Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello stato

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The Tribunale Speciale per la difesa dello Stato (German: Special Court for the Protection of the State ), also known as Tribunale speciale , was an instrument in the service of political repression during fascism and was one of many measures taken by the fascist state under Mussolini Consolidated its power in the first years after the March on Rome . It was built in 1926 and existed until Mussolini's fall in July 1943.

Emergence

On November 9, 1926, a bill for the protection of the state was passed in parliament without discussion. The law came into force on November 25, 1926. It comprised eight articles and included the introduction of the death penalty (Art. 1 and 2) and the establishment of the Tribunale speciale (Art. 7) as an instrument for the prosecution of political and other offenses. With the prohibition of the anti-fascist press, the dissolution of all parties and organizations outside the fascist sphere of influence, with the creation of the Confino di polizia , with which unpleasant political opponents could be interned in remote areas without a court judgment, and the establishment of the special court, the anti-fascist became Repression institutionalized.

Judgments

The tribunals speciale precipitated 1927-1943 2780 court rulings against 5,619 defendants (most of them were men) of which, 4,596 were convicted. The defendants were sentenced to a total of 27,752 years in prison. 42 death sentences were passed, of which 31 were carried out: nine between 1928 and 1932 and the remaining 1941 and 1942. The victims of the first few years were Italian oppositionists; the second group also included Yugoslav patriots.

Presidents and Chairs

The presidents or chairmen of the Tribunale speciale were: Cesare Bevilacqua, Augusto Ciacci, Giuseppe Conticelli, Guido Cristini, Orlando Freri, Filippo Gauttieri, Mario Griffini, Gaetano Le Meter, Carlo Sanna, Alessandro Saporiti, Giorgio Suppiej, Antonio Tringali Casanova.

Judge

The judges of the Tribunale Speciale were: Alfredo Alfaro, Alessandro Alvisi, Gasparo Barbera, Carlo Bergamaschi, Nello Brogi, Giacomo Buccafurri, Michele Calìa, Pietro Caputi, Mario Carusi, Lussorio Cau, Ferdinando Ciani, Carlo Cisotti, Ugo Colizza, Italo D'Alessandro , Alfredo De Castris, Vittorio De Martini, Giobatta De Martis, Italo Di Pasquale, Eugenio Fioretti, Alberto Galamini, Giovanni Gangemi, Vincenzo Gaudio, Armando Giua, Pietro Lanari, Nicola Leonardi, Nino Mascellari, Mario Mazzetti, Gioacchino Milazzo, Mario Mingoni, Giulio Mucci, Ivo Oliveti, Domenico Ottanelli, Aldo Palmentola, Gaetano Palmeri, Renato Pasqualucci, Emilio Perillo, Adolfo Pifferi, Alberto Piroli, Torello Pompili, Giovanni Presti, Raffaello Radogna, Giuseppe Rambaldi, Gennaro Riccio, Riccardo Rosa Uliana, Renato Rossi Rossi, Tommaso Semadini, Giovanni Sgarzi, Vincenzo Torelli, Mario Vedani, Alberto Ventura.

resolution

By decree of July 29, 1943, the Tribunale speciale was dissolved.

post war period

No prosecutor, judge or president of the Tribunale Speciale later had to answer in court. Everyone benefited from the generous amnesty regulation of June 22, 1946.

CROWCASS

The names of 24 members of the Tribunale speciale are listed in the CROWCASS (1947) register of the Western Allies whose extradition was requested by Yugoslavia for war crimes:

  • (Name) ALVISI Alessandro - (CR File Number) 307336 - (Rank, Occupation, Unit, Place and Date of Crime) Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - (Reason wanted) Murder - (Wanted by) Yugo.
  • CISOTTI Carlo - 307286 - General-Consul, Judge of Special Tribunale for defense of State, Rome (It.), 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • COLIZZA Ugo - 307289 - General- Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • D'ALESSANDRO Italo - 307337 - General-Consul, Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.), 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • GANGEMI Giovanni - 307296 - General-Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • GAUTTIERI Filippo - 195622 - Official, Ministry of Justice Rome (It.) 41-43 - Torture - Yugo.
  • GRIFFINI Mario - 307338 - General-Consul, Court President of Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • LANARI Pietro - 307299 - Prosecutor, (Military) Judge, Correspondent of Special Tribunal for defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • LE METER Gaetano - 195624 - Official, Ministry of Justice, Rome (It.) 41-43 - Torture - Yugo.
  • LEONARDI Nicola - 30730? - Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • MILAZZO Gioacchino - 307339 - Proff. Doct. Prosecutor, Judge, Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • MINGONI Mario - 307307 - Consul. Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • PALMENTOLA Aldo - 307315 - General Consul Judge of Special Tribunal for defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • PALMERI Gaetano - 307316 - General Consul Judge, Special Tribunal for Defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • PASQUALUCCI Renato - 307318 - General Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • PERILLO Emilio - 307319 - Consul, Judge, Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • POMPILI Torello - 307320 - Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • PRESTI Giovanni - 307321 - Prosecutor (Military), Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • RICCIO Gennaro - 306340 - Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • ROSA-ULIANA Riccardo - 307323 - Consul-Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • ROSSI Umberto - 307324 - General-Consul, Judge of Special Tribunal for defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • SUPPIEJ Giorgio - 307341 - General-Consul, President, Judge of Special Tribunal for Defense of State, Rome (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.
  • Tringali-Casanuova Antonio - 195627 - Official, Ministry of Justice, Rome (It.) 41-43 - Torture - Yugo.
  • VEDANI Mario - 307331 - General Consul, Judge, Special Tribunal for defense of State Rom (It.) 4.41-9.43 - Murder - Yugo.

See also

literature

  • Adriano Dal Pont, Alfonso Leonetti et al., Aula IV. Tutti i processi del tribunale speciale fascista , Milano 1976 (La Pietra)
  • Adriano Dal Pont, Simonetta Carolini, L'Italia al confino 1926-1943. Le ordinanze di assegnazione al confino emesse dalle Commissioni provinciali dal novembre 1926 al luglio 1943 (4 volumes), Milano 1983 (La Pietra)
  • Mimmo Franzinelli, Il Tribunale del Duce. La giustizia fascista e le sue vittime (1927-1943) , Milano 2017 (Mondadori)
  • Ernesto Rossi, Una spia del regime. Carlo Del Re e la provocazione contro Giustizia e Libertà , Torino 2000 (Bollati Boringhieri)
  • Giudici fascisti, la fiera dell'impunità. I paradossi del Tribunale speciale , in: Corriere della Sera , 29 January 2017

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Adriano Dal Pont, Alfonso Leonetti , et al., Aula IV. Tutti i processi del tribunale speciale , Milano 1976 (La Pietra), p. 25
  2. ↑ ibid., Pp. 551-553
  3. ↑ ibid., P. 548
  4. ↑ One death sentence each in 1928, 1929 and 1931; 4 death sentences in 1930 against Yugoslav patriots and two death sentences in 1932; ibid., pp. 106, 159-160, 189, 236-237
  5. ↑ Two death sentences in 1942; ibid., SS 502-503
  6. ↑ two death sentences against Yugoslav partisans in 1942; ibid., p. 500
  7. ↑ two death sentences in 1941, including one against a Yugoslav patriot; five death sentences against Yugoslav partisans; nine death sentences against Slovenian partisans; two death sentences in 1942; ibid., pp. 428, 450, 454-456, 481-482, 497
  8. ↑ Death sentences with enforcement: 1932 (1), 1941 (6); ibid., pp. 237, 428, 454-456
  9. ↑ A death sentence with execution, ibid., P. 450
  10. ↑ Death sentences with enforcement: 1928 (1), 1930 (4), 1931 (1), 1932 (1), 1942 (15), ibid., Pp. 106, 159-160, 189, 236-237, 481-482 , 497, 500, 502-503
  11. ↑ ibid., P. 550
  12. ↑ ibid., Pp. 554–555
  13. ↑ ibid., SS 559
  14. ↑ In: The Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects, Consolidated Wanted Lists, Part 2 - Non-Germans only (March 1947) , Naval & University Press, Uckfield 2005, p. 57 (Facsimile of the original document in the British National Archives in Kew / London)
  15. ↑ Ibid., P. 60
  16. ↑ Ibid., P. 61
  17. ↑ Ibid., P. 61
  18. ↑ Ibid., P. 64
  19. ↑ Ibid., P. 64
  20. ↑ Ibid., P. 65
  21. ↑ Ibid., P. 65
  22. ↑ Ibid., P. 65
  23. ↑ Ibid., P. 66
  24. ↑ Ibid., P. 67
  25. ↑ Ibid., P. 67
  26. ↑ Ibid., P. 69
  27. ↑ Ibid., P. 69
  28. ↑ Ibid., P. 69
  29. ↑ Ibid., P. 69
  30. ↑ Ibid., P. 70
  31. ↑ Ibid., P. 70
  32. ↑ Ibid., P. 70
  33. ↑ Ibid., P. 71
  34. ↑ Ibid., P. 70
  35. ↑ Ibid., P. 72
  36. ↑ Ibid., P. 73
  37. ↑ Ibid., P. 73