair' instead of the pedales céleste."

Piano by Theophil Mann, made around 1873 and with the handwritten serial number 1008.
Piano by Theophil Mann, made around 1873 and with the handwritten serial number 1008.

For the year 1871 it is noted in the catalog for the Vienna World Exhibition in 1873 that Th. Mann employed 20 workers in that year and they produced 120 instruments, the sale of which resulted in a turnover of 24,000 thalers.

In 1873 Th. Mann sent three pianos to the world exhibition in Vienna under his own name, for which he received a medal of merit. On display were a cross-string piano for 975 Reichsmark, a straight-string instrument for 822 Rmk and a diagonal-string piano for 675 Rmk. The ingenuity of the instrument maker, the solid construction of the pianos and their “noble and soft tone” were emphasized.

Shortly before Hermann Steinhaus joined, the Th. Mann piano factory employed 40 assistants.

Private life and family

Theophil Mann's first wife, Elise Mann, nee Wehde, died on the evening of September 1, 1870, after giving birth to their third child eleven days earlier.

On September 14, 1896, Th. Mann and his second wife Sophie Elise Mann, b. Oldermann (* July 7, 1839 - † January 7, 1915) celebrated her silver wedding with relatives, friends and employees.

Friedrich Wilhelm Mann was born on May 1, 1974, as the second child of Theophil and Sophie Mann. The doctor of education later emigrated to Santiago de Chile, where he taught as a professor of philosophy and education at the Instituto Pedagójico and was director of the Liceo de Aplicación from 1904 to 1914.

Th. Mann's son, Traugott Heinrich Mann, born on January 5, 1881, received his doctorate in 1904 from the University of Berlin with a thesis entitled "Contributions to the knowledge of Arabic proper names". Around 1913 he was the director of the German secondary school in Aleppo, Syria.

Social and cultural engagement

Theophil Mann Sr. was on the board of v. Bodelschwinghschen Anstalten (today foundations) worked on a voluntary basis and, together with Friedrich von Bodelschwingh and other Bielefeld traders and manufacturers, initiated the Arbeiterheim association, which aimed to create affordable condominium for factory workers in Bielefeld. At the same time, Theophil Mann was engaged as the cashier of the German Herbergsverein in Bielefeld under the chairman Bodelschwingh.

  • Th. Mann senior, Th. Mann jun. and Hans-Theo Mann, around 1906.

    Th. Mann senior, Th. Mann jun. and Theodore H. Mann, around 1906.

  • Theophil Mann Sr., ca.1900.

    Theophil Mann Sr., ca.1900.

  • Theophil Mann jun., Ca.1930.

    Theophil Mann jun., Ca.1930.

  • Max Porth, around 1935.

    Max Porth, around 1935.

Hermann Steinhaus & Th. Mann & Co.

Th. Mann company badge from the keyboard cover of the piano with the serial number 8516, created around 1895.

(Occasionally Wilhelm Steinhaus, * July 17, 1850, † February 9, 1933)

Hermann Steinhaus came from a respected Barmer family. At the age of 22, Steinhaus came to Bielefeld and joined TH in 1872. Man. In the autumn of 1874 he joined the Th. Mann piano factory as a partner, which subsequently operated as a company under the name Th. Mann & Co. (No. 253 of the company register). In some publications the name is also shortened to Mann & Co. or Mann & Cie.

In 1875 numerous new buildings and conversions took place and the production was switched to steam operation, which resulted in an increase in the workforce. At that time Th. Mann & Co. employed 50 workers.

Baby grand piano by Th. Mann & Co. from 1911 with the serial number 16750.
Baby grand piano by Th. Mann & Co. from 1911.

In the early morning hours of October 19, 1879, a fire broke out in the engine room of the factory located after Grabenstrasse, which, with the great efforts of the local fire brigades, in particular the local Turner fire brigade, could be contained and extinguished without the fire spreading to adjacent buildings. According to the company, the damage was limited and there were no restrictions on production or the number of workers. The Bielefelder Tageblatt of October 20, 1879 writes:

Bielefeld , October 20. Yesterday morning around 5 a.m. / the residents were disturbed in their peace by fire signals and ringing of the fire bells. It burned first / in the lower machine room of the piano factory / Messrs Th. Mann & Co. here. All / syringes of the city and the gymnast's fire brigade were soon there, due to the strong smoke and the inaccessibility to the hearth of the fire, they could not / immediately be put into action. After the / obstacles had been removed, the efforts / of the city rescue company and the gymnast fire brigade / managed to cope with the fire, so that by 6 o'clock almost all the spectators had left. At about 7 o'clock / against all expectations the bright flames / struck up from the top and middle floors of the factory building, so that not only this but also the neighboring buildings were in greatest danger. Strangely enough, the fire had spread from the machine room by means of the drive belts, which were surrounded by a wooden casing for the safety of the workers / to the middle and upper floors. (...) Around 11 o'clock / the fire was dimmed to such an extent that the next neighbors / who were about to clear out could again / breathe more freely. It was a sad sight to see the most beautiful new pianinos in the warehouse in light / flames. The appearance of the factory after the fire is a sad one. The same is as good as completely / destroyed, as are the machines, only the bare enclosing / walls have remained. The house has suffered little on the whole. Most of the mobiliers have been saved. The damage is very significant and / has to be covered by the West German insurance company in / Essen. Hopefully the efforts of the / owners of the factory will soon succeed in renting temporary business premises in order to give the workers income again and to be able to carry out the numerous orders.

The picture shows a brand emblem of the pianoforte and grand piano factory Th. Mann & Co. from Bielefeld. It comes from the instrument made between 1901 and 1908 and shows the coat of arms of the city of Bielefeld in the center.
Brand emblem of Th. Mann & Co. on the piano with the serial number 14542.

On the following day, the Bielefelder Zeitung, Der Wächter reads the following passage:

The fire damage caused in the Th. Mann 's piano factory / by the conflagration on Sunday night / will probably exceed the sum of / 50,000 M. The establishment was insured with the Westdeutsche Versicherungs-Aktien-Bank / in Essen. (...).

Together with H. Steinhaus, Th. Mann was able to increase production in quality and quantity, which was reflected in numerous medals acquired. The company achieved a bronze medal for pianinos in Düsseldorf in 1880. At the Amsterdam Colonial Exhibition in 1883 the company won a gold medal for pianinos. Also at the Antwerp International Exhibition in 1885 Th. Mann & Co. achieved "the gold medal as first class prize for their pianinos." Messier Mann & Co also achieved a gold medal for pianos at the world exhibition in Brussels in 1888. For their instruments, " the piano factory Th. Mann & Cie. in Bielefeld the first prize was the gold medal "during the North German trade and industry exhibition in Lübeck in 1895. At the Düsseldorf exhibition in 1902 they were able to achieve a silver exhibition medal.

In 1883 Th. Mann & Co. already employed 70 workers, compared to 64 in the previous year, and in 1884 they were able to increase the number to 85. This was connected with the expansion of the production facilities and the machine park.

social commitment

Hermann Steinhaus worked for years as presbyter of the Neustädter Marienkirche parish in Bielefeld.

  • Envelope with anniversary logo from 1914.

  • Back of a 1914 envelope with advertising stamp.

  • Postcard from 1916.

  • Letterhead with anniversary logo from 1914.

  • Letterhead from 1915.

Theophil Mann Jr.

(actually Karl Bernhard Theophilus Mann, * February 8, 1873, † March 18, 1935)

Advertisement in the instrument building magazine
Advertisement by Th. Mann & Co in the Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau from April 1, 1911.

Th. Mann sen. retired from the company due to age in 1905 and his son, who trained at Steinway & Sons in New York, C. Bechstein in London and Paris, took over the technical management of the company.

In 1911, Th. Mann & Co. sent pianos to the World Exhibition in Turin, Italy, for which they received the gold medal.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the factory employed 100 workers who made a piano every five hours, exporting a wagon load every week. Th. Mann pianos were shipped to England, Belgium, Italy and other European countries as well as overseas.

In 1926 the company celebrated its 90th anniversary with an elaborate anniversary font.

As a result of the aftermath of the First World War and the loss of access to the world market, the sales and factory operations were reunited at the Oberntorwall site in 1930 due to the loss of importance.

As a result of the death of Hermann Steinhaus in February 1933, Theophil Mann jun. sole owner of the piano factory. Despite the dissolution of the company, the name Th. Mann & Co. continued to exist as a company name.

Private life

Theophil Mann Jr. and Helene Minna Nacken married on October 7, 1898 in Halle, Saale.

Helene Mann

Company emblem of Th. Mann & Co. on the piano with the serial number 18532.
Company emblem of Th. Mann & Co. on the piano with the serial number 18532.
Advertising brand

(born Helene Minna Nacken, born October 7, 1878 in Barmen, † November 4, 1939 in Bielefeld)

Helene Mann was the daughter of the pastor Johann Friedrich Nacken and his wife Margarethe Luise Katharina Nacken, née Vogt.

After the death of Theophil Mann jr. continued his wife's business.

The 100th anniversary was celebrated in 1936 with an extensive festival program.

Max Porth

(* 1886; † 1943)

After Helene Mann's death in 1942, the Berlin merchant and piano dealer Max Porth took over the factory. With this, the power of attorney for Rudolf Rosenberger expired. At this point at the latest, business was still going on.

End of production and whereabouts of the factory

Nothing is known about the specific termination of production. The highest production number recorded in the literature is given as 20,000 for 1938. The year of the production stop is given as 1938 and 1939.

The factory buildings are believed to have fallen victim to the bombing in World War II, in which large parts of Bielefeld city center were destroyed. Aerial photos from the 1950s show a vacant lot at the location of the parent company. Furthermore, the Oberntorwall 29 property is listed as totally destroyed for the post-war period.

Factory views

  • Th. Mann & Co. main building, Oberntorwall 29, view of the city center

    Main building at Oberntorwall 29.

  • Decorated shop by Th. Mann & Co. on Oberntorwall 29, Oct. 1936.

    Decorated shop on Oberntorwall 29, Oct. 1936.

  • Inside of the shop, so-called music hall, in the main building, Oberntorwall 29.

    So-called music hall in the main building, Oberntorwall 29.

  • North side of the main house of Th. Mann & Co.

    Main building of Th. Mann & Co., view from Oberwallstraße (sometimes Grabenstraße or Hindenburgstraße)

  • Extension building by Th. Mann & Co. in Friedenstrasse 4.

    Factory building on Friedenstrasse

Patents, utility models and special designs

Advertisement in the Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau dated March 21, 1911
  • 1874: "Peculiar arrangement of pianos and grand pianos"
  • 1874, April 10: "Improvement in the construction of grand pianos and pianinos to improve vocal stability."
  • Before November 1884: Mann & Co's Capo d'Astro.
  • 1885, March 20th, 35688: “Invention of the exposure of the soundboard, whereby the plate in the treble is far from the bridge, but the strings are held at the correct distance from the bridge by a narrow string hook. This frees an area of ​​the soundboard from the iron plate, which is of great importance for sound development. - The so-called silent pull is also used as a decrescendo pull by the above Dirma, with the innovation that it is pushed forward by means of a knee pusher (as with American organs). Since the knee pusher holds on to every point, one can have piano and pianissimo continuously by moving the knee without interrupting playing and also noticeably weakening the latter by means of the previous piano pull. "
  • 1885, July 26, 35690: "String fastening for pianinos and the like."
  • Before September 1886: "Pressure bridge (with metal frame and tuning plate cast in one piece)."
  • 1892, February 3rd, 65871: “Soundboard with embedded bridge. They want to achieve the same fullness of sound for all tones, so that it forms a natural knot line for all tones. This is achieved by dividing the soundboard in the bridge line into two unequal halves and connecting them to the bridge in such a way that they form separate soundboards and are thus simultaneously set in motion by the bridge they share, but independently of one another. "
  • 1892, April 7th, 66166: facility for collecting and guiding the sound waves at pianinos. System Th. Mann & Co., sound wave collector: “Sound waves should be collected and guided by arranging a bowl below the keys, and possibly connecting a dome downwards, which absorbs the vibrations emanating from the lower bowl parts and guides them upwards got to. The dome and shell can also be manufactured as a whole. "
  • 1896, March 9, 54580: Piano with a recessed upper frame.
  • 1902, March 20, 136860: Keyboard for grand pianos and pianinos.
  • 1904, March 19th, utility model 222497: Sound post for grand pianos, with the following external outline of the tuning pins.
Image of the plastic company plaque from Th. Mann & Cie.
Sculptural plaque on piano number 4235.

Instruments in public collections

  • The fortepiano, played by Franz Liszt and made by Volkening around 1840, is in the Museum for Musical Instruments at the University of Leipzig.
  • In the musical instrument collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum is a "Grand Piano" CW Volkenings.
  • The holdings of the Musical Instrument Museum in Brussels include a black pianino made around 1900 by Th. Mann & Co.

Instrument making in Bielefeld

Other instrument makers in Bielefeld were August Festing, whose workshop existed from 1901 to 1933, and Louis Ext, whose company emerged from the operation of the instrument maker and piano tuner Heinrich Ext (Kreuzstrasse 645b) and filed for bankruptcy in April 1887. Around 1927 Otto Stierstadt worked in Arndtstrasse, number 11, and he also made instruments. In his dissertation, Jürgen Oberschelp mentions W. Pohlmann (Victoriastraße 223) and H. Steinhaus. The latter is probably identical to the partner at Th. Mann & Co., Hermann Steinhaus. The instrument maker H. Holz also had a repair workshop at Mittelstrasse 196.

Web links

Commons : Th. Mann & Co.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Martha Novak: Makers of the Piano Vol. 2; 1820-1860 . Oxford 1999, p. 245 .
  2. ↑ hard Committee (ed.): Festschrift for nineteen centenary of the Battle of the Teutoburg forest . Verlag der Lippische Landeszeitung, Detmold 1909, p. 92 (Advertisement for the Detmold branch in Paulinenstrasse 39. In addition to in-house productions, we offer grand pianos by C. Bechstein and Steinway & Sons and harmoniums by Th. Mannborg, Schiedmayer and Mason & Hamlin.).
  3. ^ Paul de Wit (Ed.): World address book of the entire musical instrument industry . tape 1 . Leipzig 1912.
  4. ↑ sound through a century; 100 years of Mann grand pianos and pianos . In: Westfälische Zeitung . tape 126 , no. 230 . Bielefeld October 1, 1936, p. 5 .
  5. ^ A b c d Martin Blindow: Christian Volkening and Heinrich Aloys Praeger. Bielefeld's musical life in the year of the Liszt Concert in 1841 . In: Annual report of the historical association for the county of Ravensberg . tape 96 . Bielefeld 2011, p. 86 (Excerpt from the company list of the city of Bielefeld; application for a company entry by CW Volkening.).
  6. ^ A b c Herbert Heyde: Musical instrument making in Prussia . Tutzing 2005, p. 418 f .
  7. ↑ a b Magistrat der Stadt Bielefeld (ed.): The book of the city . Bielefeld 1926, p. 623 .
  8. ↑ a b Th. Mann & Cie: Considerations on piano construction in the 19th century with exclusive reference to Germany . In: Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1888/1889 . tape 9 , no. 1 . Leipzig 1889, p. 4th ff .
  9. ↑ a b The musical instruments at the Berlin industrial exhibition. (Continued.) . In: Carl Galliard (Ed.): Berliner Musikalische Zeitung . No. 39 . Berlin 1844, p. 2 : "The grand piano (...) and the pianino are both very gratifying achievements. A slightly appealing keyboard, beautiful vocal tone, consistently correct work and beautiful exterior make them worthy of all comment at the moderate price."
  10. ↑ The musical instruments at the Berlin industrial exhibition (end) . In: Carl Gaillard (ed.): Berlin musical newspaper . No. 41 . Berlin 1844, p. 1 .
  11. ^ Official report on the General German Trade Exhibition in Berlin in 1844, third part . Berlin 1845, p. 207 : "CW Volkening, in Bielefeld, delivered a grand piano with an appealing tone and style at a price of Rthl 350."
  12. ^ Supplement to the Illustrierte Zeitung . tape 16 . Leipzig 1851, p. 66 : "The exhibitor directory, on the other hand, has no entry on Volkening: Official directory of the items sent in from the German Zollverein and Northern Germany for the industrial exhibition of all peoples in London, Berlin 1851."
  13. ↑ Allgemeine Wiener Musik-Zeitung . tape 4 . Vienna 1844, p. 546 f .
  14. ^ August Schmidt (ed.): Wiener Allgemeine Musik-Zeitung . tape 5 , no. 27 . Vienna 1844, p. 108 .
  15. ^ Georg Kinsky: Catalog of the Museum of Music History by Wilhelm Heyer in Cologne, first volume . Cologne 1910, p. 195 .
  16. ↑ Fig. U. continue Inf.Retrieved February 27, 2019 .
  17. ^ Public announcements of the Grafschaft Ravensberg . No. 45 . Bielefeld November 8, 1841, p. 364 .
  18. ↑ Supplement to the Münster intelligence paper . No. 134 . Münster November 9, 1841, p. 1016 (There on p. 1015 the announcement of the Liszt concert in the hall of the Kammeramtshaus including a description of the program.).
  19. ↑ a b Dieter Nolden: 175 years ago: Franz Liszt's concert tour and his appearance in Bielefeld. In: Annual report of the historical association for the county of Ravensberg . tape 101 . Bielefeld 2016, p. 85 .
  20. ↑ Contributions to instruction and entertainment. On the history of Bielefeld's sense of art . In: Public advertisements of the Grafschaft Ravensberg . No. 22 . Bielefeld June 3, 1846, p. 175 .
  21. ^ A b Jürgen Oberschelp: The public musical life of the city of Bielefeld in the 19th century . Regensburg 1972, p. 120 .
  22. ↑ a b c d e Schrader: 100 years of the Bielefeld company Th. Mann & Co. In: Ravensberger Blätter . tape 36 , no. 9 , 1936, pp. 71-72 .
  23. ^ The company Th. Mann & Co., Pianofortefabrik, Bielefeld . In: Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau . tape 57 . Leipzig 1936, p. 10 : "The address book of the city and Feldmark Bielefeld to Gadderbaum-Sandhagen from 1865 is recorded by Th. Mann, who is based at this address, after the expansion and before the factory moved to Oberntorwall 29."
  24. ^ Bielefelder Wochenblatt . tape 65 , no. 240 . Bielefeld October 14, 1875, p. 4 .
  25. ↑ a b The company Th. Mann & Co., Pianofortefabrik, Bielefeld . In: Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau . tape 57 . Leipzig 1936, p. 10 .
  26. ↑ Paul Neumann: Th. Mann sen. + . In: Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1912/1913 . tape 33 . Leipzig 1933, p. 1124 ff .
  27. ↑ Signals for the musical world . tape 19 , no. 22 , 1861, p. 290 : "So the contact line of a job advertisement:" A assembler, who offers a lot of opportunity for further training, will be sought very soon by the Pianoforte = Th. Mann factory in Bielefeld. ""
  28. ↑ a b Th. Mann & Co .: Festschrift for the 90th anniversary, including product catalog and price list . Bielefeld 1926, p. 2 .
  29. ↑ a b Bielefelder Wochenblatt . tape 64 , no. 189 . Bielefeld November 8, 1874, p. 3 .
  30. ^ Bielefelder Wochenblatt . Bielefeld November 21, 1872.
  31. ↑ Official report on the industry and art exhibition in London in 1862, based on the decision of the commissaries of the German Customs Union governments, 2nd issue . Berlin 1863, p. 81 .
  32. ↑ Leipziger Zeitung . No. 114 . Leipzig 1862, p. 1 .
  33. ^ Oscar Paul: Musical Instruments; Authorized copy from the 'Official Report on the Vienna World Exhibition in 1873'. Vol. 2 Issue 5. Braunschweig 1874, p. 55 .
  34. ^ General musical newspaper . tape 8 , no. 41 , 1873, Sp. 651 .
  35. ↑ Christoph Sandler: Handbook of the efficiency of the entire industry in Germany, Austria, Alsace-Lorraine and Switzerland, Volume 1, VI. u. V. series . Leipzig 1873, p. 41 .
  36. ^ Bielefelder Wochenblatt . Bielefeld September 3, 1870.
  37. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 16 , no. 36 . Leipzig 1896, p. 983 .
  38. ^ Bielefelder Wochenblatt . Bielefeld May 19, 1874.
  39. ↑ Traugott Heinrich Mann: Contributions to the knowledge of Arabic proper names - Part 1 . Brill, Leiden 1904, p. 61 .
  40. ^ Journal of the German Oriental Society . tape 67 . Leipzig 1913, p. XI .
  41. ^ Matthias Benad (ed.): Bethel-Eckardtsheim: from the founding of the first German workers' colony to its dissolution as a subsidiary (1882-2001) . Stuttgart 2006, p. 71 .
  42. ^ Johannes Altenberend: The housing situation of the Bielefeld workers in the empire . In: Annual report of the historical association for the county of Ravensberg . tape 72 . Bielefeld 1980, p. 147, 163 .
  43. ↑ Ludwig Weber: Efforts for the workers' welfare . Gotha 1891, p. 38 .
  44. ^ Martin Gebhardt, Alfred Adam: Friedrich von Bodelschwingh; A picture of life from German church history; Volume 2 The Work / Second Half . Bethel publishing house, Bielefeld 1958, p. 252 .
  45. ↑ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1929/30 . tape 50 , no. 21 . Leipzig 1930, p. 718 .
  46. ↑ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1932/33 . tape 53 , no. 10 . Leipzig 1933, p. 166 .
  47. ^ Gravestone Hermann Steinhaus. Retrieved March 8, 2019 (July 18 is noted as the birthday on the Hermann Steinhaus tombstone in the old private cemetery in Bielefeld Gadderbaum.).
  48. ^ Report of the Bielefeld Chamber of Commerce for the years 1876 and 1877 . Bielefeld 1878, p. 53 .
  49. ^ Report of the Bielefeld Chamber of Commerce for the year 1875 . Bielefeld 1876, p. 76 .
  50. ↑ 4th January 1860: The Bielefelder Turngemeinde (BTG) decides to found a gymnast fire brigade. Retrieved February 18, 2019 .
  51. ^ Report of the Bielefeld Chamber of Commerce for the year 1879 . Bielefeld 1880, p. 91 .
  52. ↑ Bielefelder Tageblatt. tape 69 , no. 245 . Bielefeld October 20, 1879, p. 2 .
  53. ↑ Bielefelder Zeitung, The Guardian . tape 15 , no. 246 . Bielefeld October 21, 1879, p. 3 .
  54. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 1 . Leipzig 1880, p. 35 .
  55. ↑ Musical weekly paper . tape 14 . Leipzig 1883, p. 432 .
  56. ^ New magazine for music . tape 81 . Leipzig 1885, p. 329 .
  57. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 9 . Leipzig 1888, p. 76 .
  58. ↑ Wilibald Nagel et al. a. (Ed.): Neue Musik-Zeitung . tape 15 , no. 19 . KLett, Leipzig / Stuttgart / Cologne 1895, p. 228 .
  59. ^ Gottfried Stoffers (Ed.): The industrial and commercial exhibition for Rhineland, Westphalia and neighboring districts combined with a German national art exhibition in Düsseldorf in 1902 . Düsseldorf 1903, p. 270 .
  60. ↑ a b City of Bielefeld (ed.): Report of the Chamber of Commerce in Bielefeld for the year 1884. Bielefeld 1885, p. 75 .
  61. ↑ Obituary . In: Westphalian Latest News . Bielefeld February 10, 1933.
  62. ↑ Lt. Engraving of his gravestone in the old cemetery in Bielefeld.
  63. ↑ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1934/1935 . tape 55 , no. 14 . Leipzig 1935, p. 220 .
  64. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 32 . Leipzig 1912, p. 15 .
  65. ↑ Paul de Wit (ed.): Journal for instrument making . tape 53 , no. 14 . Paul de Wit, Leipzig 1933, p. 230 .
  66. ↑ Lt. Engraving of her gravestone in the old cemetery in BIelefeld.
  67. ^ Westphalian latest news . tape 39 , no. 260 . Bielefeld November 6, 1939, p. 4 .
  68. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 60 . Leipzig 1939, p. 36 .
  69. ↑ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1935/1936 . tape 57 , no. 1 . Leipzig 1936, p. 10 .
  70. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 62 . Leipzig 1942, p. 81 .
  71. ↑ Jan Großbach: Atlas of the piano numbers . 11th edition. Frankfurt a. M. 2009.
  72. ^ Stegmann: Reconstruction of the old and new town of Bielefeld. Retrieved on February 27, 2019 : "Also: Urban Planning Office 1952 brochure" Has nothing happened? "And the damage map of the city center printed there."
  73. ^ Theodor Mann's introductory patent in Bielefeld on peculiar arrangements on pianos and grand pianos. Retrieved March 1, 2019 .
  74. ^ Deutsche Industrie-Zeitung . No. 19 . Chemnitz 1874, p. 190 .
  75. ^ Musical Opinion and Trade Review . tape 8 . London 1884, p. 95 .
  76. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 6 . Leipzig 1886, p. 271 .
  77. ^ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1885/1886 . tape 6 . Leipzig 1886, p. 334 .
  78. ^ Musical Opinion and Trade Review . tape 9 . London 1886, p. 586 .
  79. ^ Friedrich Weber-Robine: The resonance of the piano; Contributions to the history of the development of keyboard instruments. Dresden 1913, p. 82 f .
  80. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 13 . Leipzig 1892, p. 101 .
  81. ↑ Journal for Instrument Making . tape 13 . Leipzig 1892, p. 151 .
  82. ^ Friedrich Weber-Robine: The resonance of the piano; Contributions to the history of the development of keyboard instruments . Dresden 1913, p. 53 f .
  83. ^ Imperial Patent Office (ed.): Patentblatt . tape 20 , p. 297 .
  84. ^ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1902/1903 . tape 23 . Leipzig 1903, p. 399 .
  85. ^ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1903/1904 . tape 24 , no. 23 . Leipzig 1904, p. 671 .
  86. ^ Museum for Musical Instruments at the University of Leipzig: CW Volkening wing. Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
  87. ^ Musical Instruments . In: Cincinnati Art Museum (ed.): Collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum . Ohio 1949, p. o. p .
  88. ↑ Collection Musical Instruments, inventory number 3837. Retrieved March 22, 2019 (Dutch).
  89. ^ City of Bielefeld: Address book Bielefeld 1865. 1865, accessed on March 14, 2019 .
  90. ^ Zeitschrift für Instrumentenbau 1886/1887 . tape 7 , 1887, p. 271 .
  91. ^ Entry Bielefelder Adressbuch 1927. Verein für Computergenealogie, accessed on April 30, 2020 .
  92. ^ Bielefelder Wochenblatt . tape 65 , no. 278 . Bielefeld November 27, 1875, p. 5 .
  93. ↑ Bielefelder Tageblatt . tape 66 , no. 232 . JD Küster Nachf., Bielefeld October 4, 1876, p. 3 .