Zhuangyuan

Zhuangyuan ( Chinese 狀元 , Pinyin Zhuangyuan , W.-G. Chuang yuan ) was the title of graduates with the best marks in the palace examination in Imperial China . The title is translated variously: Best of the exam, the best of the palace exam (literally: condition: best); in English : Principal Graduate , Primus , Optimus .

In today's Chinese, "zhuangyuan" can be used for the best in each subject, ie: "The best in his subject".

Fu Shanxiang was the first and only female Zhuangyuan (nü zhuangyuan) in Chinese history, but passed the exam with the Taiping government , not the Qing Dynasty exams . When the Taipings conquered Nanjing, they also offered an exam for women in January 1853, in which Fu was given the highest grade. In total there were 596 "Zhuangyuan".

Major Zhuangyuan

literature

Mao Jiaqi (Grace Chor Yi Wong tr.): Art. Fu Shanxiang , in: Ho, Clara Wing-chung: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women. Sharpe, Armonk, NY 1998: 43-45. ISBN 0765600439 [1]

Individual evidence

↑ 萧源锦 (Xiao Yuanjin) ，《狀元史話》 (Zhuangyuan Shihua - History of the Zhuangyuan) ，重庆出版社 ( Chongqing Chubanshi) ， 1992. ISBN 7-5366-1648-1
^ Charles O. Hucker: Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1985: 187.
↑ 《现代汉语词典》 (Xiandai Hanyu Zidian) ，商务印书馆， 5. Edition ISBN 7-100-04385-9
^ Mao 1998: 43.
↑ 萧源锦 (Xiao Yuanjin) ，《狀元史話》 (Zhuangyuan Shihua - History of the Zhuangyuan) ，重庆出版社 ( Chongqing Chubanshi) ， 1992. ISBN 7-5366-1648-1

[1] 萧源锦 (Xiao Yuanjin) ，《狀元史話》 (Zhuangyuan Shihua - History of the Zhuangyuan) ，重庆出版社 ( Chongqing Chubanshi) ， 1992. ISBN 7-5366-1648-1

[2] Charles O. Hucker: Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1985: 187.

[3] 《现代汉语词典》 (Xiandai Hanyu Zidian) ，商务印书馆， 5. Edition ISBN 7-100-04385-9

[4] Mao 1998: 43.

[5] 萧源锦 (Xiao Yuanjin) ，《狀元史話》 (Zhuangyuan Shihua - History of the Zhuangyuan) ，重庆出版社 ( Chongqing Chubanshi) ， 1992. ISBN 7-5366-1648-1