Katharinenkirche (Frankfurt am Main)
The Katharinenkirche is the main Protestant church in Frankfurt am Main , in the middle of today's city center at the Hauptwache . The baroque building was erected between 1678 and 1681 and destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War. The reconstruction took place from 1950 to 1954.
The Katharinenkirche is one of the eight endowed churches that have been owned by the city of Frankfurt since 1802 and that the city is obliged to maintain on an ongoing basis.
history
middle Ages
In 1343, the Frankfurt patrician and cantor of St. Bartholomew's monastery, Wicker Frosch, was given a plot of land to build a hospital for the sick and poor. The property was in front of the Bockenheimer Tor on the Staufen wall , which at that time still separated the old town from the new town built a few years earlier (1333). In 1346 Wicker Frosch notarized a foundation that secured extensive property and income for the hospital. A monastery for noble virgins in honor of Saint Catherine was built next to the hospital in 1354 . The monastery and the hospital had two small chapels next to each other, of which the hospital chapel was dedicated to the Holy Cross and the monastery chapel to Saints Catherine and Barbara .
Reformation time
On March 9, 1522, the Luther student Hartmann Ibach gave the first Protestant sermon in Frankfurt at the invitation of councilor Hamman von Holzhausen in the monastery church of St. Katharinen , and Dietrich Sartorius preached in 1523/24 . The new doctrine quickly spread among the citizens. In 1526 the last nuns left the monastery. From 1533, after the city became Lutheran, the Protestant community used the church. In 1542 the council converted the monasteries of St. Katharinen and Weißfrauen into secular institutions for needy women of the Lutheran denomination. The St. Katharinen- und Weißfrauenstift , which emerged from it in 1877, still exists today .
In 1590 the council had the two small chapels rebuilt and merged into one church. Nevertheless, they soon became too small for the growing congregation, especially since attending church services at this time was one of the civil duties. In addition, their dilapidation became increasingly apparent. After a last service on January 21, 1678, the demolition of the old church began. City architect Melchior Heßler built a representative new building within just three years . The construction costs amounted to about 31,500 guilders (approximately one hundred times the annual salary of a senior civil servant). The new building was inaugurated by Pastor Johann Konrad Sondershausen on February 20, 1681. This was the first new church in Frankfurt since the Reformation. It soon developed into the second main Protestant church in Frankfurt, next to the Barefoot Church .
Modern times
In 1778 the interior of the Katharinenkirche was extensively renovated. After the demolition of the old Katharinenpforte and the Staufen wall at the end of the 18th century, the west facade was now also freely visible for the first time.
Another large-scale renovation began in 1869, primarily changing the exterior of the church. The baroque tower balustrade and the protruding cornice underneath were removed and replaced by a historicizing arched frieze with a neo-Gothic parapet. These measures met with some fierce criticism, especially because they also fell victim to the wrought-iron gargoyles previously on the four corners of the tower . During the founding period , a number of monumental buildings were built in the area, e.g. B. the main post office on the Zeil. Until then, the church had been the dominant building in the new town, but now it has gradually lost this position.
On March 22, 1944, it burned down completely after a devastating bomb attack . The baroque interior was lost, with the exception of the cycle of pictures that was stored in good time and some walled-in epitaphs , including that of Wicker Frosch. At 9.43 p.m. the hands of the tower clock stopped, the time of the bombing attack that destroyed the medieval old town of Frankfurt. The hands remained in this position for ten years.
The reconstruction took place from 1950 to 1954 by the architects Theo Kellner and Wilhelm Massing . The festive service for the inauguration took place on October 24, 1954. During the construction of the underground in the 1960s, the church was at times inaccessible. In 1978 the exterior was renovated and plastered. The interior renovation started in 2001 was completed in 2005.
architecture
Outside
The Katharinenkirche is a single-nave hall church made of plastered quarry stone . Various architectural elements are executed in the red Main sandstone typical of Frankfurt . Due to its location on the medieval Staufen wall, which still existed in the 17th century, east of the Kornmarkt and the Katharinenpforte, the church could not have a representative west facade , as would have been usual. Hessler therefore decided to make the northern long side the main front.
The shapes show an astonishing juxtaposition of two style epochs : While the portals and the Welsh dome of the tower are clearly baroque , the three-lane tracery of the windows and the stepless buttresses reflect the traditions of the Gothic .
The nave with the polygonal choir is 49 meters long and 10 meters high up to the eaves , the ridge of the double hipped roof is 20 meters high. The 54-meter-high tower rises north of the nave to the Hauptwache on a square floor plan of 9 by 9 meters. Until the construction of the Langer Franz town hall tower at the beginning of the 20th century, it was the second tallest structure in downtown Frankfurt after the tower of the Imperial Cathedral of St. Bartholomew .
Interior until it was destroyed in 1944
The splendid baroque interior design contrasted with the rather simple exterior appearance. The west, north and east sides of the interior ran around a two-story gallery , which largely covered the windows. That is why the impression of the room was largely determined by a closed cycle of images that were embedded in the gallery parapets. The 41 pictures in the lower gallery showed scenes from the Bible , one for each canonical book of the Old and some of the New Testament. The upper gallery received 42 images with biblical or allegorical motifs that matched the respective representations in the lower gallery.
While the altar stood as usual in the east of the nave, with the organ gallery above, the pulpit was located on the south wall of the church.
The wooden ceiling construction was reminiscent of a late Gothic ribbed vault . At first it carried a ceiling painting with biblical scenes, which, however, disappeared behind whitewashed mats during the renovation in 1778.
effect
The Katharinenkirche was the model for at least two successor buildings: the Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Speyer from 1701 to 1717 and the Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Worms (built 1709 to 1725). While the latter was destroyed in the Second World War, the earlier effect of the Katharinenkirche in Frankfurt can still be experienced today in the - albeit much smaller - Dreifaltigkeitskirche in Speyer.
Reconstruction and current condition
The reconstruction began Pentecost 1950 and was completed in October 1954th Outwardly, the church was almost restored to its old form. Only the quarry stone masonry remained unplastered until the renovation in 1978.
The concept of the interior, however, has long been debated. The wooden ceiling construction was restored (unlike, for example, during the reconstruction of the Liebfrauenkirche , which had to do without its Gothic vault). On the other hand, no one could decide to restore the baroque galleries. Instead, the church received a simple, one-story gallery in the west, to which the organ was also relocated. A conference room and a wedding hall were set up under the gallery. The west portal became the main entrance to the church, the north portal is now just a side entrance.
The walls were plastered white and the rest of the furnishings (altar, pews, lighting) were kept very simple. This is not just a result of the limited resources available. The simple, almost sparse aesthetic of the interior corresponds to the lifestyle of the 1950s. It also manifested itself in other reconstruction projects in Frankfurt.
The main adornment of the church are now the 17 stained glass windows created by the artist Charles Crodel . Also by Crodel are the wall painting behind the altar under the organ gallery and the painting of the prospectus of the choir organ.
It was considered several times to put the preserved and now restored pictures of the gallery cycle back into the church. In 1990 eight pictures were hung in the balustrade of the west gallery, including the depiction of Hosea's sermon on the right . In 2005, the entire gallery cycle was shown for the first time since the end of the war in an exhibition that took place on the occasion of Spener's 300th anniversary of death in the Francke Foundations in Halle an der Saale .
From October 10 to December 31, 2006, 22 gallery paintings were exhibited in the church, in addition to the eight paintings that are permanently hung here. Since today's architecture of the church does not offer an adequate opportunity for the simultaneous presentation of all 80 preserved pictures, the others can still only be shown in the context of special exhibitions.
From September to November 2011, the city of Frankfurt had the tower of the Katharinenkirche renovated. The tower hood received a new slate covering and plastering, the color of which is based on historical models. The 3.50 meter high cross on the tower has also been restored.
Venetians fountain
Behind the Katharinenkirche is the Venetian fountain. It is an ornamental fountain in the neo-renaissance style from around 1870. The water basin with the four lion heads has a diameter of 0.80 meters. The 1.20 meter high Jura marble fountain originally stood in a garden on Pfingstweidstrasse. After the renovation by Hugo and Rainer Uhl, it was installed behind the Katharinenkirche in 1981.
Furnishing
Organs
Main organ
In 1626 Lorenz Ettlin from Eßlingen built an organ for the St. Katharinen Church at that time. It was the largest instrument ever built in Frankfurt and was moved to the new building when the old church was demolished. In 1778 this organ was sold to Sulzbach for 225 guilders and installed in the local Protestant church with a different disposition. None of the original Ettlin registers have survived today.
The Ettlin organ was replaced by a work by master organ builders Johann Phillip and Johann Heinrich Stumm from Kastellaun . This organ had 41 registers , which were divided into three works. It was on the second gallery above the altar. The silent organ was a famous instrument that attracted great organists. The best known among them was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , who was in Frankfurt in 1790 on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II and gave several concerts in the Katharinenkirche.
After about 50 years the organ was worn out. Renovation was considered for a while, but the sound ideal had changed. In 1856 the Stumm organ was therefore replaced by a new building by the Walcker organ building company from Ludwigsburg . Eberhard Friedrich Walcker became famous in 1833 with the construction of the Paulskirchen organ, an instrument that was extraordinarily large for the time, and had introduced important innovations in organ building, e.g. B. the cone drawer . The new organ was placed behind the old prospectus of the Stumm organ and comprised (after an extension in 1887) 63 stops, including numerous aliquot parts.
As early as 1909 the Katharinenkirche received a new organ, this time from the Steinmeyer company from Oettingen . Again the old prospectus of the Stumm organ was preserved. The Steinmeyer organ had 54 stops with a pneumatic action and was destroyed with the church in 1944. Its sound was considered exemplary, but it lacked the so-called baroque registers - especially mixtures - in order to be able to interpret the baroque organ literature appropriately. The long-time organist Karl Breidenstein therefore suggested an expansion of the organ, which, however, no longer occurred due to the war.
During the reconstruction in 1954, the Walcker organ building company received the order for a new organ. A four-manual organ with 55 stops and a mechanical action was built, but a few decades later it no longer met the acoustic and aesthetic requirements. Their disposition corresponded to the ideals of organ movement and neglected the requirements of the romantic organ literature. In addition, the instrument was installed on a special console very high up in the church. Their sensitive tongue registers were often out of tune under the influence of the rising heating air.
At the end of the 1980s, the city therefore decided to commission a new building. The organ, completed in 1990, is the work of the Austrian company Rieger Orgelbau from Schwarzach (Vorarlberg) . It has 54 stops with mechanical performance and stop action and the following disposition:
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- Coupling : SW / P, HW / P, RP / P, SW / HW, RP / HW, SW / RP.
- Playing aids : 192 typesetting combinations , sequence switching
The disposition takes into account both the requirements of baroque and romantic organ literature. The Rieger organ stands on the gallery, its back positive is embedded in the gallery parapet and protrudes far into the church. As a result, its sound adapts to the room acoustics much better than its predecessor. The instrument is therefore one of the most popular and most played in Frankfurt today.
Secondary organs
Since 1955 there has been a small choir organ by the organ builder Walcker with seven registers on the north wall of the church . The instrument was rarely used because it was of poor musical quality. In the meantime it is no longer playable, but has an architectural value due to its free pipe prospect in the style of the reconstruction time of the 1950s. The organ case was painted by Charles Crodel , who also created the glass windows.
Bells
Instead of the bells that were lost in the Second World War , the Katharinenkirche received a new ring of four bells in 1954, which were cast in Sinn by the Rincker foundry . The bells are part of the Frankfurt city bell .
| No. | Surname |
Nominal (16th note) |
Weight (kg) |
Diameter (mm) |
inscription |
| 1 | Truth bell | h 0 -2 | 2964 | 1715 | He who is of the truth hears my voice ( Joh. 18, 57 ) |
| 2 | Catherine Bell | d 1 -1 | 2280 | 1520 | The name of the Lord is a solid lock; the righteous run and are protected ( Prov. 18,10 ) |
| 3 | Cross bell | e 1 ± 0 | 1575 | 1350 | I am the resurrection and the life (Joh. 11, 25) |
| 4th | Pelican bell | f sharp 1 -1 | 1124 | 1200 | Ex vulnere salus et vita ("From the wound salvation and life" - the pelican , who according to a legend nourishes the young with his blood, is an old symbol for Jesus Christ ) |
Stained glass
Originally the windows of the church were glazed in either white or yellowish tones. After the historicizing exterior renovation from 1869 to 1873, the four windows on the south wall were redesigned from 1873 to 1906 by the Frankfurt artists Eduard von Steinle and Alexander Linnemann . In the four depictions ( parable of the Good Samaritan , Crucifixion , Resurrection , Pentecost ) the figures came from Steinle. Linnemann created a fantastic scenery of renaissance-like triumphal arches. These windows were destroyed in 1944.
In the spring of 1953 a competition among eight well-known artists was announced as part of the reconstruction planning. The three choir windows were supposed to represent highlights of Christian salvation history , otherwise no program was given. The order was given to Charles Crodel , who not only supplied the designs, but also painted the windows himself together with his wife in the Mayer'schen Hofkunstanstalt in Munich .
The seventeen windows are uniformly 2.20 meters wide and between 7.40 and 10.15 meters high. They each consist of three lanes that converge at the top in a Gothic tracery. The tracks are interrupted by the tracery posts and are therefore very narrow. Crodel therefore designed a picture format in which the figure scenes are set in hexagonal medallions that extend horizontally over all three strips of a window and vertically over three glass fields. The three choir windows each have four of these medallions, the windows to the left and right of them two and the four windows of the south wall and the five windows of the north wall each one.
The tracery of these fourteen windows are painted with bright red and yellow fields in which angels praise and make music with various instruments. For this purpose, the Latin text of the 150th Psalm moves the church: LAUDATE DOMINUM / IN SONO TUBAE / LAUDATE EUM / IN PSALTERIO / ET CITHARA / LAUDATE EUM / IN TIMPANO / ET CHORO / LAUDATE EUM / CHORDIS / ET ORGANO BEN / LAUDATE EUM CIMBALIBUS / ET CIMBALIS JUBILATIONIBUS / OMNIS SPIRITUS LAUDET DOMINUM .
(Praise the LORD with trumpets, praise him with psalteries and harps; praise him with drums and dance, praise him with strings and pipes; praise him with bright cymbals, praise him with clinking cymbals; all that has breath, praise the LORD. - Psalm 150, verse 3 to 6, quoted from the current Luther translation)
The windows below contain the following scenes:
North side ( Old Testament ):
- Creation of Eve
- Fall of Man
- Expulsion from Paradise
- Work in the sweat of your brow
- Cain kills Abel
- Jacob's fight with the angel (below); Job (above); - This window also alludes to the destruction of the church in 1944. The clock face in the window shows the time the tower clock of the burning church stopped.
Choir window (east):
- Left: Annunciation of Mary ; Birth of Jesus ; Flight to Egypt; the twelve year old Jesus in the temple
- Right: baptism of Jesus ; Sea sermon; Healing of the blind and paralyzed; Raising Lazarus from the dead
- Middle: Passion , death and resurrection of Jesus
South side ( New Testament ):
- Parable of the mustard seed ( Mt 13.31-32 EU ; Mk 4.30-32 EU )
- Parable of the rich man and poor Lazarus
- Parable of the wise and foolish virgins
- Parable of the Good Shepherd
- Denial of Peter (below); Conversion of Saul (above)
The three windows on the west side can only be seen properly from the organ gallery because they are partially covered by the Rieger organ from 1990. They are deliberately designed to be simpler: the small sitting or standing figures, entitled We are the hearing , represent different types of hearing.
Wall painting
In the so-called wedding hall next to the western entrance hall there are smaller wall paintings by Charles Crodel , including a wedding altar hidden behind wall paneling.
Church life
The church is used by the Evangelical Lutheran St. Katharinengemeinde and is the seat of a parish office for city church work. The church is open Monday to Saturday from 12 noon to 6 p.m. Services are on Sundays at 10 a.m. A midday prayer takes place Monday to Friday at 12.30. At each First Advent of opened Church President of the Evangelical Church in Hessen and Nassau in the St. Catherine Church year .
City Church
Due to its location at the Hauptwache in the center of the city, the Katharinengemeinde has tasks that go beyond the usual community work. Since only a few people live in the actual catchment area in the city of Frankfurt, the activity is more geared towards the metropolitan "walk-in customers" ( City Church ). Help for the homeless and poor has been a special focus of community work since 1986. The work with the homeless is financed by donations and charitable foundations and supported by volunteers.
Located right at the beginning of the Zeil , the largest shopping street in Frankfurt , the church forms an oasis of calm in the hectic city life. Both visitors to the Zeil and employees in the nearby banking district use the church during shopping breaks or on their way to the subway to pause for a few minutes.
Organists and church musicians at St. Katharinen
In 1625 , Laurentius Erhardi (1598–1669) , who came from Hagenau , was appointed the first director of music at the Katharinenkirche, which then received its first organ. Erhardi was also the cantor of the municipal grammar school , whose choir had to initiate and accompany the parish singing at St. Katharinen. At that time there was already a small instrumental band of four musicians.
Georg Philipp Telemann was the city music director in Frankfurt am Main from 1712 to 1721. During this time he also worked on St. Katharinen. It was not until this time that it became customary in Frankfurt - as the chronicler Achilles Augustus von Lersner reports - to have the congregation singing accompanied by the organ. In 1718 Telemann appointed the young composer and cantor Johann Balthasar König as Kapellmeister at St. Katharinen. The two were linked by a friendship that lasted even after Telemann went to Hamburg in 1721 . König stayed at St. Katharinen and became the city's music director in 1727, an office which he held until his death in 1758. His successor was Johann Andreas Bismann.
At that time it was common for the Kapellmeister to work as a music teacher in the wealthy houses of Frankfurt, including in the Goethe house, as can be read in the first part of Poetry and Truth . Bismann led the church music at the Katharinenkirche until he retired in 1797 at the age of 82. Nikolaus Woralek was his successor as the last church musician with a salary in the city. When he died in 1825, church music had long since ceased to play a role in urban musical life. With the endowment contract of 1830, the municipal tax authorities withdrew from financing church music.
Private initiative took its place: in 1835 the first church choral society was founded , which gave regular concerts in various churches and halls in Frankfurt. Church music from the middle of the 19th century initially no longer played a major role in church services; instead, church music concerts were held regularly. For a long time there was no cantor at the Katharinenkirche, only an organist. Karl Breidenstein held this office from 1897 until the destruction in 1944 .
After the reconstruction, the choir was revitalized. In 1954 Ingrid Stieber (1918–2005) was appointed organist. In 1956 she founded the St. Katharinen Choir and developed it into a choir that attracted attention through concert tours and radio recordings. Her successor in 1983 was Martin Lücker , who from 1998 to 2016 held a chair for methodology and didactics on the organ at the Frankfurt University of Music and Performing Arts and made a number of recordings, especially the work of Johann Sebastian Bach . Shortly after taking office in 1983, he began the concert cycle of 30 minutes of organ music , which was scheduled for two weekly appointments and has never been interrupted since then , the 3,000th concert of which took place on July 3, 2014.
Lücker remained organist at the Katharinenkirche even after taking over his professorship. Michael Graf Münster took over the management of the choir in 1998 , who was regional church music director of the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau until the end of 2010 .
In May 2004 the Bach Vespers started , a nationwide unique series of discussion concerts followed by a church service on Saturday evening at 5.30 p.m. Ten times a year, a Bach cantata is presented in a discussion concert and then performed in the service. The Bach Vespers are a joint project of the St. Katharinen Kantorei and the Schiersteiner Kantorei in Wiesbaden , where the Bach Vespers take place on the following Sunday afternoon, either in the Marktkirche or in the Christophoruskirche in Wiesbaden-Schierstein . On March 4, 2017, the 125th Bach Vespers took place in the Katharinenkirche.
Worth mentioning
Philipp Jacob Spener was a senior in the Protestant Ministry of Preachers from 1666 to 1686. He essentially determined the concept for the new church building and the theological program of the cycle of images. In one of the surviving pictures he is portrayed in the form of the prophet Hosea .
The Goethe family owned two pews in the Katharinenkirche. In August 1748 Johann Caspar Goethe and Catharina Elisabeth Textor were married by Johann Philipp Fresenius , the senior of the Evangelical Ministry of Preachers, in the Katharinenkirche. Her son Johann Wolfgang Goethe was baptized privately by Fresenius on August 29, 1749 - whether in the Katharinenkirche or in the apartment on the Großer Hirschgraben is not certain. The pastor of the Katharinenkirche at that time, Johann Jakob Starck , was married to Maria Anna Textor, a sister of Catharina Elisabeth Goethe.
As a colleague of the tenorist Johann Andreas Bismann, the violinist (since 1757 first violinist) Johann Daniel Müller (* 1716; † not before 1786) made music with the Frankfurt chapel in the Katharinenkirche. The musician, who was married to a relative of Goethe's mother, must have become known to the young Goethe through his radical pietistic literature; in the library of Goethe's father there was Müller's book Elias with Mahomed's Alcoran (1772).
Anton Kirchner , the important Frankfurt historian and school reformer, was pastor at the Katharinenkirche from 1823 to 1833, Gerhard Friederich from 1833 to 1858.
literature
- Friedrich Bothe : History of the city of Frankfurt am Main . Verlag Wolfgang Weidlich, Frankfurt 1977. ISBN 3-8035-8920-7
- Carl Wolff, Rudolf Jung : The architectural monuments in Frankfurt am Main. First volume. Church buildings , self-published / Völcker 1896, pp. 228–261 ( digitized version )
- Konrad Bund (ed.): Frankfurter Glockenbuch . Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt 1986. ISBN 3-7829-0211-0
- Kantorei St. Katharinen (Ed.): 1956–2006. 50 years of the St. Katharinen Choir . Festschrift, Frankfurt am Main, 2006
- Frankfurt Historical Commission (ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (= Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 .
- Bernhard Müller: Picture atlas on the history of the city of Frankfurt am Main . Moritz Diesterweg publishing house, Frankfurt 1916.
- Joachim Proescholdt: Your heaven is like a carpet - glass paintings by Charles Crodel in Frankfurt am Main . Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt 1988. ISBN 3-7829-0362-5 .
- Joachim Proescholdt (Ed.): St. Katharinen zu Frankfurt am Main . Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1981. ISBN 3-7829-0240-8 .
- Joachim Proescholdt: Gallery painting from St. Katharinen. A Frankfurt gem . In: Evelyn Brockhoff (Ed.), Studies on Frankfurt History Volume 56 , Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-7829-0569-5 .
- Hans-Otto Schembs : Frankfurt - Panoramic view of the Katharinenkirche 1810 and 1996 (photo folder in a wooden slipcase). Kulturverein Stadtpanorama, Frankfurt am Main 2000. ISBN 3-9500988-5-2 .
- Doris Schmidt: Glass paintings by Carl Crodel in the Frankfurt Katharinenkirche . Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1956.
- Wolf-Christian Setzepfandt : Architecture Guide Frankfurt am Main / Architectural Guide . 3. Edition. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-496-01236-6 , p. 12 (German, English).
Web links
- Website of the Katharinengemeinde
- The Katharinenkirche. altfrankfurt.com
- Music in St. Katharinen
- Panorama at the Hauptwache (interactive 360-degree panorama - also in large image formats)
- Architecture of the reconstruction at the Hauptwache ( Memento from June 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- Martin Lücker at the organ
swell
- ↑ Tower renovation of the Katharinenkirche is in the final phase at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main, press release of the city of Frankfurt from November 10, 2011
- ↑ Hans Lohne: With open eyes through Frankfurt; Handbook of the Frankfurt fountains, monuments and art in architecture, second edition 1982, ISBN 3-7829-0014-6 , pages 67–68
- ^ Charles Crodel (1894–1973): Catalog raisonné of building-related works ( Memento of March 5, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ [1] Festschrift for the 3000th concert
Imperial Cathedral of St. Bartholomew | Old Nikolaikirche | Leonhardskirche | Carmelite Monastery | Paulskirche | Dominican monastery | Church of Our Lady | Katharinenkirche | Peterskirche | Dreikönigskirche | Teutonic Order Church
Former churches: All Saints Chapel | Antoniterkirche | Barefoot Church | German Reformed Church | French Reformed Church | Holy Spirit Church | Johanniterkirche | Weißfrauenkirche
Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 48 " N , 8 ° 40 ′ 47" E
