Migration balance
The term “ migration balance” or “ migration balance” is one of the measurable variables in demography and describes the difference between immigration and emigration from outside or outside a certain area within a specified period of time.
The reference area is variable and can include , for example, municipalities , federal states or states .
From the combination of the birth balance and the migration balance, which z. B. is collected in the context of a census , a statement can be made about population development .
Both balances can change over time. Regional differences are also possible. In Central Europe, the death rate has fallen sharply since the beginning of the 20th century due to improved medical care, and mean life expectancy has risen considerably. Large families have become rare. This development took a similar course in all industrialized countries .
Variations with one another and combinations with one another are basically possible, depending on which room is examined. A sub-point is the so-called internal migration balance, which describes the migration movements within the area under consideration.
Example Germany
- At the level of the Federal Republic of Germany , the migration balance in 2013 was around 428,000 people. This means that in 2013 this number of people moved there on balance than people left in the same period. Exact figures can be found in the following graphic. Germany's migration balance was negative for the first time in 2008, so in 2008 more people emigrated from Germany than immigrated. In 2009 the balance was again negative.
- In 2006, the Federal Statistical Office assumed an annual net migration of between 100,000 and 200,000 people as a result of the imminent freedom of movement on the labor market for workers from the states that had recently joined the European Union. The foreigners moving to Germany are on average younger than those who move out. This results in a “rejuvenation effect” for the population remaining in Germany.
- Due to the reunification and the developments that followed, the new federal states almost always have a negative migration balance in favor of some regions of the old federal states. But also generally economically weak areas have to struggle with these problems (see section Germany in the article Internal migration ).
year | Total immigration | Immigration of foreigners | Immigration of Germans | Total departures | Departure of foreigners | Germans leaving | Total migration balance | Net migration of Germans | Migration balance for foreigners |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 1,198,978 | 925.345 | 273,633 | 596.455 | 497,540 | 98,915 | 602.523 | 174,718 | 427,805 |
1992 | 1,502,198 | 1,211,348 | 290,850 | 720.127 | 614,956 | 105.171 | 782.071 | 185,679 | 596.392 |
1993 | 1,277,408 | 989.847 | 287,561 | 815.312 | 710.659 | 104,653 | 462.096 | 182.908 | 279.188 |
1994 | 1,082,553 | 777.516 | 305.037 | 767,555 | 629.275 | 138,280 | 314.998 | 166,757 | 148.241 |
1995 | 1,096,048 | 792.701 | 303,347 | 698.113 | 567,441 | 130,672 | 397.935 | 172.675 | 225,260 |
1996 | 959.691 | 707.954 | 251.737 | 677.494 | 559.064 | 118,430 | 282.197 | 133,307 | 148,890 |
1997 | 840.633 | 615.298 | 225,335 | 746.969 | 637.066 | 109.903 | 93,664 | 115,432 | −21,768 |
1998 | 802.456 | 605,500 | 196,956 | 755.358 | 638.955 | 116.403 | 47,098 | 80,553 | −33.455 |
1999 | 874.023 | 673.873 | 200,150 | 672.048 | 555,638 | 116.410 | 201.975 | 83,740 | 118,235 |
2000 | 841.158 | 649.249 | 191.909 | 674.038 | 562,794 | 111,244 | 167.120 | 80,665 | 86,455 |
2001 | 879.217 | 685.259 | 193,958 | 606.494 | 496.987 | 109.507 | 272.723 | 84,451 | 188.272 |
2002 | 842,543 | 658.341 | 184.202 | 623.255 | 505,572 | 117,683 | 219.288 | 66,519 | 152,769 |
2003 | 768.975 | 601,759 | 167.216 | 626.330 | 499.063 | 127.267 | 142,645 | 39,949 | 102,696 |
2004 | 780.175 | 602.182 | 177.993 | 697.632 | 546.965 | 150,667 | 82,543 | 27,326 | 55.217 |
2005 | 707.352 | 579,301 | 128.051 | 628.399 | 483,584 | 144.815 | 78,953 | −16,764 | 95,717 |
2006 | 661.855 | 558,467 | 103,388 | 639.064 | 483,774 | 155.290 | 22,791 | −51.902 | 74,693 |
2007 | 680.766 | 574,752 | 106.014 | 636.854 | 475.749 | 161.105 | 43,912 | −55.091 | 99.003 |
2008 | 682.146 | 573.815 | 108,331 | 737.889 | 563.130 | 174,759 | −55.743 | −66,428 | 10,685 |
2009 | 721.014 | 606.314 | 114,700 | 733.796 | 578,808 | 154,988 | −12,782 | −40.288 | 27,506 |
2010 | 798.282 | 683.530 | 114,752 | 670.605 | 529.605 | 141,000 | 127,677 | −26.248 | 153,925 |
2011 | 958.299 | 841,695 | 116.604 | 678.969 | 538.837 | 140.132 | 279.330 | −23,528 | 302.858 |
2012 | 1,080,936 | 965.908 | 115.028 | 711.991 | 578,759 | 133,232 | 368,945 | −18,204 | 387.149 |
2013 | 1,226,493 | 1,108,068 | 118,425 | 797.886 | 657.604 | 140.282 | 428,607 | −21,857 | 450.464 |
2014 | 1,464,724 | 1,342,529 | 122.195 | 914.241 | 765.605 | 148,636 | 550,483 | −26,441 | 576.924 |
2015 | 2,136,954 | 2,016,241 | 120,713 | 997.551 | 859.278 | 138.273 | 1,139,403 | −17,560 | 1,156,963 |
Mean (1991-2015) | 994.595 | 813.872 | 180.723 | 712.977 | 581,468 | 131.509 | 281,618 | 49,215 | 232.403 |
Total (1991-2015) | 24,864,877 | 20,346,792 | 4,518,085 | 17,824,425 | 14,536,708 | 3,287,717 | 7,040,452 | 1,230,368 | 5,810,084 |
The figures in the table come from the migration report of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees on behalf of the Federal Government (Migration Report 2015).
The following figures for 2016 and 2017 are taken from the 2016-2017 Migration Report. The results of the 2016 and 2017 reporting years are only partially comparable with the previous year's figures due to methodological changes and technical developments. For 2016, the accuracy of the results is also limited due to inconsistencies in connection with the legal treatment of persons seeking protection.
year | Total immigration | Immigration of foreigners | Immigration of Germans | Total departures | Departure of foreigners | Germans leaving | Total migration balance | Net migration of Germans | Migration balance for foreigners |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 1,865,122 | 1,719,075 | 146.047 | 1,365,178 | 1,083,767 | 281.411 | 499,944 | −135.364 | 635.308 |
2017 | 1,550,721 | 1,384,018 | 166,703 | 1,134,641 | 885.460 | 249.181 | 416.080 | −82,478 | 498,558 |
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c BAMF: "Migration Report 2013"
- ↑ Federal Statistical Office: 11. Coordinated population projection. Assumptions and results , Wiesbaden 2006, p. 27 ( PDF )
- ↑ "Migration Report 2015"
- ↑ Migration Report 2016–2017 “Table 1-6: Migration between Germany1 and abroad from 1950 to 2017”, pp. 222–223.