Transmisogyny
Transmisogyny is the intersection of transphobia and misogyny . Transmisogyny encompasses negative attitudes, hatred, and discrimination against transgender people who fall on the feminine side of the gender spectrum, particularly transgender women. The term was coined by Julia Serano in her book Whipping Girl coined in 2007 and describes the unique discrimination faced by the trans-women, because "the assumption that femininity of masculinity has been unsuccessful and primarily for the benefit of masculinity exist". The term also describes the way in which transphobia increases misogyny against trans women (and vice versa). It is said that many trans women experience an extra layer of misogyny in the form of fetishization. Serano talks about how society views trans women in a sexualizing way, such as transitioning for sexual reasons, and that they are viewed as promiscuous . Transmisogyny is a central concept in transfeminism and is generally referenced in intersectional feminist theory . That trans womanhood (and not just her femininity) is a source of transmisogyny is denied by some radical feminists who claim that trans women are not women.
causes
The cause of transmisogyny is generally understood to be the social view that men are superior to women. In Whipping Girl writes Julia Serano , that the existence of trans women "is understood in it is considered male-centered gender hierarchy, that men are better than women and that as a threat to the masculinity of femininity is superior." The gender theorist Judith Butler agrees with this assumption and declares that the murder of transgender women "an act of power, a kind is the reassertion of the rule ... kill established the murderer as sovereign in the moment in which he kills" .
Trans women are also a threat to the heterosexuality of cisgender men considered. "Cheaters" like Dil, a trans woman from the 1992 film The Crying Game , have been watched in the media to incite outrage and male homophobia in an audience when her "true" masculinity is revealed.
Incidents
United States
Trans women face more severe discrimination than other trans people. A study of workplace experience after gender reassignment found that "the median income of trans men increases slightly after they change sex, while the median income of trans women decreases by almost a third. Furthermore, the transition to women was found to result in a loss of authority and an increase associated with harassment, while the opposite often brings authority and respect ".
According to Laura Kacere (2014), "Hate crimes against trans people are disproportionate and tragic, and most of this violence affects trans women". The National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (2012) found that " transgender people in the US experience three times more police violence than cisgender people. In fact, over half of all anti-LGBTQIA + murders were committed against trans women. According to Kacere (2014), "Transmisogyny is seen in violence - studies show that one in five trans women (21%) has been incarcerated at some point in their life. That is way above the general population and even higher (47%) for black trans people. "
Ecuador
A study of discrimination against lesbian, bisexual, transsexual, transsexual, transgender and intersex women in Ecuador found that transgender women "have no protection from discrimination in law and practice". As a result, trans women are exposed to violence, sexual abuse and discrimination in education, health and labor institutions.
psychology
Julia Serano pointed out in Whipping Girl that transvestite fetishism , a condition listed in the DSM-IV , only mentions cross-dressing by men. Well that was Autogynephilie not a recognized disorder in the DSM-IV, the Autoandrophilie. The diagnosis and statistics manual for mental disorders was revised in 2013 and transvestite fetishism and the disruption of gender-specific identity were eliminated; transvestite disorders and gender dysphoria were the result of the revisions.
A study by Schilt and Wiswall showed that in a work environment, trans men were helped to integrate more fully into society, while trans women were demoted or dismissed. The study found microaggression from employers to trans women.
Sexualization and harassment
Julia Serano notes that despite the transition, trans women are still generally perceived as male, but are rarely sexualized as such. In the porn industry , which is primarily aimed at straight men, trans women are largely portrayed as sexual objects rather than "predatory". Serano notes that when she is in a social setting where she is known to be transgender, e.g. For example, in places where she performs spoken word poetry , she receives much more overt sexual commentary than in a similar setting where she is viewed as cissexual.
According to Serano, the sexualization of trans women is not only because they are viewed as "exotic" because of their relative rarity: "There are many types of women who are relatively rare, but they are not all sexualized in the same way as trans women. Women ". In Whipping Girl , Serano writes about a so-called "predator-prey dichotomy", in which "men are always seen as predators and women as prey". Because of this point of view, trans women are perceived as attracting men by transforming themselves and "turning into sexual objects that no hot-blooded man can resist".
Relationship to transphobia
Transmisogyny differs from transphobia in that transmisogyny primarily focuses on trans women, while transphobia is a more general term that covers a wider range of hatred and discrimination against transsexual and transgender people. Julia Serano writes in Whipping Girl , “If most of the jokes made at the expense of trans people focus on 'men who wear clothes' or 'men who have their penis cut off', that is not transphobia - it is Transmisogyny. "
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Julia Serano: Transmisogyny primer . Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ Kelby Harrison: Sexual deceit: the ethics of passing . Lexington Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7391-7706-8 , p. 12.
- ^ Marcie Bianco: A manifesto for all: Bisexual trans activist and author Julia Serano wants to make feminism inclusive . In: Curve . tape 5 , no. 26 , p. 28-29 .
- ↑ Jeffreys, Sheila (2014) Gender Hurts , Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-53939-5 , p. 8.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Julia Serano: Whipping girl , [online edition]. Edition, Seal Press, Berkeley 2007, ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5 .
- ↑ Why Do Men Kill Trans Women? Gender theorist Judith Butler Explains ( en-US ) December 16, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ^ Kristen Schilt, Matthew Wiswall: Before and After: Gender Transitions, Human Capital, and Workplace Experiences . In: The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy . 8, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1-28.
- ↑ a b Laura Kacere: Transmisogyny 101: What It Is and What Can We Do About It (en-US) . In: Everyday Feminism , January 27, 2014.
- ↑ Aline Britto de Almeida, Elizabeth Vásquez, Mónica Rodríguez, Guayaquil Dayane Klein, Tatiana Mendieta Cordero, Soledad Varea: Ecuador: Discrimination of Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual, Transgender and Intersex Women . In: www.semanticscholar.org . 2008.
- ↑ Kristen Schilt: Just One of the Guys? Transgender Men and the Persistence of Gender Inequality . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
- ^ Kristen Schilt, Matthew Wiswall: Before and After: Gender Transitions, Human Capital, and Workplace Experiences . In: The BE Journal of Economics and Policy . 8, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1-28.