Qasem Soleimani

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Qasem Soleimani, spring 2019

Qasem Soleimani ( Persian قاسم سلیمانی, DMG Qāsem-e Soleimānī ; * March 11, 1957 in Qanat-e Malek / Rabor District , Kerman Province , Iran ; † January 3, 2020 in Baghdad , Iraq ) was an Iranian officer, most recently a division commander (Persian sarlaschkar ). He was the commander of the Quds Unit , a subdivision of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard that conducts special operations outside of Iran. Soleimani's influence extended far beyond the military; many observers see him as one of the main culprits for the expansion of Iranian influence to large parts of the Middle East. He always acted in close cooperation with the Iranian revolutionary leader ( rahbar ) Ayatollah Ali Khamenei . On January 3, 2020 01:00 am local time (January 2, 2020, 23:00 CET ), he was on the orders of US President Donald Trump using a drone from the US military in Iraq killed because Trump indirectly blamed him for several attacks, including the earlier attack by pro-Iranian militias on the United States Embassy in Baghdad .

Life

Soleimani grew up in a peasant family in a small village in the southeastern province of Kerman. As a teenager he moved to the provincial capital Kerman , where he worked on construction sites to repay a debt from his father. In his spare time he braced weights and heard the sermons of an itinerant preacher named Hojjat Kamyab to, a protégé of Ali Khamenei . He later received training at the waterworks. During the Islamic Revolution , Soleimani joined the Revolutionary Guard at the age of 23, and two years later he was brigadier general. His rise began in the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s, during which he gained national fame through commando operations across the border. He himself took part in numerous secret military missions abroad.

From 1998 he was the commander of the Quds unit and, over time, allowed the military, financial, intelligence and political potential of the elite unit to be expanded significantly. In the course of time, he created a network of aid organizations, schools, and religious centers in every country in which Shiites lived, which were financed by Iran, which tied the population and also served to recruit new fighters.

According to media reports, after the attacks of September 11, 2001, he “indirectly coordinated action against the Taliban with Washington without leaving any written trace.” He also expanded cooperation between the Quds unit and Hezbollah to help the latter with the Support the reconquest of southern Lebanon . When US President George W. Bush counted Iran to be the axis of evil , he stopped working together. In the Afghanistan war he was with his Quds an ally of the USA and was significantly involved in the victory over the Taliban in Herat and in the advance of the Northern Alliance on Kabul . In the wake of General Yahya Rahim Safavi's resignation in September 2007, he was considered a possible successor to the post of commander of the Pasdaran (Iranian Revolutionary Guard).

Soleimani is held responsible for building up the Iranian-influenced Shiite militias in Iraq, which formed a counterbalance to the “ coalition of the willing ”. He also mediated a merger of originally hostile Shiite militias in Iraq and was also able to achieve cooperation with Sunni forces. In 2008, he proposed to the American commander-in-chief in Iraq, General David Petraeus , to discuss security in Iraq during a meeting, which the latter refused. As was made known by Wikileaks , he introduced himself to Petraeus as the one who commanded Iranian politics in Afghanistan, Lebanon and the Gaza Strip. In the same year, he headed a group of Iranian investigators investigating the death of Imad Mughniyya . Supporters of the Iranian regime and especially the Revolutionary Guard often give him the honorary name Hajj .

When the defeat of the Iranian-allied government of Bashar al-Assad seemed inevitable during the civil war in Syria , Soleimani is said to have developed a plan to provide Assad with military support. For this purpose, he traveled to Moscow in July 2015 and presented his concept, which should ultimately have contributed to the Russian intervention in autumn 2015. Before that, in 2012 he had sent tens of thousands of Shiite militiamen from Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq to Syria to support Assad and was thus able to prevent Assad's immediate defeat. In doing so, he systematically and fundamentally avoided the use of Iranian fighters on missions abroad in order to later deny Iran's responsibility.

In the fight against the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq in summer 2014, Soleimani supported the Iraqi militias in Amerli as a military advisor .

In the major offensive on Tikrit in March 2015, Soleimani took command of the Shiite Badr Brigade ; it was the largest attack against ISIS to date. US Secretary of State John Kerry publicly recognized Soleimani's role in Tikrit, and the military cooperation was seen as further rapprochement between Washington and the government in Tehran .

His influence also extended beyond the Middle East, for example to West Africa and Venezuela, where he included the Shiite communities in the respective countries. In contrast, he was hardly known to the western public. He did not give interviews to western journalists and appeared modest and speaking in a low voice. After he supported Nuri al-Maliki in 2006 as the successor to Iraqi Prime Minister Ibrahim al-Jafari , the Revolutionary Guards received billions of dollars from the oil proceeds in times of the booming oil business. At one of the last known meetings in Baghdad in November 2019, when he tried to get the Iraqi cabinet and all other key leaders on a tough course against the escalating protests in the country, only ex-prime minister Haider al-Abadi dared to contradict him .

Soleimani is accused by Israel of having ordered a rocket attack on the Israeli military in the Golan Heights on the night of May 9-10, 2018 . In response, the morning of May 10, the largest ever air strike by Israeli forces on targets in Syria.

Qasem Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis at the funeral of Soleimani's father, Tehran 2017.
Soleimani receives the Order of Zolfaghar from Chamenei . March 10, 2019

On March 10, 2019, he was awarded the highest Iranian military order, the Zolfaghar Order . It was the first award of the order since 1979. Ayatollah Khamenei described him as a "living martyr" while he was still alive.

On October 3, 2019, news agencies, citing Iranian sources, reported that the Revolutionary Guard had thwarted an attempted assassination attempt on Soleimani in his home province of Kerman, allegedly using 500 kg of explosives. He was previously declared dead several times, so in 2006 in a plane crash in northwestern Iran, where military officials of the victims were in a bomb attack in 2012 in Damascus fell, the key adviser to Assad victim, and in November 2015, fighting around Aleppo on Pages from Assad.

In an interview published in October 2019, Soleimani stated that he was there during the 2006 Lebanon War to gain an overview of the situation. He was also in Lebanon for the 2019 protests .

Soleimani was on a list of persons and organizations of the European Union classified as terrorists, updated in January 2019 . The Iranian Revolutionary Guards, including the Quds unit, were classified as a terrorist organization by the United States in April 2019 .

His younger brother Sohrab Soleimani was, among other things, general director responsible for the prisons in Tehran. His accounts in the United States, if any, were frozen in April 2017 on suspicion of torture in Iranian prisons.

death

Funeral ceremonies for Soleimani in Ahvaz, Iran
Funeral for Soleimani in Tehran, Enqelab Square (Revolution Square)

Qasem Soleimani was killed in a targeted missile attack at Baghdad Airport on January 3, 2020 . Shortly after the airliner arriving from Damascus landed at the airport, the column of vehicles that had picked it up was shot at by an American MQ-9 Reaper drone as it left the complex .

The attack was ordered by US President Donald Trump . The Iraqi brigadier general Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis , deputy commander of the militia al-Hashd al-Shaʿbī , and leader of the Kataib Hezbollah , and at least five other people, including Soleimani's son-in-law and a civilian airport employee , also died in the drone attack stopped. Al-Muhandis also had a reputation beyond the Shiite militia in Iraq, as his militia opposed the advance of the Salafist terrorist militia Daesh / "Islamic State" in Iraq in 2014 after the Iraqi army had fled. According to a reconstruction by the New York Times, Trump had already been presented by the Pentagon with the killing of Soleimani as the last and most extreme option during the attack on Kirkuk, but then opted for an air strike on Iranian militiamen. After reports of the siege of the US embassy in Baghdad, he changed his mind and ordered the killing of Soleimani.

According to Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abd al-Mahdi at the special session of parliament on January 5, 2020, Soleimani had traveled to Baghdad to meet with him at 8:30 a.m. local time. In order to promote de-escalation in the region (Yemen, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon), the governments in Riyadh and Tehran had set up joint talks mediated by Baghdad in the weeks before. Stephan Roll, research group leader for the Near / Middle East and Africa at the Berlin Foundation for Science and Politics, confirmed to Deutsche Welle that the talks mediated by Iraq opened up channels “that didn't exist before”. Soleimani had been sent as a messenger from Tehran with a diplomatic passport to personally deliver the answer to a diplomatic note from Riyadh. These mediators were requested by the Trump administration. Al-Mahdi also announced that he had personally endeavored to de-escalate the violent protests in front of the US embassy in Baghdad, which had ended at the time Soleimani was killed, and that President Trump had thanked him for it. In this context, the Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung speaks of a striking collateral damage : “Trump is militarily striking a general from Iran - and politically he is losing Iraq. Trump has trampled the delicate seedlings of new relations between Baghdad and Washington that had grown after the war and theoretically could have stabilized the region. "

According to the Washington Post , on the night of the assassination attempt on Soleimani, the Americans also carried out an attack on another leader of the Iranian quds brigade, Abdul Reza Shahlai, who is responsible for finances. However, the attack in Yemen was unsuccessful. In December 2019, the US is said to have offered $ 15 million in reward for information on the whereabouts and working methods of Shahlai. On January 14, 2020, press reports appeared that President Trump had decided to kill Soleimani seven months ago, provided that a US citizen would be killed by his influence and the President would authorize it again.

prehistory

Before the attack on Soleimani, there were violent protests by Shiite militias - in particular the Iran-backed Kataib Hezbollah - in front of the large US embassy in Baghdad, which was besieged for two days. The attempted penetration into the embassy was repulsed with tear gas. According to the United States and observers, the protests were staged by Iran. The occasion was US drone strikes against five bases of the Kataib Hezbollah in Syria and Iraq, which killed around 25 militiamen and injured many. These US drone strikes were in turn the reaction to a rocket attack on an Iraqi military base in Kirkuk on December 27, 2019, in which a US employee (" civil contractor ") of Valiant Integrated Services and translator named Nawres Waleed Hamid was killed, four US soldiers and two Iraqi security forces were injured, for which the US blamed the Kataib Hezbollah militia . The Iraqi security forces stayed out of the siege of the US embassy; they had not previously been involved by the US in the military retaliatory attacks. The Iraqi government has been under pressure as Baghdad has been rocked since October 2019 by mass protests against corrupt elites and the influence of Iran, against which the Iraqi government, backed by Shiite militias such as Kataib Hezbollah, violated, killing hundreds.

The official justification for the US government's assassination attempt on Soleimani was contradicting itself. On the one hand, the killing of at least 600 US soldiers in Iraq alone has been cited in the past, which the Americans attribute directly to Soleimani's influence. Vice President Mike Pence also made him responsible for the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 , for which there is no evidence in the official US investigation report. Trump himself claimed on January 3 that it had prevented imminent attacks on US diplomats and military personnel and that Soleimani had been "caught in the act". Donald Trump told FOX television that Soleimani was involved in plans for future attacks on up to four US embassies, including the one in Iraq. Defense Secretary Mark Esper said in an interview on Jan. 12 that he was not aware of any specific indications of Soleimani's plans to attack four US embassies, but that there had been indications of imminent attacks in more than one country within a few days and that he was like the president Attacks on US embassies viewed as likely target. When the US House of Representatives was briefed on January 8, there was no mention of an imminent attack on four US embassies, according to Democratic Senator Chris Murphy .

The question of whether an imminent danger has been averted is of importance according to the current United States Constitution with regard to the prior involvement of the US Congress in decisions that could lead to war (see Parliamentary Army ), but the interpretation is controversial in the USA. The US Congress was subsequently informed and the secret information provided left more questions than it answered , according to House spokeswoman Nancy Pelosi .

Funeral ceremonies in Iraq and Iran

A funeral procession took place in Baghdad on January 4th. Thousands of mourners, chanting death wishes against America and Israel, followed the coffin. The procession began at the al-Kazimiyya Mosque , in the presence of Prime Minister Adil Abd al-Mahdi . Soleimani's remains were brought to the holy Shiite cities of Karbala and Najaf on January 5th and then to Iran, first to Mashhad and Ahvaz , where hundreds of thousands of people gathered. The procession eventually reached Tehran, where the Associated Press estimated that at least a million people gathered. Satellite images showed a procession nearly six kilometers long on a main street in Tehran. In the presence of President Hassan Rohani , General Esmail Ghaani and other leaders, Ayatollah Khamene'i said the Islamic prayer for the dead . This was the largest funeral service in Iran since Ayatollah Khomeini's funeral in 1989.

Reactions and consequences

The UN Special Rapporteur Agnès Callamard initially described the killing in March as “most likely illegal” and contrary to human rights. In early July 2020, she submitted her final assessment and stuck with the rating of an illegal killing. The United States was therefore unable to prove that Soleimani posed an immediate threat to the lives of others and that the Americans could therefore not invoke an act of self-defense.

Ali Khamenei announced retaliation and promoted Esmail Ghaani , a companion of Soleimani and his military deputy, as the new commander of the Quds Brigades.

The Iraqi government distanced itself after President Trump's unauthorized action. The killing of Soleimani and his companions on the airfield in Baghdad was seen as a humiliation of Iraq and an affront to the state sovereignty of Iraq. Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abd al-Mahdi spoke of "aggression against the Iraqi state, its government and the people". Iraq called on the UN Security Council to condemn the attack on Soleimani and al-Muhandis.

The Iraqi parliament decided in a special session on January 5th that the government would be instructed to initiate the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Iraq. However, the Kurdish and the majority of the Sunni MPs boycotted the session. Since 2014, at the invitation of Iraq, an international alliance against the Islamic State led by the USA was in the country, which was supposed to train and support the Iraqi army and which at the end of 2019 comprised around 5,000 US soldiers - in addition to soldiers from other countries such as Germany with 120 soldiers . Some of the German soldiers were withdrawn from Iraq in the wake of the tensions. Parliament also decided that foreign troops should no longer use Iraqi airspace without a permit. After a letter from Brigadier General William Seeley, head of US military operations in Iraq, became known on January 6, 2020, saying that the Iraqi parliament's resolution for a US troop withdrawal would be respected and that regrouping would be carried out in Iraq , that was denied by US Secretary of Defense Mark Esper and Chief of Staff Mark Milley on the same day . The latter stated that the letter was genuine but poorly worded and that no print was intended. President Trump threatened drastic punitive measures against Iraq in the event of a hostile expulsion of the US troops and would not withdraw the troops before Iraq paid for the US-funded military airport, a billion-dollar investment. The German government, however, announced that it would temporarily withdraw its soldiers in central Iraq.

On January 5, Trump announced via Twitter, about potentially imminent, possibly Congress "disproportionate" ( "disproportionate" only to inform) reprisals for attacks on American targets in Iran or citizens in the future on Twitter. This exacerbated the constitutional crisis in the United States (Trump was in impeachment proceedings at the time of the attack ), representatives of the Democrats spoke of dictatorial presumption, and Nancy Pelosi announced on January 6 that the powers of the Congress to enforce the right to a say in armed conflicts were enforced Wanting to restrict presidents in conflict with Iran. According to the War Powers Resolution , which dates back to the 1970s, the US President must inform Congress within 48 hours if the US military is deployed without a declaration of war. Immediately beforehand, the US government had decided to deploy over 3,000 more soldiers in the region.

In response, Iran announced retaliatory strikes, particularly against the US military. In a speech broadcast on Iranian TV channel IRINN TV on January 8, 2020 and translated into English by the Middle East Media Research Institute , Iranian President Rouhani stated that Iran will no longer adhere to the restrictions on the number of centrifuges agreed in the 2015 nuclear agreement for the enrichment of uranium. "Iran's nuclear industry will flourish," he said. Second, Rouhani mentions in his speech that the Americans cut off the hand of Soleimani ("They cut off the hand of our dear Soleimani") and, as revenge, they, the Iranians, would cut off the Americans' legs and throw them out of neighboring countries .

Trump responded to the threat of retaliation with a Twitter statement in which he threatened the bombing of 52 selected, culturally significant sites (Trump: "very important and significant for Iranian culture" ) in Iran. This threat caused international outrage, since attacks on the world cultural heritage according to the Hague Convention , to which the USA is also committed, constitute a war crime . US Secretary of Defense Esper said the US would comply with international law . Trump chose the number of 52 targets, as he himself emphasized, also with regard to the 52 hostages in the US embassy in Tehran in 1979. Iranian Prime Minister Hassan Rouhani then also replied on Twitter on January 6, 2020: Whoever referred to the number 52 refers, should also remember the number 290 , with which he in turn recalled the downing of the civil aircraft Iran Air Flight 655 in 1988 over the Strait of Hormuz by the US warship USS Vincennes and made it clear that Iran had considerably more targets for a counterattack are available.

The Iranian government ordered several days of national mourning and organized elaborate funeral procession over several days in various cities, to which the coffin with his body was brought. In total, over a million people came together on those funeral marches. Related to this is a mass panic in Kerman , in which, according to Iranian state television, 56 people died and several hundred were injured.

On the night of January 7th to January 8th, Iran fired ballistic missiles from its own territory in retaliation at the Al Asad airbase and the Erbil military base in northern Iraq, which is also used by the Americans, with no one killed. Trump commented on this on Twitter and in front of the press at the White House on January 8 with all is well . The Americans had been warned by Iran about the Iraqis and were also able to follow the trajectory of the missiles via their own satellites. On January 8, during a cabinet meeting, Iranian President Ruhani commented on the Iranian rocket attack on American military bases in Iraq as the first response, but the ultimate revenge would be the end of the American presence in the region. Weeks later it became public that several US soldiers suffered traumatic brain injuries (TBI) as a result of the rocket fire on the Al Asad Airbase . Initially there were 34 and later 64 people affected. In February, the Pentagon corrected the number of soldiers with SHT to 109.

On the night of Iran's retaliatory strike on US bases in Iraq, the Iranian air defense in Tehran accidentally shot down a Ukrainian passenger plane (the anti-aircraft missiles were armed in anticipation of a US retaliatory strike), killing many Iranians as well as foreigners ( Ukraine-International- Airlines flight 752 ). After several days of denial and pressure, in particular from Ukraine and the Canadian Prime Minister, whose country had suffered many casualties and who publicly suspected a likely accidental shooting down by Iran, the Iranians finally admitted to having been responsible. This led to mass protests in Iran itself, which diverted attention from the grief for Soleimani; and the Iranian leadership announced a strict investigation and prosecution of those responsible in response.

Iran's missile attacks have been responded to by the Trump administration with additional severe economic sanctions on Iran's manufacturing, mining and textile industries. Instagram, one of the few Western social media outlets available to Iranian citizens, began to delete posts and accounts, including accounts from journalists, newspapers and agencies, that Soleimani mentioned in response to US sanctions against Iran afford to.

In February 2020, eight members of the Die Linke parliamentary group in the Bundestag filed charges against members of the Federal Government with the Attorney General for complicity in the murder of Soleimani. The ad also mentions the killing of the deputy chief of the Iraqi People's Mobilization Forces , Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis , an airport employee who happened to be nearby, and four other people in the column of vehicles. The targeted killing on the orders of the administration of US President Trump is "to be judged under criminal law as an insidious murder by means dangerous to the public". Immediate investigations were requested. The MPs referred to a decision of the Higher Administrative Court for the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (OVG NRW) of March 19, 2019 (4 A 1361/15). In the decision, the central role of Ramstein Air Base in the forwarding of drone data was highlighted and the factual correctness determined. The court ordered the federal government to ensure that Ramstein Air Base is not used for US drone attacks that violate international law. The federal government has to ensure that no violations of international law originate in German territory.

The chairman (of the party "Die Linke") in the Defense Committee of the German Bundestag , Alexander Neu , spoke of a " double standard " when it comes to observing international law: "To denounce international law violations by non-Western third countries, but consciously keep an eye out for the abuse of German territory Closing the door for US military operations is pure hypocrisy. "He criticized:" The German Ramstein is a linchpin for the US's global violence policy. "

In June 2020, Iran issued an arrest warrant against US President Trump for the killing of Soleimani and requested assistance from the international police organization Interpol . Since Trump as head of state is under international law under diplomatic immunity, the arrest warrant is considered a symbolic act. Trump failed to provide evidence that Soleimani's killing would have prevented imminent attacks.

Rating

The American and British military referred to him as the "Iranian Rommel ", in the sense of a feared but respected opponent. Former US Army general and former JSOC and ISAF commander Stanley A. McChrystal described Soleimani as “Iran's deadly puppeteer” in 2019 and compared his “shadowy influence” in Iran to that of J. Edgar Hoovers in the United States.

In 2017, Soleimani was on the TIME list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. At that time, the CIA expert Kenneth Pollack wrote about Soleimani: "For Shiites in the Middle East he is James Bond , Erwin Rommel and Lady Gaga in one". Soleimani had a very popular account on the online service Instagram and in a 2018 survey he received 83% approval - more than President Ruhani and Foreign Minister Sarif . Soleimani was traded as a possible candidate for president in 2021.

Private

Soleimani was married and the father of several children. His daughter Seinab Soleimani spoke on January 6th at the funeral in Tehran and demanded vengeance for her father's death (Seinab Soleimani: "Crazy Trump, don't think that my father's martyrdom is all over").

Web links

References and comments

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  2. ↑ Compare the shoulder badge on the adjacent photo from 2019 with the Wikipedia table of the ranks of the armed forces of Iran .
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  75. ↑ Instagram Is Suspending Iranian Profiles That Mention Soleimani , CNN, January 11, 2020
  76. ↑ Authoritarian Tech - After Soleimani's death, Instagram shuts down Iranian accounts , Coda Story, January 10, 2020
  77. ↑ US drone operations in Yemen: Plaintiffs achieve partial success , OVG NRW, March 19, 2019
  78. ↑ Left put charges against Merkel after Soleimani's killing , Der Tagesspiegel, February 27, 2020
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  82. ↑ Anonymized US official: "This guy was, as [Senior State Department Official One] said, unique. There were things he could do that nobody else could do. He was not a decentralized manager; he was a hands-on, down-to-the-details manager. And we are not safe in the region as long as Iran is pursuing this general strategy, but we are safer without him than we are with him. " Https://translations.state.gov/2020/01/03/senior-state -department-officials-on-the-situation-in-iraq /
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  85. ↑ Tim Arango, Ronen Bergman, Ben Hubbard: Qassim Suleimani, Master of Iran's Intrigue, Built a Shiite Axis of Power in Mideast . In: The New York Times . January 3, 2020, ISSN  0362-4331 (English, nytimes.com [accessed January 6, 2020]).
  86. ↑ Dexter Filkins: The Shadow Commander . In: The New Yorker . September 23, 2013, ISSN  0028-792X (English, newyorker.com [accessed January 6, 2020]).
  87. ↑ Anger and mourning for Soleimani - "A good and loyal soldier" , ZDF Online, January 6, 2020
  88. ↑ https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/qassem-soleimani-devil-america-iran-superhero
personal data
SURNAME Soleimani, Qasem
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sarlaschkar, Qasem; Rahbar, Qasem; قاسم سلیمانی & lrm (Persian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Iranian major general
DATE OF BIRTH March 11, 1957
PLACE OF BIRTH Qanat-e Malek , Kerman Province , Iran
DATE OF DEATH January 3, 2020
Place of death Baghdad , Iraq