Wolthusen

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Wolthusen
City of Emden
Coordinates: 53 ° 22 ′ 15 ″  N , 7 ° 13 ′ 55 ″  E
Residents : 4178  (Sep 30, 2012)
Incorporation : 1928
Postal code : 26725
Area code : 04921
map
Location of Wolthusens in the city of Emden
Residential area at Wolthuser Kolk

Wolthusen is a district of the seaport city of Emden in East Frisia and was incorporated into the city in 1928 . The name of the place comes from its location in the low, swampy meadowland (= Wold), composed of -husen, i.e. houses.

Some of the most preferred residential areas in Emden are located in the district, which stretches for a good part along the Ems-Jade Canal and other canals (Borßumer Canal, Treckfahrtstief ). Wolthusen currently has 4178 inhabitants (September 30, 2012), who are divided into two areas by the city's statistics office: Wolthusen-Dorf and Wolthusen-new building area, which also includes the Tholenswehr district . Of the 4,178 inhabitants, 1837 live in Wolthusen-Dorf. With its 4178 inhabitants, Wolthusen is the fifth largest district of Emden after the city center, Barenburg , Borssum and Port Arthur / Transvaal . 2.3 percent of the population are foreigners, which is well below the urban average of 5.1 percent.

location

Wolthusen is east of downtown Emden. In the north it borders on the neighboring district of Tholenswehr , the border is formed by the Emden Central Cemetery named after this district. Due to extensive new development areas in the north of Wolthusen and east to northeast of the cemetery, however, the development has now reached Tholenswehr, so that the transitions are fluid. The statistics office of the city of Emden counts Tholenswehr to the Wolthusen / new building area. To the west of Wolthusen, beyond the Emden Wall and the Emden city moat , are the inner-city quarters of Groß-Faldern and Bentinkshof . In the south, Wolthusen borders on Herrentor . In the western area the Ems-Jade Canal forms the border, in the eastern area partly the connecting canal , but partly the border is also in the Feldmark. In the east are Uphusen and the Marienwehr field mark , the border here is the federal motorway 31 .

The Wolthuser district lies entirely in the Knickmarsch .

history

Prehistory and early history

Ceramic finds from the Roman Empire came to light in 1984 when the Borssum drainage channel was being dredged. These were pieces of the rim and handle of a vase or a similar container. They are partly leaned out granite, partly organically leaned.

middle Ages

The first documented mention of Wolthusens comes from the year 1437. A much older mention of the location "in Walthusen" from the Fulda traditions from the 8th / 9th centuries. Century, which appeared in a copy from the 12th century, was located by the historian von Künzel-Blok-Verhoeff in the area of ​​today's province of Groningen .

For the period of the East Frisian chieftains is Wiard of Uphusen occupied, who worked in the second quarter of the 15th century, when one after the other, the tom Brok , the Ukena and finally the Cirksenas fought for supremacy in East Friesland. At that time Wiard was chief of Uphusen and Wolthusen, which is why people later spoke of Up- and Wolthusen as a glory . He was considered a loyal supporter of the Cirksenas and one of the most powerful and richest nobles in East Friesland, which was due to his extensive possessions: In addition to his ancestral seat Up- and Wolthusen, he was also chief of Groß-Faldern and Klein-Faldern , Borssum , Jarßum and from time to time and partly also from Oldersum . His dominion comprised a total of twelve parishes . Wiards daughter Occa inherited Up- and Wolthusen as well as Jarßum and married Snelger Houwerda. Their descendants remained in the possession of the glory Up- and Wolthusen until it was sold to the city of Emden.

Early modern age

After the Emden Revolution (1595), the city of Emden set about securing its eastern catchment area and access area by purchasing splendors . In the 16th and 17th centuries, individual branches or entire families were extinct in several of these aristocratic estates, the lords of which mostly went back to the medieval chiefs. The glories were also often in debt. They were thus open to acquisition, often by other (East Frisian or foreign) nobles. The city fathers of Emden feared that the East Frisian counts might seize the glories east of Emden and thereby block the important eastern land and waterways. Therefore, when the first opportunity arose in 1597, the city bought the delights of Wolthusen and Uphusen from the Snelger Howerda family at a price of 62,750 guilders, a few pieces of jewelery and “a piece of the best cognac ”.

In the years 1629 to 1631, the city acquired other surrounding splendors on the right bank of the lower Ems. From the property of the Frese family in Uttum and Hinte came the greats Groß- and Klein- Borssum , later also Jarßum and Widdelswehr , for which Emden together paid a little more than 21,000 East Frisian guilders. In 1631, Emden finally acquired the largest area of ​​its glories, Oldersum , together with the surrounding villages of Gandersum , Rorichum , Tergast and Simonswolde . The city paid around 60,000 Reichstaler for this. With the exception of the glory of Petkum , Emden ruled the entire lower right bank of the Ems.

The acquisitions, made for geographical and strategic considerations, were to serve a further purpose in the future, according to the will of the Emden city tour: With the splendor, Emden hoped to gain a seat and vote in the knighthood curia of the East Frisian landscape from around 1636 .

“Only afterwards did Althusius and other shrewd lawyers derive this possibility of increasing the weight of the city from the title of mayor and council of the city of Emden, lords and chiefs of Oldersum, etc. , who were rightly allowed to lead the city rulers. Despite violent disputes, Emden was not allowed to be a member of the knightly curia of the country; the city was of course entitled to all other rulership rights arising from the ownership of the splendors, the claim of which did not depend on the personal nobility. In Up- and Wolthusen, in Borssum and Oldersum, there were administrative and accounting officers appointed by the council as well as judges who acted as local authorities on behalf of the city. All glories thus formed their own administrative districts and were not an integral part of the actual city area. "

- Bernd Kappelhoff : History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. P. 37 and 38.
Colored copper engraved map by Homann, Nuremberg, around 1718 for the Christmas flood in 1717

Due to its somewhat more inland location east of Emden, Wolthusen was significantly less affected by the Christmas flood of 1717 than the northern coastal sections of the East Frisian peninsula. However, according to a contemporary survey by the Larrelter preacher Jacobus Isebrandi Harkenroth, five people died in the glory. Eight horses and 52 cattle drowned. Two houses were completely destroyed and another partially destroyed.

Prussian time

With East Friesland the glory of Up- and Wolthusen came to Prussia in 1744 . In the years 1798 to 1800, the Treckschuitenfahrtskanal, later called Treckfahrtstief , was created between Emden and Aurich . It led from the Emder Wall through the glory of Up- and Wolthusen: via (today's) Tholenswehr to Marienwehr and there sharply in a south-easterly direction. With barges , the horses towed were promoted the trek airline mail, cargo and passengers, where the channel has received its name. The hydraulic engineer Tönjes Bley from Horsten was in charge of the planning of the canal . The company was unable to establish itself in the long term, as the plan to run the canal through the entire East Frisian peninsula failed, not least due to insufficient funding. It was only in the years 1880 to 1888 that the plan from the beginning of that century was implemented to continue the canal. It was extended to Wilhelmshaven and henceforth called the Ems-Jade Canal . This came too late for the Treckfahrtsgesellschaft: the construction of roads and railway lines in East Friesland meant the end of regular shipping to Aurich in the 1860s.

Prussian statistics from 1805/06 show that in those years there were 41 residents of whole squares , ten residents of half a square and one resident of a quarter square, i.e. smaller courtyards. In addition there were 74 warf people, kotters and householders. There were five preachers and six sextons working in the churches of glory . The population of the glory was 1019. A diversified commercial life was added to agriculture. There were 13 millers, eight shoemakers, six carpenters, bakers and tailors each, five linen weavers, each brickworker and brewer, and a brandy burner. 13 people worked in the hospitality industry, to which the situation at the bottom of the trek contributed. Two midwives were responsible for the medical care. 54 people also earned their living as day laborers. In the glory there was an oil mill with five and a cutting mill with ten employees, a brandy distillery, linen weaver factories and a brickworks with ten employees. In agriculture there were 1468 head of cattle (including 25 oxen and 315 young cattle), 447 sheep, 425 pigs and 287 horses. In arable farming, farmers concentrated on oats and especially rapeseed, but also grew wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, peas and beans to a lesser extent.

Hanoverian time and empire

Around 1820 the towns of Wolthusen and Uphusen, which still operated together as Herrlichkeit, had 728 inhabitants. 434 of these were in Wolthusen, which is closer to the city. Horticulture was widespread in Wolthusen, especially cabbage varieties were grown. The former chief's seat, the Hooge Huus , was a restaurant at that time. Two brickworks and a mill have survived from those years. Senator Tholen also had two oil mills and a cutting mill built in what was later to be Tholenswehr . Wolthusen was the seat of one of the two bailiwicks of the Emden Office (next to Larrelt). The area of ​​the Wolthuser Vogtei extended from the Emden city limits in the west to Rorichum and Simonswolde in the east and from Marienwehr in the north to the Ems in the south, including the island of Nesserland at the time. The Wolthusen District Bailiwick was subdivided into the Lower Bailiwick Oldersum for the eastern and Jarßum for the western part of the area mentioned. The office structure was given up at the time of the Empire in 1885 in favor of the newly created districts, Wolthusen from then on belonged to the district of Emden .

In 1836 a fire broke out in the Aasmann brickworks. The brick was owned by the master baker Aasmann.

Between 1880 and 1888 the Ems-Jade Canal was built, which ensured the connection between Emden and Wilhelmshaven and at the same time served to drain the interior of East Frisia. It forms the southern border of the Wolthusen district. The boiler lock was built to connect the canal with the existing canals (moat in front of the Wall, Fehntjer Tief). During the construction, parts of the meandering Wolthuser Tief were incorporated into the canal, today's Wolthuser Kolk was dug out of the canal body.

At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century , Emden thought about building a bypass around the city. It should branch off at about the level of the Friesland colony and lead north-east around the city, in order to finally get back to the East Frisian Coast Railway at about the level of the Harsweg district. Until then, a few porches had been built for this purpose. These include the bridge piers for the bridge that was to cross the Ems-Jade Canal. They can still be seen today on the Herrentor bank and the Wolthuser bank of the Ems-Jade Canal (around the level of the sports fields).

On April 23, 1911, a fire broke out in Hero, Peter and Dirk Weitz's brickworks on today's Ziegeleistraße. There was a damage of 1600 marks. The presumed cause of the fire was children playing with matches.

Weimar Republic and National Socialism

Between 1926 and 1929 a new drainage canal was built in Wolthusen west of the village center, the Borssumer Canal or Borssumer Schöpfwerkskanal . It had become necessary because after the dike in the Larrelter and Wybelsumer Polder (1912–23) and the previous closure of the Larrelter Siels, there was a lack of drainage capacity. This was particularly noticeable in the areas far from the shore around the Great Sea , where heavy rainfall regularly caused flooding. For this reason, the short depression between Marienwehr and the Kleiner Meer was expanded and the new canal was built between Tholenswehr and Herrentor. It crosses under the Ems-Jade Canal between Wolthusen and Herrentor in a culvert . The canal then uses the drainage canal that was already created in connection with the construction of the Ems-Jade Canal, which in Herrentor runs parallel to the connecting canal to the Fehntjer Tief , which is also crossed by a culvert and continues via the Borssumer lock to Borssumer Siel. A footbridge leads over the connecting canal to Herrentor, which in earlier times was adapted to the height of the masts for shipping between the Fehnen and Emden.

In the course of the bunker construction in World War II , a bunker was also built in Wolthusen. The building, designed by the Emden construction company Hermann Borchard, was completed on June 21, 1942. The six-storey bunker (three mezzanine floors each) had 902 beds and 118 seats. In contrast to most of the other bunkers, it had a level, barrier-free entrance and another, which was accessible via a concrete staircase. This allowed the residents to get into the bunker faster. As with the other bunkers in the Emden city area, foreign foreign and forced laborers were also used in the Wolthusen bunker. During the Second World War there were two forced labor camps in Wolthusen: one on Wolthuser Strasse and one near the brickworks. Five Ukrainian slave laborers were hanged there on January 26, 1944 after they were accused of stealing food.

post war period

The district was only sparsely built up until the end of the Second World War: in addition to the old village center and houses along Wolthuser Straße, there was only one structural development along the Treckfahrtstiefs, up to Filkuhlweg and Zeppelinstraße. After the war, the area between the Emder Wall and the old village center was gradually built on. In accordance with the guideline set by the Emden city council to implement further residential developments within the motorway half-ring around the seaport city, if possible, in order to conserve space in the outdoor areas, Wolthusen moved back into the focus of construction planning in the 1990s. Since then, the district has undergone a significant expansion in the north, with multi-storey buildings also being realized very occasionally. In terms of urban planning, Wolthusen has now reached the Tholenswehr district, which used to be isolated.

The Wolthuser Bunker has been used as a recording studio and practice room for music groups for some time.

politics

East Frisia in its entirety - and Emden in particular - has been a stronghold of the SPD for decades.

In the 2013 federal election , the residents of Wolthusen's three electoral districts voted the SPD as the strongest party, in line with the Emden result, but the CDU and the Greens performed above average in a city-wide comparison. In the Wolthusen I district, the SPD 40, the CDU 33.23 and the Greens won 10.98 percent of the vote. In District II the SPD achieved 41.28, the CDU 29.46 and the Greens 13.3 percent, while in District III the SPD 38.83, the CDU 34.02 and the Greens 10.22 percent of the votes accounted for. The FDP was up to about one percentage point above the urban result in the three districts, the Left partly about one percentage point below. For comparison: In the entire urban area, the SPD achieved 48.59, the CDU 25.98, the FDP 3.13, the Greens 9.15 and the Left 6.04 percent. Other parties accounted for 7.04 percent across the city. Overall, the Wolthusers chose a little more conservatively than the Emden average, but at the same time also a little “greener”.

religion

Wolthuser Church (ev.-ref.)

Of the 4178 inhabitants of Wolthusen and Tholenswehr, 1305 (or 31.2 percent) are Protestant Reformed and 1261 (or 30.2 percent) are Protestant Lutheran . This means that the distribution between the two large Protestant churches is exactly the opposite of that in the city as a whole, where the Lutherans make up just under the majority before the Reformed (15,666 to 14,767). The Catholic Church has 317 residents (7.6 percent). The remaining 1295 inhabitants (31 percent) are either non-denominational or belong to another faith.

The only church building in the district is the Evangelical Reformed Wolthuser Church . It was built in 1784 as a replacement for a previous building, which is dated to the second half of the 15th century. It is still unclear whether there was a previous wooden building, as in many other East Frisian towns.

Economy and Infrastructure

economy

Wolthusen is predominantly a residential area and hardly any commercial enterprises. Exceptions are a few retailers who have settled in the district. Most residents therefore earn their living in businesses in other parts of the city. The retail operations and individual office service providers such as bank branches, insurance agencies and others concentrate primarily on the downtown section of the main road, Wolthuser Straße. The two supermarkets in the district, which can be found directly in residential areas, are an exception. The RKsH (ambulance service, ambulance and social assistance services) is also stationed on Wolthuser Strasse, as well as one of the city's two emergency services, along with the Emden DRK.

In the outer areas of the district, northeast of the motorway and south of the Ems-Jade Canal, there are still agricultural areas. The farms are partly repatriate farms, but there are still farms in the village center, albeit in small numbers. The older courtyards are gulf houses . Arable farming does not take place, the agricultural areas in Wolthusen are exclusively grassland that is used for dairy farming.

traffic

In terms of traffic, Wolthusen is mainly developed through Wolthuser Straße, which runs through the district in an east-west direction. It begins at the Wolthusen entrance and exit on federal motorway 31 and leads to the western border of the district, where it merges into the Nordertorstrasse / Zwischen zwei Bleichen in Bentinkshof at the level of the Emder Wall . In a larger context, it is part of the connection between Emden city center and Riepe and other villages in the neighboring municipality of Ihlow. In the current traffic development plan, which is based on censuses from the early 2000s, the daily exposure to motor vehicles was given as between 6,000 and almost 9,000 vehicles: 6,196 at the junction, around 7,896 near the center of the village and 8,675 in the westernmost part It is the least heavily used street among the main traffic axes in the urban area. When the A31 is closed between the Wolthusen and Emden-Mitte junctions , it serves as part of the diversion, which can significantly increase the traffic load for a short time. The remaining streets in Wolthusen are predominantly 30 km / h zones or even traffic-calmed areas .

The area south of the Ems-Jade Canal is connected to the rest of the district by a bascule bridge over the canal. Since the canal is almost exclusively used for recreational traffic and there are very few inland waterway crossings in commercial traffic, the bridge is not raised too often. Skippers request an opening by radio or mobile phone, this is done remotely from the operations center. Outside of the operating hours from morning to afternoon, the openings are chargeable. There is another possibility for pedestrians to cross the canal at the boiler lock . In addition, the A31 spans the canal, the maximum clearance for ships is 4.55 meters.

The Borßumer Canal also divides the larger part of Wolthusen north of the Ems-Jade Canal into an eastern and western half. Wolthuser Straße spans the canal, and further north there is a bridge reserved exclusively for pedestrians and cyclists. It shortens the distances by bike from the extensive new development areas in the east of Wolthusen to the city center.

In bus traffic, Wolthusen is served by line 504 of Emden Stadtverkehr (Uphusen-Wolthusen-Innenstadt- Twixlum / Wybelsum and back).

Living

For the most part, one- family houses can be found in Wolthusen , but there are also many terraced houses . Multi-storey residential construction took place only on individual streets, including Ligariusstrasse from the time before the Second World War. Ander Wolthuser Straße is also home to a number of multi-storey villas from around the turn of the century. Several three-story apartment blocks were built on Nordermeedenstraße in 1950, which at the time helped to alleviate the housing shortage in the severely destroyed Emden after the war. From the 1960s onwards, an extensive row of houses was added, which is also known locally as the clay-stone-earth quarter. It is named after street names such as Clay and Lehmstraße, which in turn is due to its proximity to the brickworks that used to be there. There are still a few older Gulf farms in the town center .

Many properties in Wolthusen are located on one of the canals in the district. In the 1990s, a branch canal was even dug from the Borßumer Canal in order to increase the number of properties on the water in a new development area.

sport and freetime

Partial view of the allotment garden association Wolthusen (plant Howerdastraße)

The sports club in the district is the SV Amisia Stern Wolthusen. It was created in 2011 from the merger of SV Amisia Wolthusen from 1929 with VfB Stern Emden from 1921 from the neighboring district of Herrentor. Due to a dwindling number of members, the VfB star was forced to merge with another sports club. After talks with the immediate neighbor and rival SuS failed, Stern merged with SV Amisia Wolthusen instead. The first men's soccer team will play from the 2013/2014 season in the East Friesland- wide 1st district class ( East Friesland class A ), which was newly founded for this season and consists of two seasons and represents the second-lowest (or ninth-highest) division in the league system in Lower Saxony. The formerly independent SV Amisia had two sports fields in Wolthusen: a former sports field on Lehmstraße, which has now been built over with single-family houses, and another on Folkmar-Allena-Straße, which has been used to date. Through the merger with the VfB Stern, the sports facility in the neighboring Herrentor district was added to the Kesselschleuse. Other sports offered include boßeln, dancing and gymnastics. As of July 1, 2012, the association had a total of 630 members.

In addition, there is also a site of the allotment gardening association Wolthusen with 27 plots on Howerdastraße.

literature

  • Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 .
  • Dietmar von Reeken : East Frisia between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich. (Sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, Volume 7). Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 .
  • Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( East Frisia in the protection of the dike , vol. 5). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
  • Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN.
  • Bernd Kappelhoff : History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 11), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, without ISBN.
  • Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters , Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , therein:
    • Ernst Siebert: History of the City of Emden from 1750 to 1890. P. 2–197.
    • Walter Deeters: History of the City of Emden from 1890 to 1945. P. 198–256.
    • Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. Pp. 257-488.
  • Michael Foedrowitz , Dietrich Janßen: Air raid shelter in Emden. Self-published, Berlin / Emden 2008, OCLC 254736187 .
  • Gunther Hummerich / Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 .
  • Gottfried Kiesow : Architecture Guide East Friesland. Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren - The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 246.
  2. ↑ Statistics Info 4/2012 of the Statistics Office of the City of Emden, Online ( Memento from January 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.7 MB), accessed on February 27, 2013, p. 7.
  3. ↑ For the following explanations cf. the soil overview map 1: 50,000 of the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology , www.nibis.lbeg.de: map server , accessed on July 14, 2013.
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Schwarz, Hans Janssen: Ostfriesische Fundchronik 1984. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Country Studies of Ostfriesland , Vol. 65 (1985), p. 148.
  5. ↑ Arend Remmers: From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren - The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 246.
  6. ^ Fridrich Arends: Erdbeschreibung des Fürstenthums Ostfriesland and Harlingerlandes , Emden 1824. Online in the Google book search, p. 296, accessed on April 3, 2013.
  7. ↑ Bernd Kappelhoff: History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, without ISBN (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke, vol. 11). P. 37.
  8. ↑ Quoted in: Ernst Siebert: Development of the dyke system from the Middle Ages to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, Volume 2). Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN, p. 334 f.
  9. ↑ "Trecken" is East Frisian Low German and means "to pull".
  10. ^ Ernst Siebert: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to 1890. In: Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernhard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. ( East Frisia in the protection of the dike , vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, p. 52f.
  11. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , pp. 135, 144, 372, 427 f. , 593 and 618.
  12. ↑ Fridrich Arends: Erdbeschreibung des Fürstenthums Ostfriesland and the Harlingerlandes , Emden 1824. Online in the Google book search, p. 296 ff., Accessed on April 3, 2013.
  13. ↑ Paul Weßels : Brickworks on the Ems. A contribution to the economic history of East Frisia (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, volume 80), Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-44-4 , p. 392 ff.
  14. ↑ Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 , p. 52 f.
  15. ↑ Paul Weßels: Brickworks on the Ems. A contribution to the economic history of East Frisia (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, volume 80), Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-44-4 , p. 392 ff.
  16. ^ Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 217 f.
  17. ↑ Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 , p. 53.
  18. ^ Michael Foedrowitz, Dietrich Janßen: Air raid shelter in Emden . Self-published, Berlin / Emden 2008, without ISBN, pp. 7, 15 and 47 ff.
  19. ↑ Dietrich Janßen: Who built the Emden bunker? Concentration camp prisoners, prisoners of war, forced and foreign workers in Emden. In: Stadtarchiv Emden (ed.): They were among us. Foreign and forced laborers in Emden 1933–1945. (Series of publications by the Emden City Archives, Volume 8). Emden 2012, ISBN 978-3-9815109-0-4 , pp. 45–52, here p. 42 ff.
  20. ↑ Christian Röben: Life in Forced Labor. German forced laborers. In: Stadtarchiv Emden (ed.): They were among us. Foreign and forced laborers in Emden 1933–1945. (Series of publications by the Emden City Archives, Volume 8). Emden 2012, ISBN 978-3-9815109-0-4 , pp. 15-44, here p. 44.
  21. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction . VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, accessed from Google Books on October 6, 2013.
  22. ↑ www.kdo.de: Voting districts Emden , accessed on October 6, 2013.
  23. ↑ The figures in this section are based on Statistics Info 4/2012 from the statistics office of the city of Emden, Online ( Memento from January 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.7 MB), accessed on February 27, 2013, p 7.
  24. ↑ www.rksh.de: Homepage , accessed on October 6, 2013.
  25. ↑ Traffic Development Plan for Motorized Individual Transport ( Memento from October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF document, 47 pp., Here p. 16, accessed on September 10, 2013.
  26. ↑ www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de: Ems-Jade-Kanal , further information in the PDF document stored there, accessed on September 13, 2013.
  27. ↑ Line network map ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), PDF file, 1 page, accessed on September 10, 2013.
  28. ↑ Gunther Hummerich / Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 40.
  29. ↑ Wolfgang Redlich: Ostfriesland is setting out on new shores in terms of urban development. In: Ostfriesischer Kurier , May 10, 2008, pp. 44/45.
  30. ↑ Heiko Müller: Emden: Amisia and Stern are now one , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, November 30, 2011, accessed on March 23, 2012.
  31. ↑ Jörg-Volker Kahle: New approach - across the channel , in: Emder Zeitung, April 18, 2011, accessed on March 23, 2012.
  32. ↑ Jörg-Volker Kahle: The bear's fur is almost spread. In: Emder Zeitung , June 1, 2013, p. 27.