Polonia
Argentina | 300,000 |
Australia | 200,000 |
Belgium | 100,000 |
Brazil | 1,000,000 |
Bulgaria | 2,500 |
Chile | 5,000 |
Denmark | 50,000 |
Germany | 3,000,000 |
Estonia | 3,000 |
Finland | 8,000 |
France | 1,000,000 |
Georgia | 2,000 |
Greece | 8,000 |
United Kingdom | 1,000,000 |
Netherlands | 200,000 |
Italy | 100,000 |
Ireland | 100,000 |
Iceland | 15,000 |
Israel | 3,000 |
Japan | 2,000 |
former Yugoslavia f | 4,500 |
Canada | 1,000,000 |
Kazakhstan | 50,000 |
Colombia | 5,000 |
Latvia | 50,000 |
Lithuania | 200,000 |
Luxembourg | 5,000 |
Norway | 100,000 |
Mexico | 8,000 |
Moldova | 5,000 |
New Zealand | 5,000 |
Austria | 100,000 |
Paraguay | 5,000 |
Peru | 5,000 |
Portugal | 3,000 |
Romania | 5,000 |
Russia | 100,000 |
Sweden | 100,000 |
Switzerland | 50,000 |
Slovakia | 8,000 |
Spain | 100,000 |
South Africa | 25,000 |
Czech Republic | 100,000 j |
Turkmenistan | 2,000 |
Tajikistan | 2,000 |
Ukraine | 300,000 |
Hungary | 8,000 |
Uruguay | 5,000 |
United States | 9,770,544 l |
Uzbekistan | 3,000 |
Venezuela | 3,000 |
United Arab Emirates | 5,000 |
Belarus | 300,000 |
Project by Monica Puerta de Pieslak on Facebook in collaboration with the
Government organization "Wspolnota Polska". It will only start parishes 2,000 Poles listed here.
aespecially in Buenos Aires .
b 2011 census : people with a Polish migration background . The
number of people with exclusively Polish citizenship is 740,962 (2015), and around 690,000 (2011) people with German and Polish citizenship live in Germany.
c 2,193 according to the 2000 census
d2006 estimate from www.PolskiDublin.com
e 1,307 according to the 2015 census
f Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia
G 817,085 according to the 2001 census
H 234,989 according to the 2001 census
i according to the 2002 census
j 51,968 according to the 2001 census
k 144,100 according to the 2001 census
m 396,000 according to the 1999 census
|
Polonia is the Latin name for the state of Poland and is used in the Polish language for the Polish diaspora , which comprises around 18-20 million people around the world.
By definition, Polonia includes any person living outside Poland who:
- has Polish citizenship (even if this person does not have a valid passport or identity card) or
- who has Polish citizenship and also another citizenship or
- does not have Polish citizenship, but is of Polish origin (which can be used to determine Polish citizenship ).
The most important criterion is one's own origin or the origin of one's ancestors. The person concerned does not have to be born in Poland. In some sources, the Poles in the former Polish eastern regions are not counted as Polonia, as they did not emigrate from Poland, but found themselves outside the Polish state due to border shifts after the Second World War .
background
There are different reasons and causes for the existence of a Polish ethnic group outside Poland:
- Forced emigration or exile - primarily affected the ancestors of Poles living in Russia , who were exiled to Siberia after lost uprisings or other signs of disloyalty to the Tsarist Empire . This has happened since the partitions of Poland ,
- Political emigration - began at the beginning of the 19th century and progressed in waves, increasing sharply after political upheavals (loss of independence, uprisings, system changes, wars, etc.),
- Economic emigration - related to the industrial revolution, started in the mid-19th century and continues to this day, with countries of destination varying widely,
- Deportation - took place after the German-Soviet attack on Poland in 1939 , this was practiced by both occupiers. On the one hand, Polish forced laborers were deported to Germany by the National Socialists; on the other hand, the Soviets deported the Polish population of Eastern Poland to the east for political or nationalist reasons.
- Territorial shift - occurred after World War II and resulted in a shift of Poland's borders to the west. The Polish population of the former Eastern Poland was affected by this; this is how Polish minorities emerged in Lithuania , Belarus and the Ukraine .
Waves of emigration
The emigration of Poles had several stages:
- Early 19th century (mainly to France , Great Britain , North America and Switzerland ),
- for economic reasons from the second half of the 19th century to 1939 ( workers , mainly to France , Belgium and Germany ; farmers also to the USA , Canada , Brazil and Argentina ),
- as a result of the Second World War and for political reasons after the establishment of a communist regime by the Soviet Union,
- for economic and political reasons after reprisals against the opposition movement in the 1980s (approx. 270 thousand people),
- because of better prospects since 1989 (mainly to Germany , Austria , Italy , Ireland and Great Britain , as well as to the USA and Canada ).
The latter stage continues to this day and has concentrated on the countries of the European Union since the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . One example is Ireland , in which hardly any foreigners lived before the expansion and which now has a foreign share of 4%, with the Poles with 120,000 people now representing the largest immigrant group in this country.
There were Polish colonies - consisting largely of political refugees - in almost all European capitals as well as in Hamburg , Bremen , Düsseldorf , Cologne , the Ruhr area ( Ruhr Poland ), Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main . Today's centers are also Chicago , the eastern Ruhr area and the London district of Ealing .
Poles from certain regions of Poland often settled mainly in certain cities in Germany. For example, Ahlen ( Westphalia ) formed a focus for Poland from the Posen (Poznań) area, Gelsenkirchen for Poland from Masuria and Recklinghausen for Poland from Silesia . Some of these focal points still exist today. Around Gelsenkirchen, separate terms such as Mottek for hammer (Polish: młotek ) were formed.
Current situation
Since Poland joined the European Union on May 1, 2004, around 1.12 million (3% of the population) Poles have left their country to find work in the European Union . Most of them are between 25 and 30 years old, according to an ECAS report. Most Poles emigrated to Germany (534,990), Great Britain (264,000), Ireland (120,000), France (90,000), Italy (72,229) and the Netherlands (20,000).
This outflow of often well-trained and skilled workers has meanwhile led to a labor shortage on the Polish market. At the same time, the ECAS report shows that Polish migrants have made a not inconsiderable contribution to the economic growth of their host countries.
Polish law
According to Polish law, those belonging to Polonia are ethnic Poles. A (re-) acquisition of Polish citizenship is thus simplified for these persons. Proof of Polish ancestors is usually sufficient.
On the basis of this legislation z. For example, the Israeli soccer player Ben Sahar received Polish citizenship and thus obtained the right to work and play soccer in the UK as an EU citizen.
Media for the Polonia
There are four television channels broadcasting information, news, documentaries, series and films from Poland for Polonia. These are the public service channel TV Polonia and the private channels TVN International , Polsat 2 International and TV Polska . In Chicago, there is Polvision, the largest Polish-language broadcaster outside Poland, founded by Walter Kotaba , who has also founded several radio stations in Illinois , New York and Connecticut . Other TV channels produced by Polonia for Polonia include TV Polonia.US (also Chicago), TV Foka from Calgary and Panorama 10 from Toronto (both Canada ) and the music channel TV4U from New York .
There are also numerous radio broadcasts and stations in countries such as B. the United States , Canada , Australia , Austria , Germany , the Netherlands , Ireland , France , Italy , Ukraine , Russia , Lithuania and Belarus .
World Games of Poland Abroad
In 1934, the World Games of Poles Abroad were held in Warsaw for the first time for emigrated Poles , which have been taking place regularly since 1974 after a 40-year break. The sports competitions, which are divided into summer and winter games, are held at different locations in Poland every year. So participated in the XV. Summer Games 2011 in Wroclaw 1,682 athletes from 23 countries participated in 27 sports.
Polonia in Germany
The most important associations active at the federal level include the Bund der Poles in Deutschland , based in Bochum , which was founded in Berlin in 1922 as the umbrella association of Polish organizations, and the Polish Congress in Germany , based in Aachen . This was founded on February 15, 1992 from 16 Polish associations for the purpose of representing the interests of the Polish associations towards the authorities.
The Polish Catholic Mission plays a special role, offering, among other things, instruction in the Polish language for children with a Polish migration background.
Well-known Poland abroad
Well-known Poles abroad and people from Poland
science
- Henryk Arctowski - Polish scientist , oceanographer and explorer of the Antarctic
- Joseph Babinski - Polish-French neurologist
- Zbigniew Brzeziński - Polish-American political scientist
- Nikodem Caro - Polish chemist
- Marie Curie - Polish-French chemist and physicist
- Adam Dziewoński - Polish geophysicist and seismologist
- Kasimir Fajans - Polish-American chemist
- Leonid Hurwicz - American economist of Polish-Jewish origin
- Maciej Klimek - Polish mathematician and university professor in Sweden
- Tadeusz Reichstein - Swiss chemist and botanist of Polish-Jewish origin
- Józef Rotblat - Polish-British physicist
- Andrew Victor Schally - Polish-American physiologist
- Paul Edmund de Strzelecki - Polish researcher and explorer
- Alfred Tarski - Polish-American mathematician and logician
- Adam Bruno Ulam - Polish-American political scientist and modern historian
- Stanisław Marcin Ulam - Polish-American mathematician
music
- Pat Benatar - American singer of Polish origin
- Frédéric Chopin - Polish composer and pianist
- Henrique de Curitiba - Brazilian composer of Polish descent
- Ewa Farna - Polish-Czech singer
- Mark Forster - German singer of Polish descent
- Thomas Godoj - German DSDS winner of Polish origin (Germany)
- Mateo Jaschik - German-Polish singer and music producer ( Culcha Candela )
- Jan Kiepura - Polish tenor
- Sylvia Kollek - Polish Marketing Manager (former juror at DSDS )
- Matt Pokora - French singer of Polish descent
- Arthur Rubinstein - Polish pianist ( France , Switzerland )
- Vitold Rek - Polish jazz double bass player and Kosmopolen eV founder (Germany)
- Alexandre Tansman - Polish-French composer
- DJ Tomekk - Polish hip-hop DJ and music producer (Germany)
- Henry Vars - Polish-American composer
- Bobby Vinton - American singer of Polish descent
literature
- Joseph Conrad - British writer of Polish origin
- Wilhelm Dichter - Polish writer ( USA )
- Danuta Gleed - Canadian writer of Polish origin
- Brigitta Helbig-Mischewski - polonist and writer
- Jerzy Kosiński - American writer of Polish-Jewish origin
- Marcel Reich-Ranicki - German publicist and literary critic of Polish-Jewish origin
- Isaac Bashevis Singer - Polish-American Yiddish writer
- Janusz Leon Wiśniewski - Polish writer and scientist in Germany
Movie
- Natalia Avelon - German actress of Polish origin
- Jane Frances Kaczmarek - Polish-American actress
- Bogumil Dawison - Polish-German actor
- Dagmara Domińczyk - Polish-American actress
- Marika Domińczyk - Polish-American actress
- Piotr Dwojak - German actor of Polish origin
- Aleksander Ford - Polish film director (USA)
- Samuel Goldwyn - American film producer of Polish-Jewish origin
- Helena Modrzejewska - Polish actress (USA)
- Pola Negri - Polish-American actress
- Joanna Pacuła - Polish actress (USA)
- Roman Polański - Polish-French film director
- Stefanie Powers - American actress of Polish descent
- Yvonne Strahovski - Australian actress of Polish descent
- Gore Verbinski - American film director of Polish descent
- Lilly and Lana Wachowski - American film directors of Polish descent
- Mia Wasikowska - Australian actress of Polish descent
politics
- Władysław Anders - Polish general and politician in exile in Great Britain
- Menachem Begin - Israeli politician of Polish origin
- Agnieszka Brugger - German politician
- Zbigniew Brzeziński - Polish-American political scientist
- Władysław Czartoryski - Polish nobleman and political activist
- Józef Haller - Polish general and politician in exile in France and Great Britain
- Ryszard Kaczorowski - President of Poland in exile
- Tadeusz Komorowski - Prime Minister of Poland in exile
- Rosa Luxemburg - German and Polish politician
- Stanisław Mikołajczyk - Prime Minister of Poland in exile
- Edmund S. Muskie - American politician of Polish descent
- Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki - politician of the Polish government in exile
- Stanisław Ostrowski - President of Poland in exile
- Władysław Raczkiewicz - President of Poland in exile
- Władysław Sikorski - Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile
Sports
Soccer
- Robert Acquafresca - Italian football player of Polish descent
- Guillaume Bieganski - French football player of Polish descent
- Thiago Rangel Cionek - Polish national football player of Brazilian-Polish origin
- Thadée Cisowski - French football player of Polish origin
- Filipe Luís - Brazilian soccer player of Polish descent
- Léon Glovacki - French football player of Polish descent
- Phil Jagielka - English football player of Polish descent
- Andy Johnson - English soccer player of Polish descent
- Raymond Kopa - French football player of Polish descent
- Laurent Koscielny - French football player of Polish descent
- Maor Melikson - Israeli soccer player of Polish descent
- Ludovic Obraniak - Polish national football player
- Damien Perquis - Polish national football player
- Tomasz Radziński - Canadian football player of Polish origin
- César Ruminski - French football player of Polish descent
- Ben Sahar - Israeli-Polish soccer player
- Peter Schmeichel - Danish football player of Polish descent
- Kasper Schmeichel - Danish football player of Polish descent (son of Peter Schmeichel)
- Daniel Sikorski - Polish-Austrian football player
- Danny Szetela - American football player of Polish descent
- Gil Vermouth - Israeli soccer player of Polish descent
- Michael Wojtanowicz - Austrian soccer player of Polish descent
- Patrik Wozniacki - Danish football player of Polish descent (brother of Caroline Wozniacki )
Soccer (Germany)
- Michael Bemben
- David Blacha
- Adam Bodzek
- Sebastian Boenisch (Polish national soccer player)
- Bartosz Broniszewski
- Markus Brzenska
- Thomas Cichon
- Christoph Dabrowski
- Michael Delura
- Daniel Dziwniel
- Paul Freier (German national soccer player)
- Darius Kampa
- Sonny Kittel
- Miroslav Klose (German national soccer player)
- Christian Kulik
- Michael Kutzop
- Adam Matuschyk (Polish national soccer player)
- Martin Max (German national soccer player)
- Bastian Oczipka
- Matthias Ostrzolek
- Peter Peschel
- Lukas Podolski (German national soccer player)
- Eugen Polanski (Polish national soccer player)
- Wojciech Pollok
- Kacper Przybyłko
- Raphael Schäfer
- Sebastian Schindzielorz
- Lukas Sinkiewicz (German national soccer player)
- Thomas Sobotzik
- Łukasz Szukała (Polish national football player)
- Paul Thomik
- Piotr Trochowski (German national soccer player)
- Sebastian Tyrała (Polish national football player)
- Ernst Willimowski (Polish and German national soccer player)
- Marcel Witeczek
- Mathias Wittek
- Dariusz Wosz (German national soccer player)
- Robert Wulnikowski
- Thomas Zdebel (Polish national soccer player)
Other sports
- Ole Anderson - American professional wrestler of Polish descent
- Magdalena Brzeska - German gymnast of Polish origin
- Bobby Czyz - American boxer of Polish descent
- Wayne Gretzky - Canadian ice hockey player of Polish descent
- Adrian Grygiel - German ice hockey player of Polish origin
- Tom Gola - American basketball player of Polish descent
- Sebastian Janikowski - Polish American football player
- Ryan Kankowski - South African rugby player of Polish descent
- Angelique Kerber - German-Polish tennis player
- Mike Komisarek - American ice hockey player of Polish descent
- Janina Korowicka - Polish speed skater (Germany)
- Margareta Kozuch - German volleyball player of Polish descent
- Mike Krzyzewski - American basketball coach of Polish descent
- Christian Laettner - American basketball player of Polish descent
- Tara Lipinski - American ice skater of Polish descent
- Sabine Lisicki - German tennis player of Polish origin
- Dan Marino - American football player of Polish descent
- Frédéric Michalak - French rugby player of Polish descent
- Dariusz Michalczewski - German-Polish boxer
- Mike Munchak - American football player of Polish descent
- Miguel Najdorf Polish - chess grandmaster , of Poland and Argentina represented
- Andrzej Niemczyk - former Polish volleyball coach
- Natascha Niemczyk - German volleyball player of Polish descent
- Ed Olczyk - American ice hockey player of Polish descent
- Aleksander Polaczek - German ice hockey player of Polish descent
- Brian Rafalski - American ice hockey player of Polish descent
- Dimitri Szarzewski - French rugby player of Polish descent
- Savielly Tartakower Polish chess player Poland and - France represented
- Kelly Tripucka - American basketball player of Polish descent
- Greg Valentine - American professional wrestler of Polish descent
- Rob Van Dam - American professional wrestler of Polish descent
- Carl Yastrzemski - American baseball player
- Ewa Wiśnierska-Cieślewicz - Polish-German paraglider pilot
- Alex Wojciechowicz - American football player of Polish descent
- Caroline Wozniacki - Danish tennis player of Polish descent
Other
- Karola Bloch - Polish-German architect and publicist
- Moshe Czerniak - Israeli chess master of Polish origin
- Ludwig Klimek - Polish artist and French painter
- Ottilie Klimek - American serial killer in Chicago
- Tadeusz Kościuszko - Polish general and national hero
- Joanna Krupa - Polish-American model
- Daniel Libeskind - American architect of Polish origin
- Teresa Orlowski - German porn actress of Polish origin
- Kazimierz Pułaski - Polish nobleman and general in the American War of Independence
- Marcel Reif - German sports commentator of Polish-Jewish origin
- Helena Rubinstein - American cosmetics entrepreneur and patron of Polish-Jewish origin
- Martha Stewart - American television personality, editor, and entrepreneur of Polish descent
- Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański - Polish sculptor
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Wspólnota Polska - Polonia w liczbach. ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Unless otherwise stated, the following figures represent estimates from 2007, with only municipalities over 2,000 people listed. Some of these data indicate significantly higher numbers than other statistics, such as B. censuses, and have no absolute claim, but are to be understood as approximate values, which are the only basis for assessment, especially in countries where no censuses are carried out.
- ↑ Census database - results of the 2011 census . Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- ↑ Number of foreigners from Poland in Germany from 2007 to 2015
- ↑ Four million Germans have two passports , zeit.de
- ↑ Polacy w Japonii
- ↑ Poland abroad . Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- ↑ Central Statistical Office ( Memento of the original dated June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ see also: Union of Poles in Belarus
- ↑ Poland abroad . Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- ↑ European Citizen Action Service ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ in the report the Baltic countries and Finland were not included
- ↑ Seasonal workers are included in the figures
- ↑ Individuals are of different national denominations