Hortus Palatinus

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Hortus Palatinus and Heidelberg Castle , painted by Jacques Fouquières ; Palatinate Museum Heidelberg
Main terrace of the former Hortus Palatinus, 2006

The Hortus Palatinus (German: Palatinate Garden), built from 1616 onwards, was the garden of Heidelberg Castle , one of the most important Renaissance gardens in Germany. In its time it was considered one of the most famous gardens in Europe.

On the history of the Hortus Palatinus

Salomon de Caus , 1619

The Hortus Palatinus was commissioned by Elector Friedrich V , who thereby impaired the defensive strength of the castle. This terrace garden was begun in 1616 by the French engineer and horticultural architect Salomon de Caus , who was appointed from England and was also one of the greatest physicists of his time, and was never completed due to the military unrest of the following years ( Thirty Years War ). The garden replaced the so-called Hasengärtlein, the late medieval castle garden. When Frederick was elected King of Bohemia and moved his residence to Prague, work on the Hortus Palatinus was stopped.

The form and layout of the parterres have only been passed on through de Caus' designs and paintings . Salomon de Caus himself described his garden in a book richly illustrated with copperplate engravings . The preface is dated December 20, 1619 and is written in French because Salomon de Caus does not seem to have been able to speak German.

The tree population, which results from a collection of the elector, is remarkable. The Hortus Palatinus was regarded by contemporaries as the "eighth wonder of the world ".

The development and shape of the garden are recorded on engravings by Matthäus Merian . One of the engravings served the Flemish painter Jakob Facquier as a template for his painting of the palace gardens in the state of 1620.

The garden terraces of the Hortus Palatinus

First terrace (lower terrace, conifer terrace)

Pyramid staircase, engraving by Matthäus Merian , 1620
Location: 6 meters lower than the main terrace

The lower terrace had a water basin in the middle in the shape of a violin case with figures of the river gods Neckar and Main on the sides . On this terrace, which is also called the conifer terrace because of its vegetation, there are two remarkable trees:

  • Greek fir ; Abies cephalonica: The Greek fir is a fast-growing tree that can grow up to 40 meters high and a diameter of up to 1 meter.
  • Pea-fruited cypress ; Chamaecyparis pisifera: This tree shows the so-called “ drag formation ”, in which the lower branches sink to the ground and develop their own roots.

After a chair for forest botany was established at the Technical University of Karlsruhe in 1832 , interest in these plantings declined significantly. Over the years, evergreen conifers permeated the park, which was originally equipped with hardwood , and changed the overall impression considerably.

A large amount of water was required to feed the many fountains and aquatic arts . However, the location of the garden on the north slope of the Königstuhl, which is rich in springs, made the water supply easier. Once the water had passed the fountains on the various terraces, it was collected in the basin on the lower terrace. From here it could then flow into the little Fries valley.

One of the dramatic staircases was the pyramid staircase that was to lead from the main terrace to the lower garden. When descending over the handrailless steep slopes, visitors to the garden should get the impression that they could fly over the Neckar valley.

Second terrace (large terrace, main terrace)

The design of the main terrace was determined by a series of larger fields, which were designed with ornamented fields. Flowers only played a subordinate role. Trimmed hedges were more important. The column fountain stood in the center of a node field.

The knot ornament consisted of intertwined and intersecting ribbons of plants. Thyme , rosemary , lavender and sage were preferred for these broderies . The spaces in between were filled with colored pebbles, crushed glass or ground rock.

It was here that Elector Karl Philipp began to transform the gardens of Frederick V into a baroque style in 1719. This is also where the group of figures stood, which later - after a stopover in Schwetzingen Castle and some additions - was set up on Mannheim's market square in 1767 .

The exotic trees here include:

  • Caucasian wingnut ; Pterocarya fraxinifolia
  • Ash maple ; Acer negundo: The ash maple is a fast growing tree that often has several trunks.
  • Fan tree ; Ginkgo biloba: The ginkgo tree did not reach Europe until around 1730.
  • Whitebeam ; Sorbus aria: The whitebeam comes from the mountain forests of southern Europe and is often planted as a street and park tree.

Parterre gardens

Reconstructed remainder of the fountain octagon, 2006

The knot field was made up of four beds, each of which consisted of individual patterns with mutually overlapping ribbons. The node field was surrounded by a wave-shaped border and small deciduous trees.

In another node field, in an octagonal basin border, stood the fountain with grimacing faces made of metal. The current basin surround was reconstructed in 1973 with some old stones from the time of Salomon de Caus.

Great grotto

Rhenus ("Father Rhine") as a fountain figure
Portal to the Great Grotto of Salomon de Caus, 1620
Galathea water feature by De Caus (unfinished)

In front of the Great Grotto there is a water basin with the figure of Rhenus ("Father Rhine") . The pools, which were restored in 1974, are not only in their original location, but also match the original appearance. With the lying " Father Rhine " and the portal of the Great Grotto, they are an eye-catcher in this corner of the palace garden.

The Great Grotto had four rooms, with only the two inner grotto rooms. The two outer rooms were probably intended for technical purposes. Salomon de Caus writes about this:

“The vault of the first part [left cave room] is nicely divided and [adorned] with figures made from all kinds of shells. The other part [right cave room] is rough [and] with coarse ornamentation. In this grotto there are different and all sorts of funny water arts, with which you can spend an hour if you want to see them all jump "

- Salomon de Caus

In the first cave room, the water flowed like a cascade into a basin in which a fountain was supposed to balance a ball. The whole thing could be effectively illuminated through openings in the ceiling. In the second cave room there was a stone table in which mysterious water arts ( water features ) are said to have been built in, which could be switched on by a hidden mechanism.

Bitter orange grove

The bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) or bitter orange is a citrus plant with a bright orange peel. B. used for orange peel . The garden architect Salomon de Caus wrote about the field with the bitter oranges,

“That the edges of the bed pieces are bordered with hewn stones two feet high and filled with earth accordingly. This field is to receive bitter orange trees. Melons can also be planted between the bitter orange trees. "

- Salomon de Caus

The bitter orange trees, which are around 60 years old, were moved from the Herrengarten in the western suburb to the castle with great effort. The transfer of the trees was honored as a special horticultural achievement in the inscription panel of the niche architecture with the statue of Friedrich.

Salomon de Caus deliberately placed the little citrus trees with their yellow fruits at eye level in high ground boxes to give the impression that the bitter oranges grow outdoors all year round. In the winter months, however, these sensitive plants were protected by a wooden crate. The old bitter orange trees were moved from the lower to the upper new garden in 1619. After Elector Friedrich V had moved to Prague with his court to be crowned King of Bohemia , the work was stopped.

  • Wooden house for bitter oranges in winter, engraving by Salomon de Caus, 1620

Monthly flower garden (rose circle)

Seasons parterre, painted by Jacques Fouquières - detail from the depiction of Hortus Palatinus

In addition to the water parterre, the horticultural inventions of this complex included the seasonal bed at the north end, which was probably inspired by the botanical garden in Padua . The round was used for a flower clock, in which the blossom advanced three fields every month.

In the middle of this so-called rose ring, Baron von Oberndorff had the octagon built in 1771 , an octagonal pleasure house with four doors and four windows, which he himself probably used for social purposes. No image is known of this building. In 1891 the Scheffeldenkmal was erected in the middle of the roundabout , which was melted down during World War II.

The restaurant in the Rosenrondell gradually became the most important part of the garden, and almost all districts of the city advocated its expansion. As early as 1865, the tenant asked the domain administration to build a music pavilion because the music tent was too small and unsightly. In return, the lessee renounced his pigsties. As early as 1874, the palace association unsuccessfully suggested an expansion of the economy. In 1879 he applied for a new music pavilion to be built because the acoustics in the old one were very poor. The building inspection replied that the main shortcoming lay in the weak line-up of the orchestra with 8 to 10 men who "had to torture themselves on their instruments" in order to bring out their string music.

In the 1880s there were daily concerts in the garden restaurant. The tax office only demanded, out of care for the municipal orchestra, that no concerts should be held on at least one weekday. The domain administration resisted the expansion of the garden economy on the grounds that this was "incompatible with the scenic and historical character" of the palace gardens. But in 1895 she gave in and had a new garden tavern built. As a result of this expansion of the garden restaurant, the palace garden attracted more and more public interest and became an amusement park .

For decades the bushes and trees grew unhindered, so that the castle could hardly be seen from the garden. In addition, most of the grottoes and other structures collapsed. From 1923, however, a change took place when the administration of the castle and the garden was transferred from the domain office to the district building office.

After studying the historical documents of the Hortus Palatinus for a long time, the head of this office began with renovation work and wanted to free the garden from the ingredients that impaired the harmonious image of the palace and garden. In years of work, the garden was thinned so that all parts of the garden came into a recognizable relationship to one another. The wooden guard rails or hedges along the terraces were replaced by stone balustrades, which made the terrace structure more prominent.

The relatively large Schlosspark Casino on the most beautiful square on the main terrace was now perceived as a nuisance. The attempt to completely eliminate the restoration business, however, failed and led to violent hostility.

After the Second World War there were no more activities in the palace gardens. It was only when the economy began to recover that interest in the palace gardens increased again. The Schlosspark-Casino was hotly debated in the local press. The building could only be demolished when the garden restaurant was closed in 1971 due to unprofitability.

Bushel terrace

Scheffel Terrace, 2006
Former Scheffel memorial by Adolf Heer , 1891

A garden house was planned on the Great Scheffel Terrace opposite the palace complex, but this was not implemented. The terrace reinforcement in the form of a 20 meter high arch construction is striking. The garden on Friesenberg could be expanded with this system.

The Scheffel Terrace is named after a bronze statue of the poet Joseph Victor von Scheffel , which stood here from 1891 to 1942 and was melted down in 1942. A new bushel memorial stone was only unveiled on June 26, 1976. This stone is more modest than the earlier monument and shows a medallion with the portrait of Scheffel, which was taken as a cast from the Scheffel grave in Karlsruhe.

Scheffel wrote several poems about Heidelberg. One of them became popular as a student song in Anton Zimmermann's setting . Only the first stanza is quoted here:

Old Heidelberg, you fine,
You city rich in honor,
On the Neckar and the Rheine
No other is like you.

Scheffel was very well known in Heidelberg and there were images of him in many places. The Scheffel Monument has only been missing on the Scheffel Terrace since the First World War. Then some students decided to steal a bushel bust and put it on the bushel terrace. The following morning she was lying damaged on the floor. A student called a castle attendant and asked mischievously:

“ Tell me, good man, is that perhaps the famous dwarf Perkeo from Heidelberg Castle? "

The castle guide replied angrily:

" No, he is not. Awwer gsoffe hott der aach ...! "( No, he's not. But he also drank. )

At the far end of the Scheffel Terrace, where the balustrade bends to the right, was the redoubt . Here Salomon de Caus wanted to build a tower-like building with an open hall. From this location one would have had an impressive panoramic view of the castle, the city of Heidelberg and the Neckar valley. The foundations were still being worked on when work was stopped at the end of 1619.

Goethe-Marianne-Bank

Goethe-Marianne-Bank, 2006

At the beginning of 1922, the Goethe-Marianne-Bank made of shell limestone was placed on the eastern edge of the main terrace. The stone bench goes back to an appeal by Heidelberg professors in 1919 to commemorate the appearance of Goethe's West-Eastern Divan a hundred years earlier.

A hoopoe is depicted in the backrest , which was considered a messenger of love in the Orient. The top text on the bench reads:

" And once again Hatem feels the breath of spring and summer fire ".

This relates to Goethe's encounter with Marianne von Willemer . Goethe had the book "Suleika" of the West-Eastern Divan after an exchange of words Hatems and Suleika ordered. The two names stand for Goethe and Marianne von Willemer.

The text below is intended to clarify Marianne's feelings:

“ I find my beloved there where high walls glow. «

Floral ornaments with a symbolic character, the leaves of the ginkgo and the laurel plant , adorn the armrests.

A few meters from the stone bench is a two-meter high Goethe monument with a bronze head of the poet. It was unveiled on May 5, 1987, Europe Day . The following inscription is carved on the sandstone base:

“ There was a time when he came and went on the high arched terrace. "

This inscription is from a poem by Marianne von Willemer and refers to the high arches of the Scheffel Terrace with its 20 meter high arch construction.

Garden cabinets

Elliptical staircase

This part of the garden consists of three adjacent cabinets with a view of the garden. The so-called elliptical staircase leads to the garden cabinets, which gets its name from the fact that its steps result in two ellipses when viewed from above .

Third terrace (intermediate terrace, university terrace)

Economy on the intermediate terrace, 1830
Location: 3.5 meters higher than the main terrace

The intermediate terrace is to be regarded as a supplement to the main terrace, from which you can access the upper terrace. In 1852 it was given to the Botanical Institute of Heidelberg University for the cultivation of woody plants. But it was not until 1870 that efforts were made to raise evergreen plants. At that time, this terrace was also known as the University Terrace. But just a few years later, a new botanical garden was laid out on the current site of the former Ludolf Krehl Clinic (since 2009 Bergheim campus). The great distance made supervision and management difficult.

Some exotic trees can be seen on the intermediate terrace:

  • Medlar (Mespilus germanica): The cultivation took place because of the fruits, which are only edible after the frost and from which jam can be made.
  • Turner's oak (Quercus turneri " Pseudoturneri "): This type of oak was created in the 18th century in the English nursery Turner in Essex from a cross between the holm oak (Quercus ilex) and the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur).
  • Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica " Glauca "): In the Bible, the Lebanon cedars are mentioned for the construction of the temple in Jerusalem .
  • Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum): The sequoia only came to Europe in 1853, which was considered a sensation at the time.
  • Giant arborvitae (Thuja plicata): The giant arborvitae is fast-growing and deep green even in winter.
  • Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): The hemlock is a conifer with a broad crown that takes on the shape of a pyramid with age.

Fourth terrace (upper terrace)

Location: 2.5 meters higher than the intermediate terrace
Broderie parterre in the Hortus Palatinus by Salomon de Caus, 1620

So that the court could enjoy the splendor of the knot and broderie beds , Salomon de Caus had laid a narrow overview terrace around the L-shaped garden. From here you had a bird's eye view and could see far into the landscape, down into the Neckar valley and over to the castle. This terrace is only 8.5 meters wide and had a retaining wall on the mountain side in which various rooms such as the staircase, well room, gardener's house, gallery and large vault were housed.

There are no horticultural facilities on the upper terrace. Only along the wall were little trees planted. This terrace was intended as a viewing and promenade terrace. It should also serve as a playground for the Palamaill game and also be extended so that a view of the west side of the castle would have been possible.

  • Former gallery: The ruins of the former so-called gallery were uncovered and supplemented from 1912. Eleven columns carried an attic , in the square fields of which 10 deeds of Hercules were to be depicted as reliefs, because Frederick V identified himself with Hercules in the self-portrayal of his ruler.
  • Small grotto: The small grotto had a large niche in the back wall in which water flowed in fine jets over imaginatively designed stones.
  • Former Fürstenbad: There is nothing to be seen today of the bathing basins for the Prince. The small chamber in the back wall was used to store the fuel with which the room and the bath water were to be heated.
  • Former room for machines: In this room, water-powered machines in bellows were supposed to compress the air into wind pressure. An organ machine turned a cylinder by means of water power via the gear transmission and operated a keyboard. Because of the machine noise, only the machines (without whistles) should be housed in this room.
  • Former room for southern plants: This room was a kind of orangery, in which rosemary, bitter oranges and pomegranates were to be housed in winter. The pipes that were to be operated by the organ machine in the neighboring room were planned here.
  • Niche with a portal-like frame: A niche with a portal-like frame and a statue should form the end of the upper terrace. In the niche there was a well with the sea god Neptune. There was an inscription on the attic and above it the statue of the builder Friedrich. The place of the attic today is taken by the overpass of the Castle Wolfsbrunnenweg .

  • Two people playing the Pall Mall game, detail from an engraving by Matthäus Merian , 1620

  • Wind for the organ machine in the Hortus Palatinus, engraving by Salomon de Caus, 1620

  • Organ machine powered by water, engraving by Salomon de Caus, 1620

The Friesental

Friesental, copper engraving by Matthäus Merian , 1620

The Friesental was included in the overall system. The files noted in 1750 that the area of ​​the Friesental became the " Thier-Garthen ", where roe deer and deer graze. The slope to the castle was formerly called the " Cold Valley " because it was only warmed up a little by the sun.

On the opposite east side of the Friesental is the Carmelite Grove, in which only a few remains remind of the former monastery of the Carmelites , who built accommodation for studying confreres here at the Jakobskapelle donated by Elector Ruprecht I. In the Carmelite Church there was also a burial place of the Wittelsbacher . Because they were the direct ancestors of the Bavarian kings, the Wittelsbachers, when they resided in Munich, had the coffins transferred to Munich in 1805 and buried in the crypt of the Hofkirche Sankt Michael .

Inscription stone in front of the thick tower

Inscription stone in front of the thick tower

On the Friesenberg, on the east side of the castle, there was also the shooting range for the electoral artillery . Elector Karl often amused himself with shooting from the guns. An inscription stone from 1681, on the left in front of the Dicken Turm, refers to his special achievement, of which he was obviously very proud:

ANNO MDCLXXXI. ON THE XXII JANUARY OF SCHLOS ON DISEN ORT EVERYTHING HOPE HAPPENED AGAIN FROM PIECES CHURFURST CARL WITH KUGEL KUGEL

This inscription is intended to commemorate a shooting performance by Elector Karl on January 22, 1681, who allegedly let two guns (= pieces ) set up opposite each other fire bullets at the same time, which met in the air. This stone was later moved to the garden so that more people could take note of it.

Marie Baum

In Friesenberg 1, a former Carmelite monastery below the castle, the social politician Marie Baum , a close friend of the writer and poet Ricarda Huch , lived since 1928 . At times the two women lived together in Marie Baum's apartment in Heidelberg. The handwritten dedication by Ricarda Huch to her friend in the printed version of "Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation" refers to the place of origin:

“ Fruit ripened on the Friesenberg / thankfully looking for a beautiful home. "

Description of the Fries Valley

Friesental and Scheffel terrace

The former head of the Heidelberg City Archives, Günter Heinemann, describes the descent from the castle through the Friesental in his Heidelberg book:

“If you want to leave the castle garden on a direct and at the same time impressive path, it is best to choose the descent via the Friesental. It is a serpentine path that overcomes the considerable gradient in four large bends. "

- Günter Heinemann

Chronology of the Hortus Palatinus and further development

  • 1613: Salomon de Caus is hired by Friedrich V as an engineer and garden architect
  • 1614: Order for the Hortus Palatinus
  • 1618: The terracing work is so far completed that the court gardener Peter Leonhardt is commissioned to look after the garden
  • 1619: Work stopped at the end of the year, as Frederick V was elected King of Bohemia and moved to Prague
  • from 1622: Destruction by the Thirty Years War
  • from 1649: Partial restoration of the garden
  • 1689/1693: Destruction of the palace and garden by the Palatinate War of Succession
  • 1690–1617: Restoration of the garden by Elector Johann Wilhelm
  • 1719: Baroque redesign of the garden by Elector Karl Philipp , parts of de Caus' complex are included
  • around 1770: The palace garden was converted into a kitchen garden and a tree nursery
  • around 1805: Creation of a landscape garden by Johann Michael Zeyher , backfilling of the terrace area
    "The Schwetzingen garden inspector (from 1806 garden director) Johann Michael Zeyher (1770-1843) drafts the plans with Gatterer . Seed nurseries, tree nurseries, fruit plantations and sample fields for grains will be created on the raised terraces. - The castle garden is developing into a popular excursion destination. "
  • from 1923: Renovation of the terraces and ruins by Ludwig Schmieder
  • from 1971: partial reconstruction of the Mannerist gardens

  Source: 

Plans to restore the Hortus Palatinus

The SAP co- founder Klaus Tschira , who lived in his Villa Bosch with a park near the castle, funded a project for the three-dimensional digitization of the Hortus Palatinus based on the plans of Salomon de Caus with his own foundation . In 2003, the Kurpfälzisches Museum Heidelberg presented a section of this 3D visualization in the form of a film. The video showed a selection of the beds, wells, buildings, compartments (delimited planting areas) and simulated a “camera flight” over the historic garden.

The Hortus Palatinus Foundation was established in 2007 on the initiative of the former ProMarkt owner from Heidelberg, Hans-Joachim Wessendorf . Wessendorf succeeded u. a. Klaus Tschira, the MLP co- founder Manfred Lautenschläger and the physician and Springer Science publisher Dietrich Götze for his idea of ​​a revival of the Hortus Palatinus according to the specifications of Salomon de Caus, so that finally the foundation a sum of 10 million euros as a deposit could record. Together with the Ministry of Finance of the State of Baden-Württemberg, the foundation worked on a concept for the "redesign of the garden as well as the administration and [its] permanent [n] maintenance". During the preparations, the foundation was forced to hold its first press conference on September 12, 2007, at which it first made its plans public. The Karlsruhe daily BNN was anonymously leaked the foundation's cooperation with the Ministry of Finance, combined with the false report about a partial privatization of the castle, which caused a very negative sensation.

Provided at the end was not a complete, but a spatially only partial reconstruction ( "about 2 hectares ... of approximately 5 hectares") of the then Heidelberger Castle Gardens under elector Friedrich V . In addition, there were structural change requests in order to better meet the needs of the more than one million annual visitors to the palace: visitor center with restaurant and toilet, park benches with backrests. In addition, an elevator should lead up from the bus parking lot at Karlstor to the romantic part of the garden and relieve not only the visitors but also the residents of the castle from bus traffic. The eastern area including the Scheffel Terrace should remain untouched, for the western area only a few tree felling was planned for the former Hortus Palatinus. The foundation's sum was insufficient for further cost-intensive garden maintenance, which is why the foundation suggested an entry fee for part of the garden (single ticket: € 3, annual ticket: € 15).

At the end of October 2007 a counter-initiative was formed which did not tolerate any tree felling or entry fees in the palace gardens. Initially, the intention was to fell the trees in the romantic garden section, but the Hortus Palatinus Foundation quickly abandoned this. The citizens' initiative succeeded in turning the initially positive mood for a partial reconstruction into a negative attitude. It was not until the end of January 2008 that the preservation authorities issued a first official statement in a letter to the editor, which, with reference to the Charter of Florence, also rejected a Renaissance reconstruction, even on a reduced scale. The International Committee for Historical Gardens ( ICOMOS -IFLA) agreed in this charter in 1981 that when reconstruction measures “one particular era of the history of the complex must not be preferred at the expense of another” (Art. 16). Nevertheless, recommendations of this type of monument preservation have been undermined more and more since the original reconstruction of the Dresden Frauenkirche .

As a confirmation and justification, the Association of State Monument Preservators in the Federal Republic of Germany organized a symposium on April 17, 2008 at the University of Heidelberg in order to justify its position of critical reconstruction and to only implement a reconstruction for the palace garden in a limited, epoch-specific manner. A purely renaissance garden could create the undesirable possibility that the desire for a completely reconstructed castle would be awakened again. The Heidelberg Castle itself was the trigger for a long fundamental dispute in the German preservation of monuments around 1900, in which the camp of the reconstruction opponents was only gradually able to assert itself. Now the danger of a second “Heidelberg debate” threatened, which had already been promised by the then winner Georg Dehio .

One of the main arguments of the opponents of the reconstruction was that the Hortus Palatinus was only " rudimentary " and "never completed". But in 2008, while the decision-making phase was still in progress, an article by Wolfgang Metzger was published, which came to a different conclusion on the basis of previously unused sources. The sources showed that “the garden was in fact largely completed and during the 17th century it was an attractive complex that was well recognized by contemporaries. Even the ornate water features and automatons of the engineer and garden architect Salomon de Caus had in parts reached functionality ... "

The state monument conservationists stuck to their rejection and, after a competition in January 2009, commissioned the landscape architect Achim Henne with a critical reconstruction of the Heidelberg castle garden. The Hortus Palatinus Foundation then withdrew its offer, instead the donors supported Heidelberg's musical life. The order for the redesign has remained unfulfilled to this day (2019), but it is in force because structural renovations and conversions were initially given priority. For example, because of the numerous springs on the hillside of the castle, the "terrace walls" (retaining walls) have to be regularly renovated. Particularly noteworthy are the new visitor center (2010–11) and the new visitor bistro in the historic tack room (2014–17); Both natural stone buildings, the new construction and renovation of which Max Dudler designed and which received attention and praise in the architecture press. Likewise, the castle will continue to be renovated in small parts for around two to three million euros annually and will be increasingly supplemented. It is a quiet, pragmatic concession of monument preservation to tourism.

Exhibitions

Literature (selection)

- chronological -

Web links

Commons : Hortus Palatinus  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

Note: The article refers to the chapter Chronology of the Hortus Palatinus and further development on Gerhard Walther, Der Heidelberger Schlossgarten , Universitätsverlag Winter , Heidelberg 1990, ISBN 3-89426-011-4 .

  1. ↑ cf. Miracles and science. Salomon de Caus and automatism in gardens around 1600 , 2008, ISBN 978-3-89978-100-7 , p. 180ff., Beginning , (PDF; 6.8 MB).
  2. ↑ a b Gerhard Walther, Der Heidelberger Schlossgarten , ISBN 3-89426-011-4 .
  3. ↑ Bushel anecdotes. ( Memento of September 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: heidelberger-altstadt.de .
  4. ↑ Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences: Welcome to the Bergheim campus. In: Heidelberg University .
  5. ^ Günter Heinemann, Heidelberg , Prestel, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-7913-0622-7 .
  6. ↑ Timeline of Heidelberg history from 1800: June 12, 1804. In: Heidelberger Geschichtsverein .
  7. ↑ a b Simone Schmickl, Richard Leiner: Hortus Palatinus. Virtual reconstruction of the former Heidelberg castle garden. ( Memento of December 8, 2003 in the Internet Archive ). In: Heidelberg University  / European Media Laboratory ( Klaus Tschira Foundation ), 2003.
  8. ↑ a b c Bert-Olaf Rieck (rie): Rebirth of the “Palatinate Garden”? In: Stadtblatt , Official Gazette of the City of Heidelberg, September 19, 2007, No. 38.
  9. ↑ a b c List of the founders of the foundation: State of Baden-Württemberg and the Hortus Palatinus Foundation report on the status of planning for the Heidelberg Castle Garden. In: Ministry of Finance Baden-Württemberg , December 12, 2007.
  10. ↑ Spring for the blue flower. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 21, 2007, p. 36, article excerpt.
  11. ↑ Castle alarm in the Electoral Palatinate. In: FAZ , September 13, 2007: "" Entrepreneurs should have a say in Heidelberg Castle, "wrote a newspaper. Such a headline has a similar effect in - historically speaking - in the former Electoral Palatinate Heidelberg and today's Baden as the headline "Daimler sold to automotive suppliers from Mongolia" would have in Stuttgart. "
  12. ↑ a b New installation of the Hortus Palatinus as a restored Renaissance park. An enlightening, enlightening conversation with the initiator. In: Neue Rundschau , November 2007, Hans-Joachim Wessendorf in conversation with Jürgen Gottschling.
  13. ↑ October 28, 2007: Founding of the citizens' initiative “Save the romantic palace garden!” In: Timeline of Heidelberg history from 2000. In: Heidelberger Geschichtsverein .
  14. ↑ We say: ( Memento from April 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: Bürgerinitiative Romantischer Schloßgarten
  15. ↑ Letter to the editor from Dr. med. Dieter Jung, December 7, 2007, in: New installation of the Hortus Palatinus. In: Neue Rundschau , November 2007.
  16. ↑ Wessendorf: "The old tree population is preserved, after all, the protection of monuments - and we were happy to comply - demands that of course the romantic, landscaping elements of the garden that were created in later centuries are taken over." In: New installation of the Hortus Palatine. In: Neue Rundschau , November 2007.
  17. ↑ Helmuth Bischoff: Garden art: Renaissance or Romanticism - that is the question here. In: Ärzteblatt , January 2009: "Large parts of the Heidelberg professors, the Badische Heimatverein and the Akademie der Künste in Berlin [under the direction of Klaus Staeck ] agreed with the reservations."
  18. ^ Jan Gradel: Rejection of the Hortus Palatinus by the monument office. In: Stadtblatt , Official Gazette of the City of Heidelberg, February 6, 2008, No. 6, accessed on September 16, 2019.
  19. ↑ Prof. Dieter Planck , Head of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments: "The professional preservation of monuments, that is, the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments as well as the Department of Monument Preservation in the Karlsruhe Regional Council, cannot agree to a reconstruction as it has been presented so far for fundamental concerns." In: RNZ , January 31, 2008, quoted from Heidelberger Geschichtsverein : Zeittafel, January 2008 .
  20. ↑ Charter of Florence. Historic Gardens Charter (1981). In: Worksheets of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation , (PDF; 780 kB), accessed on September 16, 2019.
  21. ↑ Dankwart Guratzsch : Wonder of the World and Paradise. The renaissance garden at Heidelberg Castle is to be reconstructed. Not everyone is enthusiastic. In: Die Welt , March 23, 2008: “Even if Dehio prevailed at the time and not only brought down the reconstruction plans for the castle with his criticism, but also dictated the direction of monument protection in Germany for a whole century, his dogma was still valid Controversial at the beginning and was thwarted again and again. Since the reconstruction of the Frauenkirche in Dresden, it has been viewed as in need of review, and for many as no longer binding. "
  22. ↑ Spring for the blue flower. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 21, 2007, p. 36: “But what about Cologne Cathedral , for example , which, unlike Heidelberg Castle, was completed in 1880, more than six hundred years after construction began, on the basis of medieval construction plans? What would Cologne be today without its world-famous house of God? Hadn't the ruins long since become a landmark of a completely different era? ... It will be inseparable from an aesthetic tendency that can be seen everywhere as a reconstruction euphoria. ... Or cities like Hildesheim, Münster or Lübeck , whose landmarks were partially reconstructed after 1945? Braunschweig has restored the exterior of its city ​​palace , Berlin and Potsdam have set the course for similar solutions ... "
  23. ↑ Spring for the blue flower. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 21, 2007, p. 36: “But as Dehio predicted more than a hundred years ago, the people of Heidelberg are now leading a new debate on the castle. In agreement with politicians that this cash injection for the site in need of repair would be more than convenient, construction work could soon begin. Perhaps then, a hundred years after the settlement of the Dehio dispute, the construction of the castle ruins will even be discussed again. "
  24. ↑ Ira Mazzoni : The eighth wonder of the world. In: Die Zeit , December 6, 2007, No. 50: "It is to be feared that the garden will be redesigned piece by piece in the style of the late Renaissance [...] At the latest then it would be clear to everyone: Such a beautiful Renaissance garden also requires a" beautiful "renaissance castle as a reference setting."
  25. ↑ Association of State Monument Preservators in the Federal Republic of Germany (ed.): Still «... start a Heidelberg debate»? Reconstruction and garden monument maintenance. (Proceedings on the occasion of a symposium in Heidelberg on April 17, 2008.) Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-86568-450-9 , table of contents.
  26. ↑ Spring for the blue flower. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 21, 2007, p. 36: “One should, Dehio recommended on this occasion, guarantee the continuation of the building“ for fifty, let's say a hundred years, then we want to start a new Heidelberg debate ”. "
  27. ↑ Ira Mazzoni : The eighth wonder of the world. In: Die Zeit , December 6, 2007, No. 50.
  28. ↑ Wolfgang Metzger: "Water Art" and "Krottenwerk" - De Caus' Hortus Palatinus in the 17th century. In: Frieder Hepp, Richard Leiner, Rüdiger Mach, Marcus Popplow (eds.), Magische Maschinen. Salomon de Caus' inventions for the Heidelberg castle garden 1614–1619 , (=  Pollichia special publications , No. 12), Pollichia , Neustadt adW 2008, ISBN 978-3-925754-53-1 , pp. 65–74, doi : 10.11588 /artdok.00000563 .
  29. ↑ Martin Geiger: Land issues planning order for redesign of palace gardens. In: Mannheimer Morgen  / manfred-lautenschlaeger-stiftung.de , January 26, 2009, (PDF; 752 kB).
  30. ^ Johanna Eberhardt (joe): Donors abandon plans for gardens. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , January 30, 2009, beginning of article.
  31. ↑ Ingrid Thoms-Hoffmann: One step further to the “city of music”. One million euros for the new “Heidelberger Frühling” foundation. In: RNZ  / manfred-lautenschlaeger-stiftung.de , January 27, 2010, (PDF; 836 kB).
  32. ^ Projects: Schlosspark Hortus Palatinus Heidelberg. Overall concept for the reconstruction. Redesign. Total size: approx. 10 ha. In: armin-henne.de , accessed on September 16, 2019.
  33. ↑ Manfred Bechtel: The history of the Heidelberg water supply. For centuries, 50 springs at the Königstuhl ensured the supply. In: RNZ , May 23, 2017.
  34. ↑ Johanna Eberhardt (joe): The walls of Heidelberg Castle are shaking. Terraces and casemates begin to crumble - expensive renovation - historic garden is being renewed. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , March 25, 1998.
  35. ↑ Press release: Securing and renovating the terrace walls of Heidelberg Castle. In: Ministry of Finance and Economy Baden-Württemberg , August 25, 2016.
  36. ↑ Birgit Sommer: The visitor center is ready. "A highlight of international standing": The three million euro building at the castle was inaugurated on Thursday. In: RNZ , February 24, 2012.
  37. ↑ Ulrike Raab-Nicolai: Heidelberg Castle. The saddle room becomes a visitor bistro. In: State Gazette , April 28, 2017 No. 16, (PDF; 1.46 MB).
  38. ^ MS: Heidelberg Castle with a new visitor bistro by Max Dudler. After the new construction of the visitor center (2010–2011) between the tack room and the gardener's house, Max Dudler handed over the new visitor bistro in April 2017. In: Deutsche BauZeitschrift , January 22, 2018, with photo gallery.
  39. ↑ jb: Bistro in the tack room at Heidelberg Castle. Room-high acoustic wall made of cherry wood. In: BauNetzwissen.de , 2017, with photo series.
  40. ↑ Ingrid Thoms-Hoffmann: The Heidelberg Castle: Despite 1.2 million visitors there is a lot to do. In: RNZ , March 12, 2014.
  41. ↑ Ingrid Thoms-Hoffmann: Castle renovation: Now it's the turn of the tack room. The construction work on the castle does not end. In: RNZ , June 11, 2013.
  42. ↑ Arndt Krödel: The "castle dispute" moved an entire nation. In: RNZ , January 31, 2012: “Nevertheless, in the decades after 1921 there was a wave of roofs and extensions in other parts of the palace complex. And so the balance up to the 1970s was somewhat astounding, as the speaker said: At the location where it took place, the monument dispute had obviously not had any lasting effect because there was great local interest in promoting tourism ... "
  43. ↑ Exhibition: 'Magical Machines. Salomon de Caus' inventions for the Heidelberg Castle Gardens 1614–1619. In: Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg , accessed on September 17, 2019.
  44. ^ Exhibition program: Quarterly program July - September 2008. In: Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg .
  45. ^ Exhibition in: Johann Metzger. In: Heidelberger Geschichtsverein , accessed on September 17, 2019.
  46. ^ Exhibition volume : Miracles and Science , 2008, ISBN 978-3-89978-100-7 , beginning, (PDF; 6.8 MB).

Coordinates: 49 ° 24 ′ 39 ″  N , 8 ° 43 ′ 8 ″  E