Dewey Decimal Classification and Rogue state: Difference between pages

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{{for|the 2000 book by William Blum|Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower}}
{{For|the similar-sounding base-12 numeral system|Duodecimal}}
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right"
|align="left"|
*'''States currently considered "Rogue States" by the United States:'''
# {{flag|Iran}}
*'''States formerly considered "Rogue States" by the United States:'''
# {{flag|North Korea}}
# {{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
# {{flag|Iraq|1991}}
# {{flag|Libya}}


|}
The '''Dewey Decimal Classification''' ('''DDC''', also called the '''Dewey Decimal System''') is a [[proprietary]] system of [[library classification]] developed by [[Melvil Dewey]] in 1876, and has since then been greatly modified and expanded through twenty-two major revisions, the most recent in 2004. The system is a method for placing books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easier to find any specific book or to return it to its proper place.
'''Rogue state''' is a term applied by some international theorists to states considered threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor [[terrorism]], and seek to [[proliferation|proliferate]] [[weapons of mass destruction]].


In the last six months of the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], the term "rogue state" was temporarily replaced with the term "state of concern," however, the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] has returned to the earlier term. The U.S. government perceives the threat posed by these states as justifying its [[foreign policy]] and military initiatives, as in the case of [[anti-ballistic missile]] programs, which are held to be grounded in the concern that these states will not be deterred by the [[Massive Retaliation|certainty of retaliation]].
== How it works ==


In late 1980s U.S. officials considered [[North Korea]], [[Pakistan]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Libya]] as "rogue states". The U.S.-Pakistani alliance following [[9/11|the 9/11 terrorist attacks]] removed Pakistan from the list. The [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]] removed the country from the list, and Iraq followed suit after the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Libya achieved success through [[diplomacy]] and now is also not considered in the list. The concept of "rogue states" was replaced by the Bush administration with the "[[Axis of Evil]]" concept (gathering [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]]). U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] first spoke of this "Axis of Evil" during his January 2002 [[State of the Union Address]].
The DDC attempts to organize all knowledge into ten main classes. The ten main classes are then further subdivided. Each main class has ten divisions, and each division has ten sections. Hence the system can be summarized in 10 main classes, 100 divisions and 1000 sections. DDC's advantage in choosing [[decimal]]s for its categories allows it to be both purely numerical and infinitely [[hierarchical]]. It also uses some aspects of a [[faceted classification]] scheme, combining elements from different parts of the structure to construct a number representing the subject content (often combining two subject elements with linking numbers and geographical and temporal elements) and form of an item rather than drawing upon a list containing each class and its meaning.


As the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the "rogue state" expression, the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with U.S. [[foreign relations of the United States|foreign policy]]. Critics charge that "rogue state" merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat. Some point to the double standards over [[Pakistan]] which blatantly breaches nuclear non-proliferation protocols by exporting nuclear weapons technology, yet is no longer considered to be a "rogue state" by the U.S., as the Bush administration regard it as an ally in the [[War on Terrorism|War On Terror]]. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/12/1076548157407.html?from=storyrhs] [http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/571/571p12.htm] Some others, such as author [[William Blum]], have written that the term is applicable to the U.S. and Israel. Both the concepts of rogue states and the "Axis of Evil" have been criticized by certain scholars, including philosopher [[Jacques Derrida]] and linguist [[Noam Chomsky]], who considered it more or less a justification of [[imperialism]] and a useful word for [[propaganda]].
Except for general works and [[fiction]], works are classified principally by subject, with extensions for subject relationships, place, time or type of material, producing classification numbers of no less than three digits but otherwise of indeterminate length with a decimal point before the fourth digit, where present (e.g. 330 for [[economics]] + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for [[Europe]] = 330.94 European economy; 973 for [[United States]] + .05 form division for [[periodical]]s = 973.05, periodicals concerning the United States generally).


Rogue states can also be differentiated from '[[pariah state|pariah states]]' such as [[Burma]]-[[Myanmar]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]] and [[Zimbabwe]] who considerably abuse the human rights of their populations whilst not considered a tangible threat beyond their own borders, although the terms have been used interchangeably.
Books are placed on the shelf in increasing numerical order; the [[whole number]] to the left of the decimal is in counting order, while the digits to the right of the decimal are compared one digit at a time, with a blank coming before zero. (Example: 050, 220, 330.973, 331 etc.) When two books have the same subject, and therefore the same classification number, the second line of the call number, which usually has the first letter or first several letters of the author's last name (or the title if there is no identifiable author), is placed in alphabetical order.


== Bibliography ==
It is a common misconception that all books in the DDC are non-fiction. The DDC has a number for all books, including those that generally become their own section of fiction. If DDC rules are strictly followed, American fiction is classified in 813. Most libraries create a separate fiction section to allow shelving in a more generalized fashion than Dewey provides for, or to avoid the space that would be taken up in the 800s.
Critical of the "Rogue State" concept:
*[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]], ''Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs'' ISBN 0-89608-611-9
*[[Jacques Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]], ''Rogues: Two Essays on Reason'' 2005 ISBN 0-8047-4950-7 (trans. Brault and Naas)


==External links==
== DDC compared to other classification systems ==
*[http://rogue-states.com Information Portal focusing on "rogue" states (Country Profiles, News)]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss5.html Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction] - Official White House statement
*[http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/feb98herman.htm Global Rogue State] - Article by [[Edward S. Herman]] which argues that the U.S. is a rogue state.
*[http://www.nucnews.net/nucnews/2000nn/0002nn/000220nn.htm "Rogue States A Handy Label, But a Lousy Policy"] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 2000, by Robert S. Litwak (use 'search' to find the article on the huge page)
*[http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2007/beyond_american_hegemony_5381 The New America Foundation: Beyond American Hegemony]


[[Category:International security]]
{{Details|Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification}}
[[Category:Political neologisms]]


DDC's numbers formed the basis of the more expressive but complex [[Universal Decimal Classification]], which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses etc.). Besides its frequent revision, DDC's main advantage over its chief American rival—the [[Library of Congress Classification]] system developed shortly afterward—is its simplicity. Thanks to the use of pure notation, a mnemonics system and a hierarchical decimal place system, it is generally easier to use.


DDC and UDC are also more flexible than Library of Congress Classification because of greater use of facets (via auxiliary tables) while [[Library of Congress Classification]] is almost totally enumerative.


[[bg:Престъпна държава]]
On the flip side, DDC's decimal system means that it is less hospitable to the addition of new subjects, as opposed to Library of Congress Classification, which has 21 classes at the top level. Another side effect of this is that DDC notations can be much longer compared to the equivalent class in other classification systems.
[[de:Schurkenstaat]]

[[et:Paariariik]]
Another disadvantage of DDC is that it was developed in the 19th century, by essentially one man, and was built on a top-down approach to classify all human knowledge which made it difficult to adapt to changing fields of knowledge. In contrast, the Library of Congress Classification system was developed based mainly on the idea of literary warrant; classes were added (by individual experts in each area) only when needed for works owned by the Library of Congress. As a result, while the Library of Congress Classification system was able to incorporate changes and additions of new branches of knowledge, particularly in the fields of engineering and computer science (the greater hospitability of the Library of Congress Classification was also a factor), DDC has been criticized for being inadequate for covering those areas. As a result, most major academic libraries in the US do not use the DDC because the classification of works in those areas is not specific enough.
[[eo:Kanajla ŝtato]]

[[fr:État voyou]]
The Library of Congress Classification system is not without problems. Because each area is developed by an expert according to demands of cataloging, there is little consistency. It is also highly US-centric (more so than DDC) because of the nature of the system, and compared to DDC and UDC it has been translated into far fewer languages.
[[it:Stato canaglia]]

[[hu:Lator állam]]
== Ownership and administration==
[[nl:Schurkenstaat]]

[[ja:ならずもの国家]]
The [[Online Computer Library Center]] of [[Dublin, Ohio]], acquired the trademark and any copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal System when it bought Forest Press in 1988. OCLC maintains the classification system and publishes new editions of the system. The work of assigning a DDC number to each newly published book is performed by a division of the Library of Congress, whose recommended assignments are either accepted or rejected by the OCLC after review by an advisory board; to date all have been accepted.
[[pl:Państwa zbójeckie]]

[[ru:Страны-изгои]]
In September 2003, the OCLC sued the [[Library Hotel]] for trademark infringement. The settlement was that the OCLC would allow the Library Hotel to use the system in its hotel and marketing. In exchange, the Hotel would acknowledge the Center's ownership of the trademark and make a donation to a nonprofit organization promoting reading and literacy among children.
[[sr:Отпаднички режим]]

[[fi:Roistovaltio]]
== Editions and publication ==
[[zh:流氓國家]]
It is updated by ten librarians stationed in the [[Library of Congress]]. The four-volume unabridged-edition is published approximately every seven years, with the most recent print edition, DDC 22, from mid-2003.<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/dewey/versions/default.htm Latest versions - OCLC - Dewey Services]</ref> The web-edition is updated on an ongoing basis, with changes announced each month.<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/dewey/updates/default.htm Updates - OCLC - Dewey Services]</ref>

== Classes ==
{{main|List of Dewey Decimal classes}}
The system is made up of ten main classes or categories, each divided into ten secondary classes or subcategories, each having ten subdivisions of its own.

* 000 – [[Computer science]], [[information]], and general works
* 100 – [[Philosophy]] and [[psychology]]
* 200 – [[Religion]]
* 300 – [[Social sciences]]
* 400 – [[Languages]]
* 500 – [[Science]] and [[Mathematics]]
* 600 – [[Technology]] and [[applied science]]
* 700 – [[Arts]] and [[recreation]]
* 800 – [[Literature]]
* 900 – [[History]] and [[geography]] and [[biography]]

== See also ==
* [[Nippon Decimal Classification]]
* [[Chinese Library Classification]]
* [[Colon classification]]
* [[Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification]]
* [[Harvard-Yenching Classification]]
* The [[Library Hotel]]
* [[Library of Congress Classification]]
* [[Universal Decimal Classification]]
* [[ACM Computing Classification System]]

pls. refer at Pluma book grade 5 ckc p. 99

== External links ==
* [http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/default.htm Complete list of Dewey Decimal Classes]
* [http://www.oclc.org/dewey/ OCLC's Dewey Decimal website]
* Full text of ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12513 A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library (Dewey Decimal Classification)]'' (1876) from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* "[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdeweydecimal.html What's so great about the Dewey Decimal System?]" at [[Straight Dope]], [[31 January]] [[2006]]
* [http://www.slais.ubc.ca/courses/libr517/02-03-wt2/projects/dewey/P1Section1.htm A History of the D.D.C. System and its Creator Melville Dewey] by University of British Columbia's mission, the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies
* [http://mylearning.libraryu.org/home/ A Dewey Decimal System Tutorial] by the [http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/library/home.html Illinois State Library], funded by the [[Gates Foundation]]
* [http://www.geocities.com/salman_mlisc/dissertation/frame.html An annotated bibliography on Library Classification and Subject Approaches to Information] by Salman Haider, Librarian (Cataloging), US Library of Congress, New Delhi Overseas Office
* [http://www.deweybrowse.org/ http://www.deweybrowse.org/] Browse to (some) sites and articles by Dewey numbers

[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Knowledge representation]]

[[af:Dewey klassifikasiestelsel]]
[[ar:تصنيف ديوي العشري]]
[[bg:Десетична класификация на Дюи]]
[[ceb:Han-ayng Dewey]]
[[cs:Deweyův desetinný systém]]
[[da:Dewey Decimal Classification]]
[[de:Dewey Decimal Classification]]
[[el:Δεκαδικό Σύστημα Ταξινόμησης Dewey]]
[[es:Sistema Dewey de clasificación]]
[[eo:Dewey dekuma klasifiko]]
[[fr:Classification décimale de Dewey]]
[[hr:Decimalni sustav klasifikacije]]
[[io:Dewey decimala klasifiko]]
[[id:Klasifikasi Desimal Dewey]]
[[it:Classificazione decimale Dewey]]
[[he:שיטת דיואי]]
[[hu:Dewey-féle tizedes osztályozás]]
[[ms:Pengelasan Perpuluhan Dewey]]
[[nl:Dewey Decimale Classificatie]]
[[ja:デューイ十進分類法]]
[[no:Deweys desimalklassifikasjon]]
[[nn:Deweys desimalklassifikasjon]]
[[pl:Klasyfikacja Dziesiętna Deweya]]
[[pt:Classificação decimal de Dewey]]
[[simple:Dewey Decimal System]]
[[sh:Deweyev decimalni sistem klasifikacije]]
[[fi:Deweyn luokittelu]]
[[sv:Dewey Decimal Classification]]
[[th:ระบบทศนิยมดิวอี้]]
[[tr:Dewey ondalık sınıflandırma]]
[[uk:Десяткова класифікація Дьюї]]
[[zh:杜威十进制图书分类法]]

Revision as of 11:12, 12 October 2008

For the 2000 book by William Blum, see Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower.
  • States currently considered "Rogue States" by the United States:
  1.  Iran
  • States formerly considered "Rogue States" by the United States:
  1.  North Korea
  2. Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
  3.  Iraq
  4.  Libya

Rogue state is a term applied by some international theorists to states considered threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate weapons of mass destruction.

In the last six months of the Clinton administration, the term "rogue state" was temporarily replaced with the term "state of concern," however, the Bush administration has returned to the earlier term. The U.S. government perceives the threat posed by these states as justifying its foreign policy and military initiatives, as in the case of anti-ballistic missile programs, which are held to be grounded in the concern that these states will not be deterred by the certainty of retaliation.

In late 1980s U.S. officials considered North Korea, Pakistan[citation needed], Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Libya as "rogue states". The U.S.-Pakistani alliance following the 9/11 terrorist attacks removed Pakistan from the list. The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan removed the country from the list, and Iraq followed suit after the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Libya achieved success through diplomacy and now is also not considered in the list. The concept of "rogue states" was replaced by the Bush administration with the "Axis of Evil" concept (gathering Iraq, Iran, and North Korea). U.S. President George W. Bush first spoke of this "Axis of Evil" during his January 2002 State of the Union Address.

As the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the "rogue state" expression, the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with U.S. foreign policy. Critics charge that "rogue state" merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat. Some point to the double standards over Pakistan which blatantly breaches nuclear non-proliferation protocols by exporting nuclear weapons technology, yet is no longer considered to be a "rogue state" by the U.S., as the Bush administration regard it as an ally in the War On Terror. [1] [2] Some others, such as author William Blum, have written that the term is applicable to the U.S. and Israel. Both the concepts of rogue states and the "Axis of Evil" have been criticized by certain scholars, including philosopher Jacques Derrida and linguist Noam Chomsky, who considered it more or less a justification of imperialism and a useful word for propaganda.

Rogue states can also be differentiated from 'pariah states' such as Burma-Myanmar, Sudan, Syria and Zimbabwe who considerably abuse the human rights of their populations whilst not considered a tangible threat beyond their own borders, although the terms have been used interchangeably.

Bibliography

Critical of the "Rogue State" concept:

  • Chomsky, Noam, Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs ISBN 0-89608-611-9
  • Derrida, Jacques, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason 2005 ISBN 0-8047-4950-7 (trans. Brault and Naas)

External links

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