Means of signing

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The signature was probably created with a soft and broad pen (black chalk) (infrared reflectogram).

Signing means or instruments are used to create a signature (preliminary drawing) on ​​an image carrier.

Very little information is given in the source documents about the means of signing used by the artists for their picture design. Cennino Cennini (around 1400) mentions charcoal and the brush with black ink for early Italian painting, Giorgio Vasari (1568) mentions white tailor's plaster and willow charcoal as a means of signing, and Karel van Mander (1604) mentions chalks and pencils for Dutch painting with Watercolors were traced. Nonetheless, it must be assumed, and this is partly confirmed today by the infrared examination, that other means commonly used by the artist for drawing and painting were also used for signing. In addition to charcoal, fat charcoal, black chalk, red chalk (red chalk), silver pen, lead pen and graphite pen (today pencil), the quill pen and the reed pen can also be used as signatures.

A needle was used as a means of signing on this gold base image.

Another means of signing is the needle, which the artists used to sign on their gold ground paintings in early European panel painting .

proof

The fact that one of the aforementioned signing means was used can e.g. This can be seen, for example, in self-portraits in which the artist is sitting in front of the easel and portrayed himself with a signature in his hand, in pictures that have not been completed or with the help of infrared examination when the overlying layer of paint can be penetrated by the infrared rays.

The appearance of the different signatures can be so similar in the infrared that - with great care - at best they can be divided into the groups of broad and soft signatures (charcoal, charcoal, black chalk, graphite pencil), fine signatures (silver pen, lead pencil) and pens .

Exceptions are the white chalk and red to brown signatures. These are penetrated by the infrared rays and are therefore undetectable.

literature

  • Joseph Meder: The hand drawing . Vienna 1923

Individual proof

  1. ↑ Knut Nicolaus: DuMont's picture lexicon for determining paintings . DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1982, ISBN 3-7701-1243-1 , p. 229 ff .
  2. ↑ Knut Nicolaus: Painting, Investigated-Discovered-Researched . Klinckhardt & Biermann, Braunschweig 1979.