Cunning spider
| Cunning spider | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg)
List spider ( Pisaura mirabilis ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pisaura mirabilis | ||||||||||||
| ( Clerck , 1757) |
The list spider ( Pisaura mirabilis ), also called the predatory spider or bride gift spider , belongs to the family of hunting spiders (Pisauridae) and to the superfamily of the Lycosoidea . The ruse spider is widespread across Europe . In 2002 she was voted Spider of the Year by the Arachnological Society .
Appearance
A noticeable feature of the cunning spider are the long legs, the fourth of which is the longest ( leg formula 4-2-1-3, in order of size), and the slender abdomen. Males are 10 to 13 mm long, females are 12 to 15 mm long. After moulting, males weigh an average of 54 mg, females 68 mg.
The front body ( prosoma ) has a very variable basic color, ranging from light brown to mostly reddish brown and gray to black. In the middle it has a light, clearly separated longitudinal line. The back of the body ( opisthosoma ) is long and narrow, tapering towards the back and provided with a wide, dark-edged zigzag band on the back.
In the middle of the underside of the abdomen, the females have a noticeably dark area ( epigyne ) with the two mating openings due to the stronger sclerotization of the inner and outer structures . In the males, the sexual opening in the same place is inconspicuous. In the cunning spider, the drawing patterns and colors of the abdomen ( color polymorphism ) vary , as already described by Hahn (1827, 1834), Bösenberg (1903) and Le Pape (1972). This pattern, which is caused by both hair and skin pigments, changes with growth (ontogenesis). Pénicaud (1979) found five types in the Breton population near Rennes. The most common was type 3, followed by 2, 5 (mostly females) and 1 (mostly males): type 1 (pink and black), type 2 (yellow band), type 3 (pale zigzag pattern), type 4 (two clips) and Type 5 (six spots).
Males are more contrasting in color than females and appear black, especially in contrast to the white bride present. Females often turn paler towards the end of summer. The longitudinal stripes on the front body and abdomen are available in all color variations. It is seen as a cryptic coloring and also as a protective adaptation to optically hunting enemies.
The jaws ( pedipalps ), i.e. the second pair of limbs, are leg-like in nymphs and females, and thickened on the foot in males ( globe ). At the end of the thickening there is the penetrator ( embolus ), which stores the sperm after it has been absorbed by the sperm network until mating. There are only three teeth on the outer basal chelicerene .
distribution and habitat
The ruse spider is widespread across Europe . According to Blandin (1976) it is also found in the Canary Islands and Madeira , in the Asian part of Russia , in China and all of North Africa . While Roewer (1954) describes its occurrence for the entire Palearctic , the list spider, according to Pénicaud (1979), only occupies the western part of the Palearctic distribution area of the genus Pisaura . Since Brignoli (1984) described the variations in females, the distribution of Pisaura mirabilis outside of Europe has been highly controversial.
The Listspinne settled almost all habitats , but prefers moist habitats such as wet meadows , fens , marshes , dunes areas , forest edges and moist hedges ( Knicks ). It occurs in all layers of height ( strata ) from the ground to the treetops. It is only missing under stones and in caves. The list spider is native at altitudes of up to 1500 m .
Way of life
The cunning spider has its breeding season in spring and summer. As a rule, eggs are laid and cocoons are made during this time. The young hibernate. The cunning spider catches prey day and night. On warm days it is also active in winter.
development
female with egg sac (A),
eye position from the front (B),
pedipalpus of a mature male (C)
The cunning spider develops from a fertilized egg inside the cocoon into an embryo . After the embryo has been rolled over , the so-called prelarve 1 emerges . This sheds its skin almost simultaneously with the exiting of the egg shell to form the prelarve. 2. In this first stage, the young cunning spider is still hairless, clawless, without functioning sensory organs and immobile.
After a few hours, the molt into the larva takes place. This is colorless, but mobile and can already perceive sensory stimuli from the environment. It has no eyes and its chelicerae have only a short, sharp point. She also has some whiskers on her feet.
.jpg)
Depending on the temperature, it sheds its skin to the first fully developed stage, called nymph 1 or stage 1, after 4.5 to 7.5 days . It leaves the cocoon after the mother has opened it and initially lives in the nursery network that the female made from the bell fabric. There she does not yet eat solid food, but feeds on her yolk reserves. She also drinks water droplets. After about a week, the nymph begins to abseil into an independent life in its first own net. The transition usually takes place in the sixth or seventh stage. Now it can already overwhelm fruit flies . Cannibalism does not occur in the first few days. During its nymphonal-imaginal period, the cunning spider goes through a maximum of twelve stages. Males become sexually mature at the ninth to eleventh stage, females at the tenth to twelfth stage. Cool weather delays development. All stages produce a safety thread that they use to abseil in case of danger.
From the stage of the prelarve to the last moult (adult moult), the average lifespan is 257 days for a male (stage 10) and 289 days for a female (stage 11). Adult age is the period from the last moult to death. Females get significantly older than males. The record for females is 247 days and for males 186.5 days.
Depending on the area of distribution, the list spider hibernates as a nymph once or twice. It spends its winter dormancy period (diapause) close to the ground in the vegetation under leaves, mosses and stones. It also survives winter in garages and houses. In southern France, individual specimens overwinter under the loose bark of plane trees . There the nymphs of stages 6-8, mostly 7, go into hibernation in November and resume their development at the end of February / beginning of March.
In Western and Central Europe, the cunning spider reaches sexual maturity in May, so that sperm intake , bride gift making , female search, first sexual arousal, courtship and mating then take place. In northern and eastern Europe, sexually mature list spiders do not appear until June, while in southern Europe they reach sexual maturity as early as April.
In southern Europe the list spider has an annual cycle of one year. It grows up in summer, takes a break with moulting in winter, grows up in spring, reproduces and dies in autumn at the latest. Your offspring will be sexually mature next spring. In the northern range, development takes two years, as the nymphs have to overwinter twice before they are sexually mature. In Central and Western Europe there is a mixed form of one and two year development. The males have two months to reproduce, the females three and a half months.
Predators, parasites and pathogens
The ruse spider has numerous predators. These include wasps , tree frogs , lizards and songbirds during the day and toads , shrews and bats at night. But other species of spiders are also dangerous. In southern Europe there are other enemies such as praying mantises. Occasionally the cunning spider is also preyed on by crab spiders . There is also cannibalism.
The cunning spider is also often a victim of parasites and parasitoids . These are especially nematodes , grave wasps , parasitic wasps , wasps and spiders fly . Also wood wasps , mosquitoes and other flies from other families as well as mites parasitize this spider. The parasites attack both the animals themselves and the eggs in the cocoons. The latter can lead to the complete destruction of a clutch.
The cunning spider is attacked by both baculoviruses and rickettsiae . Both of them most likely enter the intestinal system via insect prey . Not only nymphs and adults can be infected, but also the stages in the cocoon. Fungal infections are not yet known in the list spider.
behavior
The cunning spider inhabits a web in its youth and later spins various webs itself. Males make sperm nets , females make egg cocoons as well as bell webs and nursery nets. Both males and nymphs and females spin around their prey.
Network construction
The cunning spider builds its web in the herb layer and attaches it to grasses and herbaceous plants . The position of the center of the web and thus of the spider in the lower angle is characteristic. It sits upside down, protected and covered by parts of the plant upwards and to one side.
Typical of the cunning spider's web is a central ellipsoidal space (oval) surrounded by a network of threads , which it rarely leaves and in which it lurks for prey . The oval measures one and a half to two times the length of the body in the longitudinal axis, and one and a half to one and a half times the length of the spider in width and height. Crossing tension threads run from the oval edge into the surroundings, which keep the central oval space constant even when the surrounding blades of grass, leaves or twigs move. In this area of the mesh you will find threads that resemble a string of pearls. On both sides of the oval opening, threads form a funnel-shaped structure. A part of this net area (waiting area) gives the spider support and can also be found in adult animals. The shape and extent of the network vary considerably depending on the environment, but the three main elements, oval, funnel-shaped footrest and fan-shaped area are always present.
Living and hunting net
The cunning spider sits upside down in the characteristic lurking position in the oval network with its belly facing the plant stem. She has attached a security thread in the upper area of the oval and is stretching her legs out of the oval openings on both sides. The palps touch the edge of the oval so that it is always ready to jump right or left out of the oval openings to catch prey or to flee.
Even nymphs are capable of building nets, but only build their own living nets after they have left the nursery, about a week after they hatch. After two weeks at the latest, all the boys will have built their first own network. Most of the time they stay in their oval, but leave it for a short time to give up faeces and moult.
In the event of slight disturbances in the network environment, they suddenly assume the immobile posture: both front pairs of legs rigidly stretched forward. With somewhat stronger disturbances, they leave their network oval, but remain in the area. Only massive disturbances trigger a rapid escape into the depths of the vegetation. After a few minutes, the nymph returns to her oval hanging on the safety thread or on foot. The spiders usually jump out to catch prey, but immediately return to the oval with the prey.
If the web is destroyed, the cunning spider usually builds a new one in the open field within 24 hours, often in the same place. Up to the sixth stage, a lost network is replaced by a new one. Sexually mature spiders never have complete webs, only fragments.
Hunting behavior
The ruse spider hunts from spring to autumn. During the winter, it only catches prey when there is a drop in heat. This consists mainly of insects , primarily flies and mosquitoes , but also cicadas and grasshoppers , followed by harvestmen and spiders . Cannibalism occurs in nymphs and females.
As soon as the nymph has built her first living net, she lurks head down for prey in her oval. It reacts both to prey animals that touch the net or climb on plants in the immediate vicinity, as well as to flies passing by. In the event of short or weak stimuli, she takes the stand-by position by spreading the first pairs of legs without moving from the spot. Most of the time, however, it quickly runs out of its oval net, clasps the prey in a basket made of all legs (spinning time: 0.1 seconds) and carries it back in the chelicerae into its oval, where it eats it upside down. Older stadiums act in the same way, but they also back transport large prey and consume it upside down below the oval if it doesn't fit. Smaller prey animals are simply caught with the chelicerae. If the first attempt at catch fails, the cunning spider pursues its prey. The essential phases of catching prey are lurking, jumping, clasping, biting, opening the basket, lifting up, turning in the head down position, attaching the securing thread to the ground, eating and dropping the remains of the prey.
When caught, the cunning spider bites the prey with the chelicerae after clinging to the basket and injects its venom. After a few seconds or minutes, the prey is dead. In the third stage, several flies can even be hunted in quick succession. The cunning spider chews its prey with the chelicerae, releasing the digestive secretions on the prey and sucking in the dissolved components through the narrow mouth opening. As a rule, the cunning spider does not catch any prey half a day before molting and half a day after. It hunts prey up to half a day before the rigor mortis that is common for spiders.
For storage, they spin the prey or the remains of large prey and transport them to the chelicerae until they are attached to grass or leaves. The spinning prevents the loss of food that cannot be eaten immediately and is used for storage purposes. In the short term, it enables cleaning, water intake and the capture of more prey without losing the first prey.
Social behavior
The cunning spider spends most of its time in its web oval and almost always sits upside down in the grass or on branches of low bushes to save energy and lie in wait for prey. Sometimes she sunbathes horizontally with folded front legs (1-2 or 1-3) on flowers and leaves and occasionally changes her position. In the event of a malfunction, it quickly disappears onto the underside of the leaves or into the ground. All this also applies to males during the day, but they look for females primarily at night. Females with cocoons are also active in order to find a sunny spot for their network of nurseries.
The nymphs living in a net and the still sedentary females fight for the best prey catching places in their habitat . Large females conquer the cheapest places. Later they also take the most suitable places for their bell tissue and inhabit them in high density. They are courted by large males. Smaller females are either the prey of larger conspecifics or pushed into less favorable areas. Here it is mainly smaller males who advertise for them.
Reproduction
The cunning spider shows a sophisticated courtship behavior. The male catches an insect and spins it into a package that is offered to the female ready to mate. The female decides whether to accept the package and starts to feed on it immediately after accepting it. It is not known how much food the female cunning spiders receive from the males, because they mate more often; the number of gifts presented and the number of males involved is unknown.
Bridal gift
With rare exceptions, all cunning spider males make bridal gifts. They make them for the first time on the sixth day after the adult moult. Compared to nymphs and females, they spin their prey more often and more intensively.
Males keep their bridal presents for a few days and attach them to the ground on the way to clean palps, legs and chelicerae. After that, or when worried, they seize their gift of chelicerae and continue their search for females. If they don't meet a female, they will eat it themselves and eventually drop it. Males also take gifts from each other and spin several packages together into one larger one. If necessary, non-edible substitute objects are offered and accepted. The often read explanation that the male is protected from the voracious female by the bride's gift is wrong. In extremely rare cases a male is captured by a female, but then no bride gift is of any use.
In the first phase of the production of the bride's present, a male's abdomen ends at a great distance from the prey, which is still held in chelicerae from the catch and initially rotates with it. The emerging threads are regularly pinned to the substrate. As a result, threads lay over the prey and attach them to the ground. The male prevents these from moving with the chelicerae. Finally they solve this, but continue to describe a wide circle with the end of the abdomen. The spinning process can end here, but phases two and three usually follow, which are particularly pronounced in males. In the second phase, the male no longer holds the prey with the chelicerae, but lets the palps touch the prey from time to time. During the continued circling, the spinnerets now move in tighter radii around their prey, which they spin over and around. In the third phase, the male stands upside down or upside down, while the end of the abdomen moves over and around the prey fixed on the ground. When the male is finished, he sits next to or above the bride's present, which is still tied with a wide silk ribbon.
Before a male goes looking for a female, it fills its probe ends with semen . To do this, by spinning and dabbing the abdomen with the spinnerets, it creates a sperm network that is either horizontally, vertically or at an inclined angle. In between, it interrupts these actions for breaks, palp cleaning , biting into the web and touching the fabric with the palp. When the male has completed the net, it releases a milky sperm drop from the genital opening on the upper edge of the net, which is located in front on the underside of the abdomen, and takes it alternately into both bulbs of the pedipalps .
Courtship
Once a male has found a female with a bride present, it usually takes what is known as the offering attitude. The front body is raised far from the ground, the palps and the first pair of legs are stretched to the side. Now the female either reacts to this presentation in such a way that she remains seated upside down, or she holds the first pair of legs up and stretched forward. As a result, she constantly receives information about the activities and whereabouts of the male via the trichobothria located there . They usually offer their bridal gift calmly. If the female does not react to the male for a long time, it will run a few steps to the side and rewire its bride present.
After a while, the female releases her immobility and uses the first two pairs of legs to feel her way towards the male waiting below. After he has made leg contact with the male, she finds the bride's present by feeling his front pair of legs, which are stretched far to the side, and moves herself to the center. Sometimes it comes in direct contact with the bride gift. The palps of the female move up and down as they feel about it and finally touch the bride's present stretched out forwards, which the chelicerae immediately access. An average of 35 seconds pass from the first tactile movements of the female to the reception of the bride's gift. However, there is also a quick assumption in which the female, like catching prey, jumps on the male and bites the fly it has just captured. Disinterested females run away at some point and clean themselves, which the male who remains in his position often does not even notice.
pairing
During the first phase of mating, the male and female hold the bride present in the chelicerae, with the female in the typical head-down position and the male standing upside down. If the takeover took place in a different position, the female turns into this position and the male inevitably turns with it. Now it starts to eat while the male holds his palps forward.
An average of 30 seconds after receiving the bride's gift, the male begins to jerk violently up to eight times in the second phase. The female connected by the bride's gift is shaken vigorously and lifts some legs off the ground. Sometimes females let go of the bride's present and separate from the male. While he is still jerking, the male bends his abdomen towards the bride present, loosens his chelicerae and attaches a security thread to the bride present. Then it places its third pair of legs on both sides of the bride's present. Now it climbs up either on the right or on the left of the bride present and the female and thus reaches its underside. The male goes under the female to mate her first with one, then with the other pedipalpe . After looking for the sexual opening with the pedipalpe lying on the female side, the tip of the unused palpus lies on the bride's present. On the pedipalps are the bulbi, in which the male keeps his sperm for mating. The insertion can succeed immediately or only after more or less long moving back and forth. A male needs an average of 17 seconds from letting go of the bride's gift to insertion. Insertions can only last a second, but they can also be 58 minutes. Usually the duration is a few minutes. If the male does not succeed in introducing the button, he returns to the bride present and bites into it (fourth phase). Some time later it tries again with a jerk.
In the third phase, males and females sit quietly. They support each other with one to five legs (mostly m2-w1 and m1-w3). An embolus of the male is inserted into one of the two epigyne openings while the female is eating the bride's present. The same turns black at the feeding point, as gaps in the web of digestive secretions and dissolved prey components are blocked. After a certain time, the female turns the bride's present with her palms to change the feeding point.
The separation of the couple is usually initiated by the female. It runs away quickly or makes quick jerky movements to the side. Often the male is below the female during this time, so that it loses contact and falls to the ground. But the female can also spin a basket around the bride's gift with a larger number of legs and thus conquer it. Here, however, the male can also react with synchronous formation of a collecting basket, so that both lose their grip and fall to the ground, where they then separate. In these cases, an advertising male often quickly seizes the bride's present and is simply carried away by the running away female in order to attempt further successful insertions at the feeding site of the female.
Especially with small gifts, the female may attempt to bite the male's legs and body, which then triggers the separation. Sometimes the male induces the separation by wresting the bride present from the female's chelicerae. It can also leave the bride present to the female.
At the end of the mating, the bride present in most cases remains with the female, who after a short walk consumes it upside down in a few hours, with the exception of inedible leftovers. If the male succeeds in conquering the bride's present, it spins it to the ground and first cleans the legs and palps. The male then either consumes the gift himself or offers it to a female again after re-spinning. But it can also be enlarged with new prey.
Brood care
The female makes the cocoon for the eggs at night, but mostly in the early morning hours.
it first spins some hanging threads. Then she makes the basal plate with a diameter of around five millimeters while it rotates faster and faster with her body. Continuing these rotations, the female sheds thick threads along the edge of the basal plate, creating a marginal wall. The pedipalps remain in constant contact with the side opposite the spinnerets. Thus, the size of the female determines the size of the cocoon.
One hour after making the cocoon, the female remains motionless and presses the genital area firmly against the egg chamber by bending her legs. This causes a brown egg mass to emerge, which is two to four millimeters in diameter, depending on the number of eggs. Now the female closes the cocoon opening by quickly spinning threads all over it, then releasing whole packages of silk again. A few minutes later it tears the cocoon from the base, cutting the threads with the chelicerae. By rotating the cocoon between the pedipalps and the third pair of legs, the female covers it with white silk. Finally, it takes the egg cocoon into the chelicerae and transports it under the front body in the manner characteristic of the Pisauridae (in contrast to the wolf spiders , in which the females carry the cocoon attached to the spinnerets). As a rule, the female does not lay the egg cocoon until the bell tissue has been built, but occasionally it catches and consumes prey.
The first oviposition occurs between the 13th and 91st day after adult moult. The fertilized eggs measure almost a millimeter in diameter and are light, spherical and soft. Undeveloped eggs are dark brown, shriveled, and hard. Two to three days before the hatchlings towards the end of the night, a bell fabric is woven between the plant stems. This web, open at the bottom, usually five centimeters high, three centimeters wide and the densest spun on the roof, is attached at a maximum height of one meter. During spinning, the female attaches the egg cocoon to a pad and takes it from time to time into the chelicerae. Finally, the cocoon is hung in the bell fabric. The hatched young are guarded by the mother and, above all, defended from other spiders.
So that the offspring can leave the cocoon in the first stage, the female converts the bell tissue into a nursery in the early morning hours. To do this, it first attaches the now greatly expanded cocoon to the roof of the web. Then it tears it open almost completely with the chelicerae and pulls threads from the bell tissue into the surrounding herbaceous vegetation. After it has created such a tent-like web, the nursery network, it is populated by the young within two to three hours after the cocoon has been opened by the female. The mother usually hangs upside down on the outside of the nursery to watch the young. When it rains, it strengthens the nursery network and repairs any damage. If it is severely disturbed, it escapes by walking around the net or disappearing into the vegetation below the net. However, the mother soon returns to her cubs.
Evolution and systematics
According to Brignoli (1978, 1984), four out of five Pisaura species occur in the Mediterranean , which form the so-called “Mirabilis complex”. These could be derived from a common ancestral species that existed in the western Palearctic before or between the Ice Ages . In that case, they would have to have formed different ecological niches in the same areas. If the species are real, they shouldn't be able to cross with one another . According to the current state of research, it is unclear whether there are five variations or subspecies.
According to Schmidt (1968, 1973, 1981) there is a variant of the cunning spider on the Canary Islands and Azores . Wunderlich (1987) denied this and claimed that Pisaura mirabilis had been confused with the species Pisaura madeiriana and therefore did not occur there, which Schmidt (1990) refuted on the basis of adult specimens. Schmidt also mentioned the Pisaura quadrilineata ( Lucas 1838) on La Palma , which is now considered a species . He only saw males of this species with unsheathed prey. Courtship and mating are currently being researched.
Scientific name, synonyms and common names
The list spider was first described by Martin Lister in 1678 , when Linné's nomenclature was not yet established, so he gave it a long descriptive species name: "Araneus sublividus, alvo undatim picta, productiori, acuminata" (in English: lead-colored spider with undulating , elongated, pointed abdomen). In 1783 , Karl de Geer still found such a descriptive name for a reddish color variant, which he regarded as a separate species: “Araneus (rufo-fasciata), abdomine elongato, griseo fusco; fascia longitudinali undata rufa, pedibus longissimis “ (in German: The elongated brown-grayish wolf spider, with a wavy rust-colored longitudinal band and very long feet).
The epithet mirabilis (lat. Mīrus = "wonderful", "strange"; miror , mirāri = "wonder", "admire"), which is valid today , was introduced by Carl Clerck in his work "Svenska spindlar" in 1757 to the genre also introduced in the same work Araneus (Latin arānea = "spider") used to describe today's Pisaura mirabilis . Although "Svenska spindlar" is before the beginning of the validity of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , due to its importance for the processing of spiders by convention it was considered to have appeared after 1758 and is therefore the first and only zoological work to be considered nomenclaturally before the 10th edition of "Systema Naturae" by Carl Linné 1758 was published. Carl Linnaeus retained in 1758 in his Systema Naturae , the term Areneus mirabilis in. The bride present was still unknown at the time. Giovanni Scopoli described the same species in 1763 in ignorance of Clerck's first description under the name Aranea listeri and thus named the epithet after Martin Lister. In 1885 Eugène Simon established the genus Pisaura (named after Pisaurum , the Latin name of the Italian city of Pesaro ) and assigned it to Araneus mirabilis as Pisaura mirabilis .
In Roewer (1954) and Bonnet (1958/59) there are other synonyms in addition to the already mentioned:
Aranea agraria Aranea obscura Dolomedes scheuchzeri Aranea arcuatolineata Aranea rufofasciata Ocyale mirabilis Aranea bivittata Aranea tripunctata Ocyale murina Aranea flavostriata Araneus mirabilis Ocyale rufofasciata Aranea listeri Dolomedes fimbriatus Philodromus quadrilineatus Aranea marmorata Dolomedes insignis Pisaura listeri Aranea mirabilis Dolomedes mirabilis Pisaura rufofasciata
A number of trivial names are also used for Pisaura mirabilis in German-language literature . There it is usually referred to as a "predatory spider" (e.g. Stern and Kullmann 1975, Pfletschinger 1976, Sauer and Wunderlich 1984, Heimer 1988, Renner 1997, Foelix 1992). However, it was also given other names such as "Wald-Wunderspinne" (Hahn 1827), "Wunderbare Jagdspinne" (Hahn 1834, Grüne 1873) or "Wunderbaren Wasserläufer" ( Quantity 1879). Lock called it in 1939 "Big Wolf Spider".
The names "Heideraubspinne" (Smolik 1987) and "Heidejagdspinne" (Schmidt 1955, 1980) are only applicable for some populations, since Pisaura mirabilis is not only found in the heather .
Bellmann (1984, 1994, 1997) and Baehr u. Baehr (1987) call it a list spider . With this they refer to the genetically fixed, regularly occurring behavior of the male bride gift (Nitzsche) as “cunning”, so they do not refer to the synonym - epithet listeri . However, this can lead to confusion with the species Dolomedes fimbriatus (e.g. Pfletschinger 1976), which is also known as the “cunning spider”. There is no bride present with her. Also P. mirabilis of the genus has been temporarily Dolomedes assigned.
The popular name “bride gift spider” mentioned by Lierath (1988) in the title of his little article about this species, which Nitzsche also frequently uses, is also appropriate . A distinction by name from other Pisaurid species with corresponding behavior (e.g. Pisaura lama ) could be achieved according to the latter by integrating the species name “mirabilis” into “Wonderful bride gift spider”.
In the English-language literature it is sometimes called nuptial feeding spider (Lang 1996) or nursery web spider (Eng. " Nursery web spider "), whereby it must be noted that the entire subfamily Pisaurinae and their species can sometimes be referred to as nursery web spiders . In France it is called le Pisaure and in Denmark rovedderkopper ( Eng . "Raubspinne"), while in the Netherlands it is called Kraamwebspin ( Eng . "Kinderstubengespinstspinne") or Grote wolfspin ( Eng . "Large Wolf Spider").
Cunning spider and man
The list spider, native to Europe , came into the focus of spider research relatively early . The interest was initially focused on brood care. In the 20th century, however, researchers focused on reproductive behavior and physiological and phenological aspects.
literature
- R. Aechter: Investigations on the drawing and coloring of the Araneen taking into account ontogenesis and phylogeny . SB Ak. Knowledge Vienna math-nat. Kl. Abt. I 164: 545-606, 1955
- B. Baehr, M. Baehr: Which spider is that? Little spider science for everyone . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart, 1987, ISBN 3-4400-5798-4
- JA Barrientos: Dolomedes et Pisaura dans la région catalane (Araneida, Pisauridae) . Rev. Arachol. 2: 17-21
- Heiko Bellmann: Spiders: observe - determine , Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg, 1992, ISBN 3-894-40064-1
- Heiko Bellmann: Spiders (the most important native species, extra: web forms and egg cocoons) . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 1994
- Heiko Bellmann: Cosmos Atlas Arachnids of Europe . Franck Kosmos Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-440-07025-5
- P. Blandin: Etudes sur les Pisauridae africaines. I-XI . Rev. Suisse Zool. 81, Rev. Zool. afr. 89-93, 1974-1979
- P. Blandin: Cycle biologique et production de l'araignée Afropisaura valida (Simon 1885) (Araneae, Pisauridae) dans une savane d'Afrique occidentale (Lamto, Côte-d'Ivoire) . Trop. Ecol. 20: 78-93, 1974
- W. Bösenberg: The spiders of Germany . Zoologica 14: 409-410, 1901
- J.-C. Bonaric: Le développement post-embryonnaire de Pisaura mirabilis CL. (Araneae, Pisauridae) . CR Acad. Sci. sér. D. 278: 3227-3230, 1974
- J.-C. Bonaric: Utilization des barêmes trichobothriotaxiques comme critère d'âge chez Pisaura mirabilis CL. (Araneae, Pisauridae) . Ann. Zool. 12e sér. 17: 521-534, 1975
- J.-C. Bonaric: Evolution du métabolisme respiratoire de Pisaura mirabilis CL. (Araneae, Pisauridae) au cours de la période nympho-imaginale . Rev. Arachnol. 1: 33-43, 1977
- J.-C. Bonaric: Contribution à l'étude de la biologie du développement chez l'araignée Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck 1758). Approche physiologique des phenomena de mue et de diapause hivernale . Thèse Doctorat d'Etat, Univ. Montpellier, 1980
- J.-C. Bonaric: La cycle vitale de l'araignée Pisaura mirabilis et ses adapatations . Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 110 (3): 269-274, 1985
- J.-C. Bonaric: La cycle vitale de l'araignée Pisaura mirabilis et ses adapatations au climat . Rev. Arachnol. 7 (2): 71-77,1987
- PM Brignoli: A Catalog of the Aranea described between 1940 and 1981 . Manchester Univ. Press, 1983
- F. Dahl: The lycosids or wolf spiders in Germany and their position in the household of nature. Depicted according to statistical studies . Nova acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 88: 175-678, 1908
- PM Brignoli: Spiders from Lebanon. III. Some notes on the Pisauridae, Agelenidae and Oxyopidae of the Near East . Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 4 (5): 204-209, 1978
- PM Brignoli: On the problem of the Mediterranean Pisaura species (Arachnida, Araneae, Pisauridae) . Zool. Number 213: 33-43,1984
- C. Clerck: Svenska spindlar. Aranei svecici . Stockholm, 1757
- F. Dahl, M. Dahl: 3. Arachnids or arachnoid. I-II . G. Fischer Jena, 1926/27
- K. De Geer: Treatises on the history of insects. 3rd treatise. From the spiders. 7 . Raspe Nuremberg, 1783
- CD Dondale, R. Legendre: Winter diapause in a Mediterranean population of Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) . Bull. Br. Arach. Soc. 2 (1): 6-10
- Rainer F. Foelix: Biology of the spiders . Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992, ISBN 3-13-575802-8
- P. Greens: Westphalian spiders. III. The Haide Spiders . Nature Rev. 19: 213-223, 1873
- Hänggi, Stöckli and Nentwig: habitats of Central European spiders. Center Suisse de cartographie de la faune . Neuchatel Verlag, 1995, ISBN 2-884-14008-5
- Stefan Heimer: Wonderful world of spiders . Landbuch Verlag, Hanover, 1988, ISBN 3-7842-0382-5
- Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spinning Central Europe. An identification book . Parey Verlag, Berlin, Hamburg, 1991 ISBN 3-489-53534-0
- Dick Jones: The Cosmos Spider's Guide . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-4400-6141-8
- A. Lang: Silk investment in gifts by males of the nuptial feeding spider Pisaura mirabilis (Araneae, Pisauridae) . Behavior 133: 697-716, 1996
- A. Lang: The spider silk of the bride's gift from Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck 1757) (Araneae, Pisauridae). Diploma thesis Univ. Munich, 1991
- A. Lang: A note on body size parameters and some life data of Pisaura mirabilis (Araneae, Pisauridae) . Proc. XV. Eur. Coll. Arachnol. 111-115, 1995
- A. Lang, C. Klarenberg: Experiments on the foraging behavior of the hunting spider Pisaura mirabilis (Araneae, Pisauridae): Utilization of single prey items . Eur. J. Ent. 94: 453-459, 1997
- G. Le Pape: Contribution à l'étude du comportment reproducteur en liaison avec l'alimentation chez quatre Arachnides: Teutana grossa, Pardosa lugubris, Pisaura mirabilis, Buthus occitanus . Thèse Doctorat d'Etat Univ. Rennes, 1972
- G. Le Pape: Relations entre comportement alimentaire et comportement sexuel chez Pisaura mirabilis (Aranéide, Pisauride) . Rev. Comp. Anim. 8: 71-75, 1974
- Willi Lierath: From the wealth of nature. The bride gift spider . Vogel der Heimat 58 (12): 238-239, 1988
- Carl Linné: Systema naturae. Per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis . Tomus 1. Editio decima, reformata, Holmiae, Facsimile 1956 Jarrolds Norwich, 1758
- Martin Lister: Historiae animalum angliae tres tractatus . London, 1678
- H. Lucas: Arachnides, Myriapodes et Thysanoures . In: MP Barker-Webb, S. Berthelot: Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries . Béthune, Paris, 1843
- Rainar Nitzsche: Catch of prey and bride present from the predatory spider Pisaura mirabilis (CL.) (Aranea, Pisauridae) . Diploma thesis Univ. Kaiserslautern, 1981
- Rainar Nitzsche: Predatory spiders. Small gifts encourage love . GEO 8/1985
- Rainar Nitzsche: A present for the bride. Without a dowry, male predatory spiders have no chance . A heart for animals 7/1986
- Rainar Nitzsche: Bridal gift and reproduction at Pisaura mirabilis, including comparative studies on Dolomedes fimbriatus and Thaumasia uncata (Araneida, Pisauridae) . Dissertation Univ. Kaiserslautern, 1987
- Rainar Nitzsche: Bridal gift and spinning of the booty in Pisaura mirabilis, Dolomedes fimbriatus and Thaumasia uncata (Arachnida, Araneida, Pisauridae) . Natural science Ver. Hamburg (NF) 30, 1988
- Rainar Nitzsche: Catch of prey and bride present from the predatory spider Pisaura mirabilis (CL.) (Aranea, Pisauridae) . Reprint of the diploma thesis from 1981. Rainar Nitzsche Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 2006, ISBN 978-3-930304-73-8
- Rainar Nitzsche: Bridal gift and reproduction at Pisaura mirabilis, including comparative studies on Dolomedes fimbriatus and Thaumasia uncata (Araneida, Pisauridae) . Reprint of the dissertation from 1987. Rainar Nitzsche Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 2006, ISBN 978-3-930304-74-5
- Rainar Nitzsche: The spider with the bride present Pisaura mirabilis (CLERCK, 1757) and the mating behavior of related species of the family Pisauridae . Rainar Nitzsche Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 1999, 2007, ISBN 978-3-930304-62-2
- Rainar Nitzsche: Bridal gifts from spiders - the native Pisaura mirabilis (CLERCK, 1757) and its relatives, the nursery web spiders (Pisauridae) . Arachne 13 (1): 11-29, 2008
- Rainar Nitzsche: Courtship, mating and agonistic behavior in Pisaura mirabilis (CLERCK, 1757) . Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 15 (4): 93-120, 2011
- P. Pénicaud: Dynamique d'une population de l'araignée Pisaura mirabilis Cl. in the country of bretonne . Thèse Doctorat d'Etat Univ. Paris, 1979
- H. Pfletschinger: Native spiders. The weaving spiders - types and behavior in 120 color photos . Franck Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart, 1976
- F. Renner: Spiders tremendously - nice . Rainar Nitzsche Verlag, Kaiserslautern, 1990/2008, ISBN 978-3-9802102-0-1
- MJ Roberts: Spider Gids . Tirion, 1998
- CF Roewer: Catalog of the Aranae from 1758 to 1954 . 2a: 110-151, Bruxelles, 1954
- F. Sauer, J. Wunderlich: The most beautiful spiders in Europe . Fauna Verlag, Karlsfeld, 1984
- G. Schmidt: The love and family life of the heather hunting spider . From home 60: 153-154, 1952
- G. Schmidt: Psychology of a spider. The heather spider and its importance for environmental research . Orion 10: 560-568, 1955
- G. Schmidt: To the spider fauna of Tenerife . Zool. Contribution NF 14: 387-425, 1968
- G. Schmidt: On the spider fauna of Gran Canaria . Zool. Contribution NF 19: 347-392, 1973
- G. Schmidt: Spiders. Everything you need to know about lifestyle, collecting, keeping and breeding . A. Philler, Minden, 1980
- G. Schmidt: On the spider fauna of La Gomera . Zool. Contribution (NF) 27: 85-107
- G. Schmidt: On the spider fauna of the Canaries, Madeira and the Azores . Stuttgart Contribution Naturk. Ser. A 451: 1-46
- HW Smolik: Animal Empire . Naturalis Verlag, Munich, 1987
- H. Stern, E. Kullmann: Life on a silk thread. The mysterious world of spiders . Bertelsmann Verlag, Munich, 1975
- J. Wunderlich: The spiders of the Canary Islands and Madeira . Triops Verlag, Langen, 1987
Movies
- J. Bublath: Robbers with a Net. The exciting life of spiders. From research and technology , ZDF, 1987
- P. Hayden: When animals become cannibals. Killer in your own ranks , SWR (Südwest 3), 1999
- P. Schneider: Pisaura mirabilis, the predatory, hunting or cunning spider , HWF 14, booklet Heidelberg, 1998
- ER Skinner, GH Thompson, JAL Cooke: Commentary, spiders film 11: Pisauridae. Pisaura mirabilis - courtship and mating. Dolomedes fimbriatus - capture of food . Oxford (IWF W1017 T), 1966/67
- H. Stern: Remarks on Spiders 2nd Milestones of the Documentary , A Franckh-Kosmos Video, Franckh Kosmos Stuttgart, 1975
Web links
Pisaura mirabilis in the World Spider Catalog
- Entry of the Arachnological Society eV on the spider of the year 2002
- Nitzsche: Bridal Gift Books (Pisaura mirabilis) (Pisauridae)
- Destination page for the Pisaura mirabilis
- Platnick: The World Spider Catalog - Pisauridae
- Entry at www.natur-in-nrw.de
- List spider on naturkamera.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Ed .: Peter Sacher), monograph of the spiders (1820-1836) - with a commentary in German and English edited by Peter Sacher , reprint of the original edition. Nuremberg 1820-1836, Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1988, pp. 1–143, ISBN 3-7463-0080-0 , here p. 71, plate 18 under "Dolomedes mirabilis, Walkenaer"
- ↑ Friedrich Dahl, The Lycosiden or Wolfspinnen Germany and their position in the household of nature - after statistical studies presented , Nova acta - Abh. Der Kaiserl. Leop.-Carol. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, 88 , (3), 1908, p. 1 / 175-679 / 504, here p. 85/259, Fig. 23
- ↑ Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Ed .: Peter Sacher), monograph of the spiders (1820-1836) - with a commentary in German and English edited by Peter Sacher , reprint of the original edition. Nuremberg 1820-1836, Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1988, pp. 1–143, ISBN 3-7463-0080-0 , here p. 67 (under "Dolomodes mirabilis, Walkenaer "), p. 71, plate 18 (under " Dolomedes mirabilis, Walkenaer ")
- ↑ a b Carl Wilhelm Hahn, Die Arachniden - Faithful to nature depicted and described , second volume, CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg 1834, here p. 35 [original copy from Oxford University, digitized on May 10, 2006 (Google), URL: http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA35&id=rxEAAAAAQAAJ&hl=de&output=html or http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA35&id=rxEAAAAAQAAJ&hl=de , accessed on 15.I. 2008 via "Google Book Search"]
- ^ W. Bösenberg, Die Spinnen Deutschlands , Zoologica - Original treatises from the entire field of zoology, 14 [1901-1903], (35), fifth and sixth delivery [1903], Nägele, Stuttgart 1903, pp. 385-465, here p. 410
- ↑ Rupert Aechter, Investigations on the drawing and coloring of the Araneen taking into account ontogeny and phylogeny , session reports - Austrian Academy of Sciences - Mathematical and Natural Science Class - Division I, 164 , (8), 1955, pp. 545–606, here especially Pp. 545-606, 591-593
- ↑ Carl Wilhelm Hahn, Die Arachniden - True to nature depicted and described , second volume, CH Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nuremberg 1834, here Tab. LI, Fig. 120, cf. p. 35f [original copy from Oxford University, digitized on May 10, 2006 (Google), URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=rxEAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT36&hl=de&output=html or http://books.google.com/books?pg=PT36&id=rxEAAAAAQAAJ&hl= de , accessed on 15.I.2008 via "Google Book Search"]
- ^ Fritz Clemens Werner, word elements of Latin-Greek technical terms in the biological sciences , Suhrkamp, 1st edition 1972, pp. 1–475, ISBN 3-518-36564-9 , here p. 267
- ^ Fritz Clemens Werner, word elements of Latin-Greek technical terms in the biological sciences , Suhrkamp, 1st edition 1972, pp. 1–475, ISBN 3-518-36564-9 , here p. 98
- ^ F. Pleijel & GW Rouse, Ceci n'est pas une pipe - names clades and phylogenetic nomenclature , J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research, 41 , 2003, Blackwell, Berlin, pp. 162-174, ISSN 0947-5745
- ↑ Lexicon of Biology - in eight volumes - General Biology - Plants - Animals, Volume 6 "Minamata disease to predisposition", Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau et al. 1986, pp. 1-476, ISBN 3-451-19646-8 , here p. 406
- ↑ a b cf. also: Norman I. Platnick 2007, The World Spider Catalog , Version 8.0, American Museum of Natural History, Last updated Dec. 30, 2007, URL: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/PISAURIDAE.html
- ↑ Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Ed .: Peter Sacher), monograph of the spiders (1820-1836) - with a commentary in German and English edited by Peter Sacher , reprint of the original edition. Nuremberg 1820-1836, Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1988, pp. 1–143, ISBN 3-7463-0080-0 , here p. 67 under “Dolomodes mirabilis, Walkenaer” [sic]
- ↑ Heiko Bellmann, Spinnen - Watch - Determine , 2nd edition, Naturbuch, Augsburg 1992, pp. 1–200, ISBN 3-89440-064-1 , here p. 122
- ↑ a b Michael J. Roberts, Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe , H. Collins, London et al. 1995, pp. 1–383 S., ISBN 0-00-219981-5 , here p. 237
- ^ Martin R. Filmer, Southern African Spiders - An Identification Guide , Struik Publishers, Cape Town 1995 (first edition 1991), pp. 1–128, ISBN 1-868-25188-8 , here pp. 103f
- ↑ Michael J. Roberts (trans. & Edit. Aart P. Noordam), Spinnengids , Tirion, Baarn 1998/1999, pp. 1–397, ISBN 90-5210-268-6 , here p. 254
Water spider (2000) | Wasp spider (2001) | Listspider (2002) | Great trembling spider (2003) | Green House Spider (2004) | Zebra jumping spider (2005) | Crab Spider (2006) | Common wolf spider (2007) | Angle spider (2008) | Triangular spider (2009) | Garden spider (2010) | Common Labyrinth Spider (2011) | Cave Wheel Web Spider (2012) | Common wallpaper spider (2013) | Common canopy spider (2014) | Vierfleck-Zartspinne (2015) | Cone spider (2016) | Crevasse spider (2017) | Fat Spider (2018) | Ant jumping spider (2019) | Edged hunting spider (2020)