Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology | |
---|---|
motto | Mens et Manus (mind and hand) |
founding | 1861, opened in 1865 |
Sponsorship | Private |
place | Cambridge , Massachusetts |
country | United States |
president | L. Rafael Reif |
Students | 10,894 |
Employee | 1,009 research assistants |
Foundation assets | 10.9 billion US dollars |
University sports | NCAA Division III |
Networks | Association of American Universities |
Website | with.edu |
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT , German Massachusetts Institute for Technology ) is a technical college and university in Cambridge in the US state of Massachusetts . The college is on the Charles River in Cambridge, directly across from Boston and downstream from Harvard University . Founded in 1861, MIT is a private , non-denominational technical university that was the first to train chemical engineers and incorporated economics , social sciences, and humanities into engineering training. There are currently over 10,000 students studying at MIT.
MIT prides itself on the high level of education, with students getting involved in research activities early on. It is considered one of the world's leading top universities and has always achieved a top position in international comparisons. The university is a member of the Association of American Universities , an association of leading research-intensive North American universities that has existed since 1900.
A network of high-tech small businesses has established itself around MIT : In the late 1990s, venture capital was in abundance, so that the preferred career path of many students was to found a high-tech startup.
The university is also the founding organization and seat of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the standardization body for the World Wide Web . Since 2002, MIT has been making all of its course materials publicly available on the Internet, thereby supporting OpenCourseWare . In the MIT OpenCourseWare project alone, almost 2000 courses in 33 subjects were made available in this way.
history
MIT was founded on April 10, 1861 as a three-part institution, based on the model of German and French-speaking polytechnic universities, consisting of “a society of arts, a museum of arts [industrial arts], and a school of industrial science.” The founder William Barton Rogers , a well-known naturalist, wanted to create an independent university that would meet the needs of an increasingly industrialized America. Because of the civil war , the first students could not be accepted until 1865. In the years that followed, MIT gained a first-class reputation.
Because of the ongoing funding gaps, a merger with the neighboring Harvard University was planned around 1900. However, this could not be enforced due to massive protests by former MIT students. In 1916 the campus was moved from Boston to Cambridge on the opposite bank of the river.
After the Second World War , in which MIT contributed to the development of radar technology , MIT's reputation continued to grow. The arms race and space travel of the Cold War created a state-sponsored demand for high technology . MIT also became known for the Whirlwind digital computer , which was developed and built there from 1944 to 1952 under the direction of computer pioneer Jay Wright Forrester .
Further developments from the MIT laboratories in the post-war period were the ferrite core memory and the automatic space probe control of the Apollo program . Since the advent of the personal computer , MIT has also played a central role in the key technologies of the information age.
In 2001, MIT President Charles Marstiller Vest stated that MIT as an institution had discriminated against the careers of women faculty members and researchers. He announced organizational steps to ensure gender equality. On December 6, 2004, Susan Hockfield , a researcher in the field of molecular neurobiochemistry, became the first female president after 15 male presidents. In July 2012 she was succeeded by Leo Rafael Reif .
On April 18, 2013, a police officer from the campus police from Tamerlane and Jokhar Zarnayev , who had perpetrated the attack on the Boston Marathon three days earlier, was shot dead in front of the Stata Center .
The main inner belt asteroid (2460) Mitlincoln was named after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research (Lincoln Institute for the Study of Near Earth Asteroids ).
organization
campus
The MIT campus is located in Cambridge not far from Harvard University, directly on the Charles River with a view of the Boston skyline . At the east end it borders the Longfellow Bridge , which leads to Boston.
From the founding years of MIT, the “Maclaurin Buildings” should be mentioned, which form the entrance area to the campus. They were designed by Welles Bosworth in the neoclassical style of the time. They were completed in 1916. Characteristic are the generous lighting and especially the central dome.
The friezes bear the names of great naturalists, for example Aristotle , Isaac Newton , Benjamin Franklin , Louis Pasteur , Antoine Lavoisier , Michael Faraday , Archimedes , Leonardo da Vinci , Charles Darwin and Nicolaus Copernicus , each surrounded by groups with names of suitable researchers who work on the have contributed to the respective research area of the "big ones".
Lavoisier, for example, is in the circle of Boyle , Cavendish , Priestley , Dalton , Gay-Lussac , Berzelius , Woehler , Liebig , Bunsen , Mendeleev , Perkin and van't Hoff .
Later buildings from the years 1950 to 1970 lack charisma, even if some of them were designed by MIT graduate IM Pei , such as the Green Building (main building of the Faculty of Geo-, Atmospheric and Planetary Physics), the Institute of Chemical Process engineering as the tallest building on campus and the Wiesner Building, which houses the MIT Media Lab .
An extensive building program recently included the Stata Center, designed by Frank Gehry and completed in 2004, the Simmons Hall student residence designed by Steven Holl , the Zeisiger Sports Center and a new building designed by Charles Correa for the Picower Center for Learning and Memory ", the" Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science "and the" McGovern Institute for Brain Research ".
In 1998 an old building had to give way for the “Stata Center”, which was erected as a temporary measure during the Second World War. It was supposed to be demolished no later than six months after the end of the war, but despite its ugliness, it proved to be a hotbed for creative projects for many years.
The newest and most architecturally interesting buildings include:
- Baker House designed by Alvar Aalto
- Kresge Auditorium designed by Eero Saarinen
- Wiesner Building, designed by IM Pei, with the tiled outdoor area designed by Kenneth Noland
Teaching
MIT has five faculties , called schools :
- School of Architecture and Planning ( architecture and spatial planning )
- School of Engineering ( engineering )
- School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences ( Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences )
- Sloan School of Management ( Management and Economics )
- School of Science ( Natural Sciences )
The learning workload at MIT is very large in the lower semesters . Nevertheless, the rate of successful course completion is high. This is explained by the anti-authoritarian culture and the paradigm that acquired knowledge must be shared. In practice this means that older students and professors are there to help the younger ones.
Written exams take place regularly during the semester. It is less about specific knowledge than about examining the ability of the students to solve complex problems. There are hardly any multiple-choice tests; the work results can be freely formulated. The analysis and correction of these tests is correspondingly more complex.
There are also practical tasks to solve. The students are given a construction task and compete for the best design solution.
As part of the Undergrade Research Opportunities Program (UROP), even lower semesters are involved in the research activities of your institute . Most of the practical work on this takes place on Friday afternoons and on weekends, when normal teaching is idle.
Since 2007, lectures have also been broadcast over the Internet. The 71-year-old Dutch physicist Walter Lewin - physics lecturer at MIT - "has meanwhile advanced to become a star on the Internet."
Course offer
In addition to the natural sciences and technology, MIT also has institutes for philosophy , economics , business administration , linguistics and anthropology .
- Architecture and planning
- Humanities, arts and social sciences
- Health Sciences and Technology (Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology)
- Engineering
- Natural sciences
- Economics (including Alfred P. Sloan School of Management)
research
Institutes
Among the best known research institutes are:
- The Auto-ID Center, co-founded by MIT (1999–2003), became the world's largest university research network for networked RFID technology, the Auto-ID Labs
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
- Lab for Information and Decision Systems
- Lincoln Lab
- Research Lab of Electronics
- MIT Media Lab
- Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Cooperations
There are some traditional cooperation partners:
- The Charles Draper Lab develops missile technology for the US military, among other things. It used to belong directly to MIT as the Instrumentation Lab, but was split off during the Vietnam War in order to offer less target area for the students who opposed the Vietnam War. The Apollo Guidance Computer was developed here before the outsourcing . Today's institute is named after the founder of the Instrumentation Lab , Charles Stark Draper , who launched it in 1940.
- The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has a joint study program with MIT for advanced semesters.
- MIT has a traditional rivalry with neighboring Harvard University. In the early days of both universities there were plans to merge them. However, these had to be dropped due to resistance from students and faculty members.
These days, there are coordinated lower semester curricula so students can combine courses at MIT and Harvard. The same goes for the female students at Wellesley College , a traditional college for female students only.
- There is an exchange program with the University of Southampton and the University of Cambridge in Great Britain.
For several years now, MIT has been increasingly entering into partnerships with various universities and publicly and privately financed research laboratories. The projects are generally to be financed by the external partner and thus serve to raise funds for MIT. In this way, MIT as a private sector organization markets its reputation and the research capacity of faculty members and students.
The university publishing house MIT Press has been an independent company since 1962 that publishes for the university. The publisher publishes around 200 books and 40 scientific journals per year.
students
statistics
Of the 10,206 students, around 4,000 are “undergraduates” and 6,000 are “graduates”. 43% of the student body are female (29% of the graduates). There are students from all 50 US states and from 110 different countries. 9% of the “Undergraduates” and 40% of the “Graduates” are foreign students.
45% of the "undergraduates" (17% of the "graduates") belong to an American minority:
- 26.5% (11.5%) Asian Americans
- 11.3% (2.9%) Hispanic Americans
- 5.8% (1.9%) African American
- 1.5% (0.3%) Native Americans
Origin of international students (2006):
- Asia (China 309, South Korea 247, India 222, Taiwan 88, Japan 82, Singapore 69, Thailand 53, Turkey 52, Pakistan 28, Hong Kong 26, Indonesia 22, Malaysia 22, others)
- Europe (France 90, Greece 54, Germany 48, Italy 47, Great Britain 41, Spain 38, Russia 31, Bulgaria 23, Ireland 20, others)
- Latin America (Mexico 55, Brazil 33, Argentina 24, Chile 23, other)
- North America (Canada 225)
- Near and Middle East (Israel 34, Iran 29, Lebanon 21, other)
- Africa (Kenya 13, Ghana 11, Nigeria 9, Egypt 8, Zimbabwe 6, others)
- Oceania (Australia 25, New Zealand 5)
The tuition fees were 2010-2011 at 39,212 US $ per year.
The MIT culture
The students are confronted with high demands, but the majority are highly motivated. MIT has responded to allegations that the high requirements would even drive students into suicide: more intensive psychological care should improve the situation.
As at many American universities, the students usually live quite cramped in dormitories on campus. There are traditionally clear differences between different dormitories: some have a hippie culture, while others have a decidedly bourgeois style.
For a university that is not influenced by music, the proportion of students actively making music is quite high: there is a symphony orchestra and several classical choirs with student musicians.
The ethos of MIT is distinctly anti-authoritarian, at the same time one believes in the meaning of a performance elite, whose social status is justified by intellectual superiority, not by origin or formal hierarchical positions.
At MIT, it is customary for information to be disclosed. Every assertion is a possible subject of a critical examination, its acceptance must not rely on generally valid view or directives “from above”.
This ethical attitude is also adopted by many hackers : At MIT, the term hack is broadly defined in the sense of a surprisingly technically sophisticated device, whereby the best hacks have a humorous aspect. The term hacker was coined at MIT, and some of the roots of the hacker culture can be traced back to MIT in the 1950s and 1960s: the forefathers of the hacker scene such as Richard Stallman , Jay Sussman and Tom Knight worked at MIT .
Sports
The sports teams are the MIT engineers . The college is a member of the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference and thus participates in the third division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association .
Personalities
Nobel Prize Winner
- George Akerlof (* 1940), PhD 1966 - Economics 2001
- Sidney Altman (* 1939), S. B. 1960 - Chemie 1989
- Kofi Annan (1938–2018), S. M. 1972 - Nobel Peace Prize 2001
- Robert Aumann (* 1930), PhD 1955 - Economics 2005
- Abhijit Banerjee (* 1961) - Economics 2019
- Elias James Corey Jr. (* 1928), S. B. 1948, PhD 1951 - Chemistry 1990
- Eric A. Cornell (* 1961) - Physics 2001
- Peter A. Diamond (* 1940) - Economics 2010
- Esther Duflo (* 1972) - Economics 2019
- Robert F. Engle (* 1942) - Economics 2003
- Richard Feynman (1918–1988), S. B. 1939 - Physics 1965
- Andrew Z. Fire (* 1959) - Medicine 2006
- Leland H. Hartwell (* 1939), PhD 1964 - Medicine 2001
- H. Robert Horvitz (* 1947), SB 1968 - Medicine 2002
- Henry W. Kendall (1926–1999), S. B. 1948, PhD 1951 - Physics 1990
- Wolfgang Ketterle (* 1957) - Physics 2001
- Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011) - Medicine 1968
- Lawrence Klein (1920–2013), PhD 1944 - Economics 1980
- Paul Krugman (* 1953) - Economics 2008
- Robert B. Laughlin (* 1950), PhD 1979 - Physics 1998
- Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991) - Biology 1969
- Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019), PhD 1951 - Physics 1969
- Michael Kremer (* 1964) - Economics 2019
- Eric S. Maskin (* 1950) - Economics 2007
- Daniel McFadden (* 1937) - Economics 2000
- Robert C. Merton (* 1944), PhD 1970 - Economics 1997
- Franco Modigliani (1918–2003) - Economics 1985
- Paul Modrich (* 1946) - Chemistry 2015
- Mario J. Molina (* 1943) - Chemistry, 1995
- Robert Mulliken (1896-1986), S. B. 1917 - Chemistry 1966
- Robert Mundell (* 1932), PhD 1956 - Economics 1999
- John Forbes Nash Jr. (1928-2015) - Economics 1994
- Charles Pedersen (1904-1989), S. M. 1927 - Chemie 1987
- William D. Phillips (* 1948), PhD 1976 - Physics 1997
- Burton Richter (1931-2018), S. B. 1952, PhD 1956 - Physics 1976
- Paul Samuelson (1915–2009) - Economics 1970
- Myron S. Scholes (* 1941) - Economics 1997
- John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019), S. B. 1953 - Physics 1972
- Richard R. Schrock (* 1945) - Chemistry, 2005
- Phillip Sharp (* 1944) - Medicine 1993
- Barry Sharpless (* 1941) - Chemistry, 2001
- William B. Shockley (1910–1989), PhD 1936 - Physics 1956
- Clifford Shull (1915-2001) - Physics 1994
- George F. Smoot (* 1945) - Physics 2006
- Robert M. Solow (* 1924), PhD 1951 - Economics 1987
- Joseph Stiglitz (* 1943), PhD 1966 - Economics 2001
- Samuel Chao Chung Ting (* 1936) - Physics 1976
- Susumu Tonegawa (* 1939) - Medicine 1987
- Charles H. Townes (1915-2015) - Physics 1964
- Steven Weinberg (* 1933) - Physics 1979
- Rainer Weiss (* 1932) - Physics 2017
- Carl E. Wieman (* 1951), S. B. 1973 - Physics 2001
- Frank Wilczek (* 1951), Physics 2004
- Oliver E. Williamson (1932-2020) - Economics 2009
- Robert B. Woodward (1917-1979), S. B. 1936 - Chemistry 1965
Professors and lecturers
see: Category: University Lecturers (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) , u. a .:
- Klaus-Jürgen Bathe (* 1943) - engineer, pioneer of the finite element method
- Stephen A. Benton (1941–2003) - physicist, inventor of the rainbow hologram
- Tim Berners-Lee (* 1955) - computer scientist, founder of the World Wide Web , developer of the first web browser WorldWideWeb , founder and chairman of the W3C.
- Emilio Bizzi (* 1933) - brain researcher
- Olivier Blanchard (* 1948) - economist
- George Boolos (1940–1996) - philosopher and mathematician
- Rodney Brooks (* 1954) - robot researcher and behavioral scientist
- Vannevar Bush (1890–1974) - electrical engineer, inventor of the hypertext principle
- Noam Chomsky (born 1928) - linguist
- William David Coolidge (1873–1975) - physicist
- John Deutch - chemist
- Mildred Dresselhaus (1930–2017) - physicist, electronics engineer and computer scientist
- Harold E. Edgerton (1903-1990) - photographer
- Jerome I. Friedman (* 1930) - physicist
- Shafrira Goldwasser (* 1958) - computer scientist, two-time Gödel Prize winner, 1993 and 2001
- William Higinbotham (1910-1994) - nuclear physicist
- Dugald C. Jackson (1865–1951) - electrical engineer
- Eric Lander (* 1957) - a significant geneticist at Human Genome Project involved
- Robert Langer (* 1948) - chemical engineer
- Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) - psychologist
- Richard Lindzen (* 1940) - physicist and meteorologist
- John Little - Management Consultant
- Francis Low (1921-2007) - physicist
- Samuel Jefferson Mason (1921–1974) - electrical engineer
- Douglas McGregor (1906–1964) - management theorist
- Silvio Micali (* 1954) - computer scientist
- Marvin Minsky (1927-2016) - computer scientist
- William J. Mitchell (1944–2010) - architect and writer, media scholar
- Mario J. Molina (* 1943) - chemist
- Franco Modigliani (1918–2003) - economist
- Philip Morrison (1915-2005) - physicist
- Nicholas Negroponte (* 1943) - media researcher
- Seymour Papert (1928–2016) - educator and computer scientist
- Otto Piene (1928-2014) - artist (Art and visual studies)
- Steven Pinker (* 1954) - consciousness researcher
- Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999) - mathematician and philosopher
- Isadore M. Singer (* 1924) - mathematician ( Abel Prize 2004)
- Robert M. Solow (* 1924) - economist
- Arthur R. von Hippel (1898–2003) - electronics engineer and computer scientist
- Edgar Schein (* 1928) - organizational psychologist
- Myron S. Scholes (* 1941) - economist
- Claude Shannon (1916–2001) - mathematician and electrical engineer
- Jesse Lowen Shearer (1921–1992) - mechanical engineer, pioneer of hydraulics
- Ivan Sutherland (* 1938) - computer scientist, pioneer of computer graphics
- John G. Trump (1907–1985) - electrical engineer and physicist, uncle of US President Donald Trump
- Sherry Turkle (* 1948) - psychologist and sociologist
- Robert Allan Weinberg (* 1942) - molecular biologist and cancer researcher
- Joseph Weizenbaum (1923–2008) - computer scientist
- Iván Werning (* 1974) - economist
- Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) - mathematician, founder of cybernetics
- Evan Ziporyn (* 1959) - musicologist, composer, classical clarinetist
Graduates
- Buzz Aldrin (* 1930) - NASA - astronaut , second person on the moon
- Virgilio Barco (1921–1997) - former President of Colombia
- Hans Bethe (1906-2005) - physicist
- Manuel Blum (* 1938) - computer scientist, Turing Prize winner 1995
- Amar G. Bose (1929–2013) - entrepreneur, developer of audio equipment
- Dan Bricklin (* 1951) - Co-inventor of Visicalc , the first spreadsheet software for PCs
- Whitfield Diffie (* 1944) - Co-inventor of the public key cryptography method and the Diffie-Hellman cryptography method
- Donald Wills Douglas (1892–1981) - one of the founders of the aviation company McDonnell Douglas
- Eric Drexler (* 1955) - nanotechnologist
- Luis A. Ferré (1904–2003) - Governor of Puerto Rico
- José Figueres Ferrer (1906–1990) - President of Costa Rica
- Sheldon Kay Friedlander (1927–2007) - engineer and aerosol researcher
- William (Bill) Hewlett (1913–2001) - Co-founder of the technology group Hewlett-Packard
- Danny Hillis (* 1956) - co-founder of Thinking Machines, co-founder of the Long Now Foundation
- David A. Huffman (1925–1999) - computer scientist, developed the Huffman coding for lossless data compression
- Chrissy Houlahan (born 1967) - Congressman
- John David Jackson (1925-2016) - physicist
- Brewster Kahle (* 1960) - archivist of the WWW, campaigner for freedom of information
- Mitch Kapor (born 1950) - software entrepreneur
- Raymond Kurzweil (* 1948) - inventor in various fields (musical instruments, writing and speech recognition software), futurologist and visionary
- Leslie Lamport (* 1941) - computer scientist, Turing Prize winner 2013
- Harry Ward Leonard (1861–1915) - electrical engineer, inventor of the Ward-Leonard converter
- Daniel M. Lewin (1970–2001) - Internet entrepreneur
- Arthur D. Little - founder of the consulting company of the same name
- Hugh Lofting (1886–1947) - civil engineer, author of “Dr. Doolittle "
- Wolfgang Mayrhuber (1947–2018) - manager, 2003 to 2010 CEO of Lufthansa AG
- Robert Metcalfe (* 1946) - inventor of the Ethernet protocol for computer networks, founder of 3Com
- Edgar Mitchell (1930–2016) - NASA - astronaut , the sixth person to walk on the moon
- Benjamin Netanyahu (born 1949) - Prime Minister of Israel
- Robert Noyce (1927–1990) - co-inventor of the integrated circuit , co-founder of Intel
- Ken Olsen (1926-2011) - Founder of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
- Ieoh Ming Pei (1917-2019) - architect
- Debra Satz (* 1956) - philosopher, political scientist and professor at Stanford
- George P. Shultz (* 1920) - US Secretary of State in the Reagan Cabinet
- James Simons (* 1938) - mathematician , hedge fund manager, known for his work on minimal surfaces
- Alfred P. Sloan , Jr. (1875–1966) - automotive entrepreneur
- Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) - architect
- Lawrence Summers (born 1954) - economist
- Andrew S. Tanenbaum (* 1944) - computer scientist, programmer at Minix
- John P. Kotter (* 1947) - American economist
literature
- Fred Hapgood: Up the Infinite Corridor: MIT and the Technical Imagination. Perseus Books, 1993, ISBN 0-201-08293-4 (Description of the research activity from an insider's perspective).
- Stewart Brand: How Buildings Learn: What Happens after They're Built. Penguin, New York 1995, ISBN 0-14-013996-6 (architecture study, covers various buildings on the MIT campus).
- Julius A. Stratton, Loretta H. Mannix: Mind and Hand - The Birth of MIT. MIT Press, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 0-262-19524-0 (historical background to the founding of MIT, among other things based on original documents).
Web links
- MIT Homepage (English)
- MIT Technology Review (English)
References and comments
- ↑ https://president.mit.edu/biography
- ^ MIT endowment rises to 10.9 billion, up seven percent from last year
- ^ THE-QS World University Rankings 2012 . Retrieved March 19, 2013.
- ↑ MIT police officer shot and killed on campus near Boston . In: National Post . Retrieved September 30, 2013.
- ^ Officer's Killing Spurred Pursuit in Boston Attack . The New York Times. April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ^ Lutz D. Schmadel : Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. Ed .: Lutz D. Schmadel. 5th edition. Springer Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7 , pp. 186 (English, 992 pp., Link.springer.com [ONLINE; accessed on August 12, 2019] Original title: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names . First edition: Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1992): “1980 TX 4 . Discovered 1980 Oct. 1 by LG Taff and D. Beatty at Socorro. "
- ↑ a b c Elite universities online, Harvard for everyone. In: Giuseppe Paletta, Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG, spiegel.de. 2019, accessed October 16, 2019 .
- ↑ Guest research at Harvard. In: Birgitta vom Lehn, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH, faz.net. January 13, 2015, accessed October 16, 2019 .
- ^ The mother of all pendulums ( Memento of December 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) sueddeutsche.de, December 21, 2007
- ↑ With press in the English language Wikipedia
- ↑ MIT Facts 2006, Enrollment
- ↑ web.mit.edu
- ↑ MIT facts - TUITION AND FINANCIAL AID. Retrieved June 10, 2011 .
Coordinates: 42 ° 21 '32 " N , 71 ° 5' 34" W.