Wind turbine and Talk:List of countries and dependencies by population density: Difference between pages
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m moved Talk:List of countries by population density to Talk:List of countries and dependencies by population density: The old title was inaccurate and did not match the title as listed in the first line of the article. I suggested the change a |
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{{WPCountries|class=list}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} |
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[[/Archive1]] |
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{{WindTurbineSegments}} |
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[[Image:Turbine aalborg.jpg|thumb|right|Wind turbines near [[Aalborg]], [[Denmark]]. For scale, a normally-sized doorway can be seen at the base of the pylon.]] |
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== The title is misleading == |
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A '''wind turbine''' is a rotating machine which converts the [[kinetic energy]] in [[wind]] into [[mechanical energy]]. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a [[windmill]]. If the mechanical energy is then converted to [[electric power|electricity]], the machine is called a '''wind generator''', '''wind turbine''', '''wind power unit (WPU)''', '''wind energy converter (WEC)''',or '''aerogenerator'''. |
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The first line of the article calls this "List of countries and dependencies by population density." Why doesn't the title reflect that? All it says currently is "List of countries by population density." Why should China be marked 75 if, for example, Macau and Hong Kong, both undisputed parts of the PRC, are listed before it? It is also misleading because a smaller dependent region is more likely to have a high population density simply because it is smaller. If you ask me, there should be a separate list with just proper countries. --[[User:Catch153|Catch153]] ([[User talk:Catch153|talk]]) 02:04, 1 September 2008 (UTC) |
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== Baffin Island?== |
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This article discusses electric power generation machinery. [[Windmill]] discusses machines used for grain-grinding, water pumping, etc. The article on [[wind power]] describes turbine placement, economics and public concerns. The [[Wind power#Wind energy|wind energy]] section of that article describes the distribution of wind energy over time, and how that affects wind-turbine design. See [[environmental concerns with electricity generation#Wind power|environmental concerns with electricity generation]] for discussion of environmental problems with wind-energy production. |
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Sure, its a PART of one of Canada's Territories.. What about the whole territory of Nunavut that it a part of? That might be legitimate but shouldn't that territory then be removed from Canada's totals? and then likely Canada's other territories, NWT, Minnesota, and Yukon should be separated from the national calc?.. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.247.232.99|99.247.232.99]] ([[User talk:99.247.232.99|talk]]) 23:22, 10 April 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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== Abkhazia == |
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Jak is cooler than a wind turbine and we don't need or want any information about them. |
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The intro states: "The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto independent countries." Despite this, the list includes and ranks the unrecognized [[Republic of Abkhazia]]. Not sure that it should be included (or at least not ranked). To remedy ambiguities like this (e.g., Taiwan, below), I would support using only some sort of "official" list like [[ISO 3166-1]] mentioned below. [[User:QVanillaQ|QVanillaQ]] ([[User talk:QVanillaQ|talk]]) 14:01, 22 February 2008 (UTC) |
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==Potential turbine power== |
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{{main|Wind turbine design}} |
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[[Image:Wind power coeff.jpg|right|thumb|Wind Turbine Power Coefficient]] |
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== Palestine == |
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The amount of [[Power (physics)|power]] transferred to a wind turbine is directly proportional to the area swept out by the rotor, to the density of the air, and the cube of the wind speed. |
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The figure for the population of Palestine is less than half a million. No matter what the criteria is for arriving at the correct number with the contentous political debates at hand, this number is obviously dubious. On wikipedia, and on many other sites, the West Bank is stated has having a population of well over 3 million and the Gaza Strip of over 1 million. With all of these previous valid comments, this article needs to be flagged, if not outright deleted, for it clearly does not achieve an encyclopedic-level of accuracy. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/72.184.161.57|72.184.161.57]] ([[User talk:72.184.161.57|talk]]) 00:06, 15 September 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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The power <math>P</math> in the wind is given by: |
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== Palestine's numbers are wrong == |
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: <math>P = \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\alpha\rho\pi r^2 v^3</math>, |
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Using CIA Factbook data, I got a population of about 3.6 million and an area of 6,000 km^2. The UN data linked to gives about the same population density. Why does this table list Palestine as having a land area of 300 km^2 and only 400,000 inhabitants? <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/160.39.240.68|160.39.240.68]] ([[User talk:160.39.240.68|talk]]) 22:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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where P = power in watts, ''α'' = an [[energy efficiency|efficiency]] factor determined by the design of the turbine, ''ρ'' = mass density of air in kilograms per cubic meter, ''r'' = radius of the wind turbine in meters, and ''v'' = velocity of the air in meters per second.<ref> [http://www.energy.iastate.edu/Renewable/wind/wem/windpower.htm Iowa Energy Center Wind Energy Manual].</ref> |
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== ISO 3166-1 Code == |
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As the wind turbine extracts energy from the air flow, the air is slowed down, which causes it to spread out. [[Albert Betz]], a German physicist, determined in 1919 (see [[Betz' law]]) that a wind turbine can extract at most 59% of the energy that would otherwise flow through the turbine's cross section, that is ''α'' can never be higher than 0.59 in the above equation. The Betz limit applies regardless of the design of the turbine. |
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It is said earlier in the talk article about St.Pierre and Miquelon that the basis for this list are the countries which have an ISO 3166 code. |
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This equation shows the effects of the mass rate of flow of air traveling through the turbine, and the energy of each unit mass of air flow caused by its velocity. As an example, on a cool 15 °C (59 °F) day at sea level, air density is 1.225 kilograms per cubic metre. An 8 m/s (28.8 km/h or 18 mi/h) breeze blowing through a 100 meter diameter rotor would move almost 77,000 kilograms of air per second through the swept area. The total power of the example breeze through a 100 meter diameter rotor would be about 2.5 megawatts. Betz' law states that no more than 1.5 megawatts could be extracted. |
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More correct would be: An ISO 3166-1 code. This is perhaps the most 'official' list of entities which should be called countries. This list today includes 244 countries. (Note: The list includes several non-independent entities as well as all independent states). |
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If possible, I think this list (and others) should include these 244 countries and also rank them. Additional entities might be unranked. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1 [[User:Antipoeten|Antipoeten]] 22:09, 30 September 2007 (UTC) |
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==Types of wind turbines== |
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Wind turbines can be separated into two types based by the axis in which the turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used. |
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== |
== Taiwan == |
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Why is Taiwan listed as a country? (It is not that I am in favor or opposed to it being list I would just like to understand the criteria because it is my belief that under the criteria listed in the article it is not supposed to be listed.) [[User:Chicocvenancio|Chico]] 00:16, 22 October 2007 (UTC) |
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Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main [[rotor]] shaft and [[electrical generator]] at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple [[wind vane]], while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a [[servo motor]]. Most have a [[gearbox]], which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an [[electrical generator]]. |
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Taiwan has a government of its own which, although not recognized by the Chinese government, is largely left un-meddled with, and it sends its own set of athletes to the Olympic Games as "Chinese Taipei". Ergo, it is most likely listed as "de facto independent", although since (Republic of China) is next to it, the list also recognizes China's claims to sovereignty over it, in accordance with [[WP:NPOV]]. |
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Since a tower produces [[turbulence]] behind it, the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount. |
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[[User:PsyMar|PsyMar]] ([[User talk:PsyMar|talk]]) 00:54, 7 August 2008 (UTC) |
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==Miles<sup>2</sup>== |
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Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in high winds, the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. Since turbulence leads to fatigue failures, and reliability is so important, most HAWTs are upwind machines. |
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perhaps if someone would put in square miles and people/mi<sup>2</sup> that would be nice for us non-metric americans [[User:Soyseñorsnibbles|Soyseñorsnibbles]] ([[User talk:Soyseñorsnibbles|talk]]) 02:24, 26 November 2007 (UTC) |
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:Preferrably, you should convert to the metrical system and thus join civilization. |
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:'''Jens Persson''' ([[User:213.67.64.22|213.67.64.22]] 23:45, 30 November 2007 (UTC)) |
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:I'm a young British male, which means I'm comfortable with both systems, but prefer km as a matter of principle. But if you want miles, maybe you could add the extra column. To convert km to miles, multiply by 1.6. So to convert km<sup>2</sup> to miles<sup>2</sup>, multiply by 1.6<sup>2</sup> = 2.56. Easy, if a little tedious. [[User:Briefplan|Briefplan]] ([[User talk:Briefplan|talk]]) 16:33, 6 January 2008 (UTC) |
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====HAWT Subtypes==== |
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::Oops, that should be divide, not multiply. [[User:Briefplan|Briefplan]] ([[User talk:Briefplan|talk]]) 16:36, 6 January 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Doesburgermolen.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Doesburger windmill, Ede, [[The Netherlands]].]] |
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[[Image:Hassloch-pfalz westernmill 20060429 387 part.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Water pumping rural windmill in [[Germany]].]] |
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There are several types of HAWT: |
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== Area per person == |
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; 12th century windmills : |
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Can a column showing average area per person be added? That makes it easier to appreciate how crowded a country is. Monaco, e.g., has about 40 sq meters per person (or, on average they stand about 6m apart). [[Special:Contributions/70.68.70.186|70.68.70.186]] ([[User talk:70.68.70.186|talk]]) 00:05, 14 December 2007 (UTC) |
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These squat structures, typically (at-least) four-bladed, usually with wooden shutters or fabric sails, were developed in Europe. These [[windmill]]s were pointed into the wind manually or via a tail-fan and were typically used to grind grain. In [[the Netherlands]] they were also used to pump water from low-lying land, and were instrumental in keeping its [[polder]]s dry. |
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== Jacked Up == |
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In [[Schiedam]], the [[Netherlands]], a traditional style windmill (the ''Noletmolen'') was built in 2005 to generate electricity.<ref name=Nolet>[http://www.molendatabase.nl/nederland/molen_e.php?nummer=1280 Molendatabase] Dutch text</ref> The mill is one of the tallest [[Tower mill]]s in the world, being some {{convert|42.5|m|ft}} tall. |
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Whats with like the japan and french cities on a countries list what what stupid <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/74.138.83.10|74.138.83.10]] ([[User talk:74.138.83.10|talk]]) 09:37, 6 January 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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; 19th century windmills : |
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The Eclipse windmill factory was set up around 1866 in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]] and soon became a huge success building mills for farm water pumping and railroad tank filling. Other firms like Star, Dempster, and Aeromotor also entered the market. Hundreds of thousands of these mills were produced before rural electrification and small numbers continue to be made.<ref name= "Aermotor"/> They typically had many blades, operated at ''tip speed ratios'' (defined below) not better than one, and had good starting torque. Some had small direct-current generators used to charge storage batteries, to provide a few lights, or to operate a radio receiver. The American [[Rural Electrification Administration|rural electrification]] connected many farms to centrally-generated power and replaced individual windmills as a primary source of farm power by the 1950s. They were also produced in other countries like South Africa and Australia (where an American design was copied in 1876<ref>Extract from |
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''Triumph of the Griffiths Family'', http://au.geocities.com/ozwindmills/SouthernCross.htm, Bruce Millett, 1984, accessed January 26, 2008</ref>). Such devices are still used in locations where it is too costly to bring in commercial power. |
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== population density on field == |
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; Modern wind turbines |
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[[Image:Micon-Turbine.JPG|thumb|right|120px|Three bladed wind turbine]] |
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Turbines used in [[wind farm]]s for commercial production of electric power are usually three-bladed and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors. This type is produced by Danish and other manufacturers. These have high tip speeds of up to six times the wind speed, high efficiency, and low torque ripple which contributes to good reliability. The blades are usually colored light gray to blend in with the clouds and range in length from 20 to 40 metres (65 to 130 ft) or more. The tubular steel towers range from about 200 to 300 feet (60 to 90 metres) high. The blades rotate at 10-22 revolutions per minute.<ref>[http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/15mw/specs.htm 1.5 MW Wind Turbine Technical Specifications]</ref><ref>[http://www.aweo.org/windmodels.html Size specifications of common industrial wind turbines]</ref> A gear box is commonly used to step up the speed of the generator, though there are also designs that use direct drive of an annular generator. Some models operate at constant speed, but more energy can be collected by variable-speed turbines which use a solid-state power converter to interface to the transmission system. All turbines are equipped with high wind shut down features to avoid over speed damage. |
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It should be added the population on field not whole national Area, likewise we donot need desert or lake, mountains where people donot live. In which list we may know which counties are busy and therefore people can estimate the speed of epidemic disease and economy <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Neoper|Neoper]] ([[User talk:Neoper|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Neoper|contribs]]) 14:46, 10 January 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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==== HAWT advantages==== |
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* Variable blade pitch, which gives the turbine blades the optimum angle of attack. Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season. |
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* The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with [[wind shear]]. In some wind shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%. |
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== Send the Navy... == |
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====HAWT disadvantages==== |
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* HAWTs have difficulty operating in near ground, turbulent winds. |
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* The tall towers and blades up to 90 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation can now cost 20% of equipment costs. |
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* Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled operators. |
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* Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and generator. |
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* Tall HAWTs may affect airport [[radar]]. |
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* Their height makes them obtrusively visible across large areas, disrupting the appearance of the landscape and sometimes creating local opposition. |
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* Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence. |
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* HAWTs require an additional [[Yaw drive|yaw]] control mechanism to turn the blades toward the wind. |
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It looks like the Argentinians have taken over the Falkland Islands. ;) |
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====Cyclic stresses and vibration==== |
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[[Cyclic stress]]es fatigue the blade, [[axle]] and [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]]; material failures were a major cause of turbine failure for many years. Because wind velocity often increases at higher altitudes, the backward force and torque on a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade peaks as it turns through the highest point in its circle. The tower hinders the airflow at the lowest point in the circle, which produces a local dip in force and torque. These effects produce a cyclic twist on the main bearings of a HAWT. The combined twist is worst in machines with an even number of blades, where one is straight up when another is straight down. To improve reliability, teetering hubs have been used which allow the main shaft to rock through a few degrees, so that the main bearings do not have to resist the torque peaks. |
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Actually there are three issues; they're called the [[Malvinas Islands]] here, they're listed with the Argentinian flag, and they're listed with (Argentina) in parentheses. Based on the column heading I'm not sure the last is wrong for the table. [[User:Wnt|Wnt]] ([[User talk:Wnt|talk]]) 05:36, 1 February 2008 (UTC) |
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When the turbine turns to face the wind, the rotating blades act like a [[gyroscope]]. As it pivots, [[gyroscopic precession]] tries to twist the turbine into a forward or backward [[somersault]]. For each blade on a wind generator's turbine, precessive force is at a minimum when the blade is horizontal and at a maximum when the blade is vertical. This cyclic twisting can quickly fatigue and crack the blade roots, hub and axle of the turbines. |
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== Monaco data == |
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===Vertical axis=== |
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'''[[Vertical-axis wind turbine]]s''' (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable. VAWTs can utilize winds from varying directions. |
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How come the data for Monaco are completely different from the [[Monaco]] article? Aside from the area difference, the [[Monaco]] article states that the population is 32,671 (2007 estimate), but in this article, the estimate for July 2005 is 35,253, which is even larger than the 2007 estimate. There must be something wrong here.--[[Special:Contributions/207.112.69.250|207.112.69.250]] ([[User talk:207.112.69.250|talk]]) 00:31, 18 February 2008 (UTC) |
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With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, so the tower doesn't need to support it, and it is more accessible for maintenance. Drawbacks are that some designs produce pulsating torque. Drag may be created when the blade rotates into the wind. |
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==Unranking non-sovereign entities== |
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It is difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed nearer to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The wind speed is slower at a lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence. |
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Wikipedia ''lists of countries'' articles don't usually rank non-sovereign entities. Is it ok if I redo the rankings to only rank sovereign entities? If I get no reply I will [[WP:BB|be bold]]. ☆ '''[[User_talk:CieloEstrellado|CieloEstrellado]]''' 15:26, 27 March 2008 (UTC) |
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====VAWT subtypes==== |
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:If the non-sovereign countries figures are already included as part of another (sovereign) country, then do not rank them. If they are not included, then they should be ranked and listed separately. For example, does the Denmark figure include Greenland? If it does, don't rank Greenland. If it doesn't, then Greenland should be ranked separately. --[[User:Polaron|Polaron]] | [[User talk:Polaron|Talk]] 01:06, 28 March 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Darrieus-windmill.jpg|thumb|right|30 m [[Darrieus wind turbine]] in the [[Magdalen Islands]]]] |
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::But shouldn't we just follow the List of Countries? Also, it seems very strange to just throw together the Denmark and Greenland figures, as they are so different places, population density wise. [[User:sephia_karta|<font face="Palatino">sephia karta</font>]] 13:41, 29 March 2008 (UTC) |
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; [[Darrieus wind turbine]] : "Eggbeater" turbines. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclic stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. Also, they generally require some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor, to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in a higher solidity for the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area over the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by [[guy-wire]]s but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing. |
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==Isle fo Man== |
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; [[Giromill]]: A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cycloturbine variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting [http://www.awea.org/faq/vawt.html]. The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be used. Recently , this type of turbine has been advanced by former Russian rocket scientists who claim to have increased the efficiency of the VAWT up to 38% . A company, SRC Vertical Ltd.[http://www.eng.src-vertical.com/], has been formed, and has begun selling the new turbine. |
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Its not in the UK. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.140.223.46|86.140.223.46]] ([[User talk:86.140.223.46|talk]]) 13:04, 1 April 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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The Isle of Man is not in the UK, but it is administrated under the UK Crown. If it were in the UK, it would not be listed at all. [[User:PsyMar|PsyMar]] ([[User talk:PsyMar|talk]]) 00:59, 7 August 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Quietrevolution-model.png|thumb|right|A helical twisted VAWT.]] |
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== Transnistria == |
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; [[Savonius wind turbine]] : These are drag-type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, ''Flettner'' vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high-reliability low-efficiency power turbines. They are always self-starting if there are at least three scoops. They sometimes have long helical scoops to give a smooth torque. The [http://patents.ic.gc.ca/cipo/cpd/en/patent/1252392/summary.html Alvin Benesh rotor] and the [http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-500-2005-084/CEC-500-2005-084.PDF Hamid Rahai rotor] improve efficiency with blades shaped to produce significant lift as well as drag. |
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Transnistria is oficially part of moldavia. So it should not be ranked. I don't know whether moldavian numbers include transnistria. But, as the density is compareable to moldova and it's territory is adjacent to the rest of moldova there is no difference like in the case of denmark/greenland. --[[Special:Contributions/84.114.134.129|84.114.134.129]] ([[User talk:84.114.134.129|talk]]) 08:51, 21 May 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Windlahor.jpg|thumb|right|12 m Windmill with rotational sails in [[Osijek]], [[Croatia]]]] |
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====VAWT advantages==== |
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* No massive tower structure is needed. |
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* As the rotor blades are vertical, no yaw mechanism is needed. |
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* A VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the moving parts. |
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* VAWTs have a higher airfoil pitch angle, giving improved aerodynamics while decreasing drag at low and high pressures. |
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* Straight bladed VAWT designs with a square or rectangular crossection have a larger swept area for a given diameter than the circular swept area of HAWTs. |
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* VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating electricity at 6 m.p.h. (10 km/h). |
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* VAWTs usually have a lower tip speed ratio and so are less likely to break in high winds. |
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* VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited. |
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* VAWTs situated close to the ground can take advantage of locations where [[mesa]]s, hilltops, ridgelines, and passes funnel the wind and increase wind velocity. |
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* VAWTs do not need to turn to face the wind if the wind direction changes. |
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* VAWT blades are easily seen and avoided by birds. |
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Transnistria is officially an autonomous and de facto independent territory of Moldova, and therefore shares the same status as Hong Kong and Macau. [[User:PsyMar|PsyMar]] ([[User talk:PsyMar|talk]]) 01:01, 7 August 2008 (UTC) |
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====VAWT disadvantages==== |
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:I'm no expert, but it appears to me that Transnistria does not share the same status as Hong Kong and Macau. Transnistrian independence is self-proclaimed and is not recognized by the government of Moldova, which government considers the current Transnistria-based government to be illegitimate and not the rightful representative of the region's population (so says the [[Disputed status of Transnistria]] article). In contrast, the governments of the PRC, of Hong Kong, and of Macau all agree on the status of those SARs. |
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* Most VAWTs produce energy at only 50% of the efficiency of HAWTs in large part because of the additional drag that they have as their blades rotate into the wind. |
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* VAWTs do not take advantage of the stronger wind at higher elevation. |
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* Most VAWTs have low starting torque, and may require energy to start the turning. |
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* A VAWT that uses guy wires to hold it in place puts stress on the bottom bearing as all the weight of the rotor is on the bearing. Guy wires attached to the top bearing increase downward thrust in wind gusts. Solving this problem requires a superstructure to hold a top bearing in place to eliminate the downward thrusts of gust events in guy wired models. |
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* While VAWTs' parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight of the structure above it, which can make changing out parts near impossible without dismantling the structure if not designed properly. |
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[[Image:Windmills at Lackawanna, New York.jpg|thumb|right|Wind turbines on the [[Lake Erie]] shore at [[Lackawanna, New York]] ]] |
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:Also, I note that Transnistria is not listed in the document cited as the supporting source for information in the table, while Hong Kong and Macau are listed (though the information presented in the table for those entries does not agree with the information in the cited supporting source). -- [[User:Wtmitchell|Boracay Bill]] ([[User talk:Wtmitchell|talk]]) 02:27, 7 August 2008 (UTC) |
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==Locations== |
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== n. 1 == |
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{{main|Wind power}} |
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Wind turbines can also be classified by the location in which they are to be used. Onshore, offshore, or even aerial wind turbines have unique design characteristics, which are explained in more detail in the section on [[#Turbine design and construction|turbine design and construction]]. |
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So... who's got the number 1 place? <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/88.40.240.137|88.40.240.137]] ([[User talk:88.40.240.137|talk]]) 10:32, 25 August 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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==Turbine design and construction== |
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{{Main|Wind turbine design}} |
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Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Aerodynamic modeling is used to determine the optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades, and blade shape. |
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: Turns out it was [[Macau]]. I guess there was controversy here. Has this discussion taken place? Currently every page that references this table (eg. the country's pages) reports a possibly inaccurate rank. [[User:LightYear|LightYear]] ([[User talk:LightYear|talk]]) 15:52, 25 August 2008 (UTC) |
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Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution. The turbine can be divided into three components. The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost, includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy. The generator component, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine cost, includes the [[electrical generator]], the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox component for converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity. The structural support component, which is approximately 15% of the wind turbine cost, includes the tower and rotor pointing mechanism.<ref>"Wind Turbine Design Cost and Scaling Model," Technical Report NREL/TP-500-40566, December, 2006, page 35,36. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/40566.pdf</ref> |
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:Regarding "who's got the number 1 place?", some other ''List of'' articles (e.g., [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area]], [[List of countries by population]], [[List of countries by military expenditures]]) don't rank entries which aggregate values. -- [[User:Wtmitchell|Boracay Bill]] ([[User talk:Wtmitchell|talk]]) 23:24, 25 August 2008 (UTC) |
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==Low temperature== |
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Utility-scale wind turbine generators have minimum temperature operating limits which apply in areas that experience temperatures below –20 °C. Wind turbines must be protected from ice accumulation, which can make [[anemometer]] readings inaccurate and which can cause high structure loads and damage. Some turbine manufacturers offer low-temperature packages at a few percent extra cost, which include internal heaters, different lubricants, and different alloys for structural elements. If the low-temperature interval is combined with a low-wind condition, the wind turbine will require an external supply of power, equivalent to a few percent of its rated power, for internal heating. For example, the [[St. Leon, Manitoba|St. Leon]], [[Manitoba]] project has a total rating of 99 MW and is estimated to need up to 3 MW (around 3% of capacity) of station service power a few days a year for temperatures down to –30 °C. This factor affects the economics of wind turbine operation in cold climates. |
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== What is the population density of England? == |
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==Special wind turbines== |
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I think it's somewhere around 322. Any other offers? |
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{{Main|Special wind turbines}} |
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[[User:Ch3apsid3|Ch3apsid3]] ([[User talk:Ch3apsid3|talk]]) 13:09, 3 September 2008 (UTC) |
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One E-66 wind turbine at [[Windpark Holtriem]], Germany, carries an observation deck, open for visitors to see. Another turbine of the same type, with an observation deck, is located in [[Swaffham]], [[England]]. |
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:[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pop2001/england.asp Census 2001] put the population at 49,138,831. |
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A series of lighter-than-air wind turbines are in development in Canada by Magenn Power. They deliver power to the ground by a tether system.<ref>[http://www.magenn.com/technology.php Magenn Power Inc. - Technology]</ref> |
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:[http://web.archive.org/web/20070925222958/http://www.gad.gov.uk/Publications/docs/National_population_projections_2004_based_report.pdf National population projections (PDF)] from the [[Office for National Statistics]] (archived copy) estimated the 2006 figure as 50.714 million (table 1.2, page 2) |
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:The WP [[England]] article puts the area at 130,395 km², but does not cite a supporting source for that. |
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:[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572205/england.html Encara] puts the area at 130,410 sq km |
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:Looks like somewhere around 375-390 persons/km², depending on the year of the population figure used. -- [[User:Wtmitchell|Boracay Bill]] ([[User talk:Wtmitchell|talk]]) 01:31, 4 September 2008 (UTC) |
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Wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a large vertical [[solar updraft tower]] to extract the energy due to air heated by the sun. |
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== England == |
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Variable pitch wind turbines are another special (yet low-cost) design. Designs such as the Jacobs are said to be inexpensive, highly efficient and usable in [[DIY]]-construction.<ref>[http://www.rebelwolf.com/essn/ESSN-Aug2005.pdf Jacobs wind turbine (page 18)]</ref> |
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So does anyone have the technical know-how (& permission) to insert England, & the Cross of St George, between Martinique and the Netherlands? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/195.171.94.254|195.171.94.254]] ([[User talk:195.171.94.254|talk]]) 07:33, 10 September 2008 (UTC)<!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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==Small wind turbines== |
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{{main|Small wind turbine}} |
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[[Image:SOMA Wind generator.jpg|thumb|A small wind turbine being used at the Riverina Environmental Education Centre near [[Wagga Wagga, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]]] |
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Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty watt generator for boat or caravan use. Small units often have direct drive generators, [[direct current]] output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched. |
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== Record-holding turbines == |
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The world's largest turbines are manufactured by the Northern [[Germany|German]] companies [[Enercon]] and [[REpower]]. The [http://www.enercon.de/www/en/nachrichten.nsf/41657424de23a0b8c1256ed10041a39f/6230d2639aa384d9c125736e004679c2?OpenDocument ''Enercon E-126''] delivers up to 6 MW, has an overall height of 198 m (650 ft) and a diameter of 126 meters (413 ft). The ''Repower 5M'' delivers up to 5 MW, has an overall height of 183 m (600 ft) and has a diameter of 126 m (413 ft). |
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== Egypt == |
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The turbine closest to the [[North Pole]] is a ''Nordex N-80'' in Havøygavlen near [[Hammerfest]], [[Norway]]. The ones closest to the [[South Pole]] are two ''Enercon E-30'' in [[Antarctica]], used to power the Australian Research Division's [[Mawson Station]].<ref>[http://www.aad.gov.au/apps/operations/electrical.asp Mawson Station Electrical Energy - Australian Antarctic Division]</ref> |
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The current rank is based on a population of 74m which is a 1996 consensus. Current population estimate is over 81m. [[User:Estr4ng3d|Estr4ng3d]] ([[User talk:Estr4ng3d|talk]]) 12:43, 27 September 2008 (UTC) |
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:I just edited this. Summary: Reverted figures to 2005 data from the supporting source, as cited in the table footnote. -- [[User:Wtmitchell|Boracay Bill]] ([[User talk:Wtmitchell|talk]]) 12:58, 27 September 2008 (UTC) |
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''Matilda'', was a wind turbine located on [[Gotland]], [[Sweden]]. It produced a total of 61.4 GWh in the 15 years it was active. That is more renewable energy than any other single wind power turbine had ever produced to that date. It was [http://green-blog.org/2008/06/06/the-demolition-of-a-record-holder/#more-418 demolished on June 6th, 2008]. |
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==Problems with Wind Turbine== |
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Some bird conservationists argue that wind turbines are a major threat to local bird population. This misconception can be solved by comparing the percentage of death due to wind turbine verses natural causes. <ref> [http://science.howstuffworks.com/wind-turbine-kill-birds1.htm] </ref> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Sustainable development|Sustainable development.svg}} |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[Airborne wind turbine]] |
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* [[American Wind Energy Association]] |
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* [[Atmospheric icing]] |
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* [[Darrieus wind turbine]] |
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* [[Electrical generator]] |
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* [[Éolienne Bollée]] |
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* [[Green energy]] |
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* [[Hybrid power source]] |
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{{col-break}} |
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* [[List of wind turbine manufacturers]] |
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* [[Microgeneration]] |
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* [[Renewable energy]] |
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* [[Savonius wind turbine]] |
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* [[Small wind turbine]] |
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* [[Wind power]] |
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* [[Wind turbines (UK domestic)]] |
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* [[Windmill]] |
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{{col-end}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* BBC News,"Wind farms 'must take root in UK", http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4560139.stm, BBC News, Copyright 2007 |
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* Tony Burton, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkins, Ervin Bossanyi: ''Wind Energy Handbook'', John Wiley & Sons, 1st edition (2001), ISBN 0-471-48997-2 |
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*Darrell, Dodge, Early History Through 1875, TeloNet Web Development, http://telosnet.com/wind/early.html, Copyright 1996-2001 |
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*David, Macaulay, New Way Things Work, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Copyright 1994-1999, pg.41-42 |
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==External links== |
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{{External links}} |
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<!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> |
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{{Commons|Wind turbine}} |
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===General wind turbine information=== |
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*[http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/2118/86/ DIY Wind Microturbine] ([[EcoGeek]]) |
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*[http://www.projectfreepower.com/ Wind Projects and how to] |
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*[http://www.creswindfarm.gr/site1/last10min_en.htm 3.01 MW Demonstration Wind Farm] Online data (last 10min) |
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*[http://www.awea.org/faq/vawt.html Eric, Eggleston, What are vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTS)?, American Wind Energy Association] |
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*[http://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/windandhydro/wind_history.html History of wind energy, U.S Department of Energy] |
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*[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html How wind turbines work, U.S Department of Energy] |
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*[http://www.awea.org/faq/basiccf.html Wind turbine configurations, American Wind] |
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*[http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/econ/economic.htm Wind energy economics, Danish Wind Industry Association] |
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*[http://www.wwindea.org/ Wind Energy Technology World Wind Energy Association] |
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*[http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/wind-power-interactive.html Wind turbine simulation, National Geographic] |
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*[http://www.zephtechnologies.co.uk Wind Turbine Generators, Durham University, UK] |
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*[http://www.ourecohouse.info/blog/?p=15 Wind turbines and birds] |
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*[http://www.shipwrecks.uk.com/news.htm#windturb Wind turbines and shipwrecks] |
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*[http://greenterrafirma.com/small_turbines.html How to calculate the power a small wind turbine will produce] |
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*[http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Wind Peswiki] |
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*[http://www.home-energy.com/engels/ebv100.htm Energy Ball], that utilizes the [[Venturi effect]]. |
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===Wind turbine manufacturers=== |
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*[http://sustainablex.com/index.php/Portal:Wind Domestic and Commercial wind turbine directory and information wiki, SustainableX.com] |
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*{{dmoz|Science/Technology/Energy/Renewable/Wind/|Wind technology websites}} |
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*{{Dmoz|Science/Technology/Energy/Renewable/Wind/}} |
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{{Wind power}} |
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[[Category:Aerodynamics]] |
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[[Category:Electric power]] |
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[[Category:Electrical generators]] |
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[[Category:Electro mechanical engineering]] |
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[[Category:Energy conversion]] |
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[[Category:Wind energy]] |
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{{Link FA|de}} |
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[[bg:Ветрогенератор]] |
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[[ca:Aerogenerador]] |
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[[cs:Větrná turbína]] |
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[[de:Windkraftanlage]] |
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[[el:Αιολική μηχανή]] |
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[[es:Aerogenerador]] |
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[[eo:Ventoturbino]] |
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[[fr:Éolienne]] |
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[[gl:Aeroxerador]] |
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[[hr:Vjetroelektrana]] |
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[[id:Turbin angin]] |
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[[he:טורבינת רוח]] |
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[[lt:Vėjo jėgainė]] |
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[[nl:Windturbine]] |
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[[ja:風力原動機]] |
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[[no:Vindkraftverk]] |
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[[nn:Vindkraftverk]] |
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[[pl:Turbina wiatrowa]] |
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[[pt:Aerogerador]] |
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[[ru:Ветрогенератор]] |
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[[sl:Vetrna turbina]] |
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[[fi:Tuuliturbiini]] |
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[[sv:Vindkraftverk]] |
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[[th:กังหันลมผลิตไฟฟ้า]] |
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[[vi:Tua bin gió]] |
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[[tr:Rüzgâr türbini]] |
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[[uk:Вітрогенератор]] |
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[[wa:Tourniketreye]] |
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[[zh:風力發電機]] |
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Revision as of 00:44, 13 October 2008
 | Countries List‑class | |||||||||||||
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The title is misleading
The first line of the article calls this "List of countries and dependencies by population density." Why doesn't the title reflect that? All it says currently is "List of countries by population density." Why should China be marked 75 if, for example, Macau and Hong Kong, both undisputed parts of the PRC, are listed before it? It is also misleading because a smaller dependent region is more likely to have a high population density simply because it is smaller. If you ask me, there should be a separate list with just proper countries. --Catch153 (talk) 02:04, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
Baffin Island?
Sure, its a PART of one of Canada's Territories.. What about the whole territory of Nunavut that it a part of? That might be legitimate but shouldn't that territory then be removed from Canada's totals? and then likely Canada's other territories, NWT, Minnesota, and Yukon should be separated from the national calc?.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.232.99 (talk) 23:22, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
Abkhazia
The intro states: "The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories that are recognized by the United Nations. The list also includes but does not rank unrecognized but de facto independent countries." Despite this, the list includes and ranks the unrecognized Republic of Abkhazia. Not sure that it should be included (or at least not ranked). To remedy ambiguities like this (e.g., Taiwan, below), I would support using only some sort of "official" list like ISO 3166-1 mentioned below. QVanillaQ (talk) 14:01, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
Palestine
The figure for the population of Palestine is less than half a million. No matter what the criteria is for arriving at the correct number with the contentous political debates at hand, this number is obviously dubious. On wikipedia, and on many other sites, the West Bank is stated has having a population of well over 3 million and the Gaza Strip of over 1 million. With all of these previous valid comments, this article needs to be flagged, if not outright deleted, for it clearly does not achieve an encyclopedic-level of accuracy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.184.161.57 (talk) 00:06, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
Palestine's numbers are wrong
Using CIA Factbook data, I got a population of about 3.6 million and an area of 6,000 km^2. The UN data linked to gives about the same population density. Why does this table list Palestine as having a land area of 300 km^2 and only 400,000 inhabitants? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.39.240.68 (talk) 22:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
ISO 3166-1 Code
It is said earlier in the talk article about St.Pierre and Miquelon that the basis for this list are the countries which have an ISO 3166 code. More correct would be: An ISO 3166-1 code. This is perhaps the most 'official' list of entities which should be called countries. This list today includes 244 countries. (Note: The list includes several non-independent entities as well as all independent states). If possible, I think this list (and others) should include these 244 countries and also rank them. Additional entities might be unranked. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1 Antipoeten 22:09, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
Taiwan
Why is Taiwan listed as a country? (It is not that I am in favor or opposed to it being list I would just like to understand the criteria because it is my belief that under the criteria listed in the article it is not supposed to be listed.) Chico 00:16, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
Taiwan has a government of its own which, although not recognized by the Chinese government, is largely left un-meddled with, and it sends its own set of athletes to the Olympic Games as "Chinese Taipei". Ergo, it is most likely listed as "de facto independent", although since (Republic of China) is next to it, the list also recognizes China's claims to sovereignty over it, in accordance with WP:NPOV. PsyMar (talk) 00:54, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
Miles2
perhaps if someone would put in square miles and people/mi2 that would be nice for us non-metric americans Soyseñorsnibbles (talk) 02:24, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
- Preferrably, you should convert to the metrical system and thus join civilization.
- Jens Persson (213.67.64.22 23:45, 30 November 2007 (UTC))
- I'm a young British male, which means I'm comfortable with both systems, but prefer km as a matter of principle. But if you want miles, maybe you could add the extra column. To convert km to miles, multiply by 1.6. So to convert km2 to miles2, multiply by 1.62 = 2.56. Easy, if a little tedious. Briefplan (talk) 16:33, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
Area per person
Can a column showing average area per person be added? That makes it easier to appreciate how crowded a country is. Monaco, e.g., has about 40 sq meters per person (or, on average they stand about 6m apart). 70.68.70.186 (talk) 00:05, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
Jacked Up
Whats with like the japan and french cities on a countries list what what stupid —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.138.83.10 (talk) 09:37, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
population density on field
It should be added the population on field not whole national Area, likewise we donot need desert or lake, mountains where people donot live. In which list we may know which counties are busy and therefore people can estimate the speed of epidemic disease and economy —Preceding unsigned comment added by Neoper (talk • contribs) 14:46, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
It looks like the Argentinians have taken over the Falkland Islands. ;)
Actually there are three issues; they're called the Malvinas Islands here, they're listed with the Argentinian flag, and they're listed with (Argentina) in parentheses. Based on the column heading I'm not sure the last is wrong for the table. Wnt (talk) 05:36, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
Monaco data
How come the data for Monaco are completely different from the Monaco article? Aside from the area difference, the Monaco article states that the population is 32,671 (2007 estimate), but in this article, the estimate for July 2005 is 35,253, which is even larger than the 2007 estimate. There must be something wrong here.--207.112.69.250 (talk) 00:31, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
Unranking non-sovereign entities
Wikipedia lists of countries articles don't usually rank non-sovereign entities. Is it ok if I redo the rankings to only rank sovereign entities? If I get no reply I will be bold. ☆ CieloEstrellado 15:26, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
- If the non-sovereign countries figures are already included as part of another (sovereign) country, then do not rank them. If they are not included, then they should be ranked and listed separately. For example, does the Denmark figure include Greenland? If it does, don't rank Greenland. If it doesn't, then Greenland should be ranked separately. --Polaron | Talk 01:06, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
- But shouldn't we just follow the List of Countries? Also, it seems very strange to just throw together the Denmark and Greenland figures, as they are so different places, population density wise. sephia karta 13:41, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
Isle fo Man
Its not in the UK. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.223.46 (talk) 13:04, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
The Isle of Man is not in the UK, but it is administrated under the UK Crown. If it were in the UK, it would not be listed at all. PsyMar (talk) 00:59, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
Transnistria
Transnistria is oficially part of moldavia. So it should not be ranked. I don't know whether moldavian numbers include transnistria. But, as the density is compareable to moldova and it's territory is adjacent to the rest of moldova there is no difference like in the case of denmark/greenland. --84.114.134.129 (talk) 08:51, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
Transnistria is officially an autonomous and de facto independent territory of Moldova, and therefore shares the same status as Hong Kong and Macau. PsyMar (talk) 01:01, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
- I'm no expert, but it appears to me that Transnistria does not share the same status as Hong Kong and Macau. Transnistrian independence is self-proclaimed and is not recognized by the government of Moldova, which government considers the current Transnistria-based government to be illegitimate and not the rightful representative of the region's population (so says the Disputed status of Transnistria article). In contrast, the governments of the PRC, of Hong Kong, and of Macau all agree on the status of those SARs.
- Also, I note that Transnistria is not listed in the document cited as the supporting source for information in the table, while Hong Kong and Macau are listed (though the information presented in the table for those entries does not agree with the information in the cited supporting source). -- Boracay Bill (talk) 02:27, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
n. 1
So... who's got the number 1 place? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.40.240.137 (talk) 10:32, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
- Turns out it was Macau. I guess there was controversy here. Has this discussion taken place? Currently every page that references this table (eg. the country's pages) reports a possibly inaccurate rank. LightYear (talk) 15:52, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
- Regarding "who's got the number 1 place?", some other List of articles (e.g., List of countries and outlying territories by total area, List of countries by population, List of countries by military expenditures) don't rank entries which aggregate values. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 23:24, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
What is the population density of England?
I think it's somewhere around 322. Any other offers? Ch3apsid3 (talk) 13:09, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
- Census 2001 put the population at 49,138,831.
- National population projections (PDF) from the Office for National Statistics (archived copy) estimated the 2006 figure as 50.714 million (table 1.2, page 2)
- The WP England article puts the area at 130,395 km², but does not cite a supporting source for that.
- Encara puts the area at 130,410 sq km
- Looks like somewhere around 375-390 persons/km², depending on the year of the population figure used. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 01:31, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
England
So does anyone have the technical know-how (& permission) to insert England, & the Cross of St George, between Martinique and the Netherlands? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.171.94.254 (talk) 07:33, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
Egypt
The current rank is based on a population of 74m which is a 1996 consensus. Current population estimate is over 81m. Estr4ng3d (talk) 12:43, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
- I just edited this. Summary: Reverted figures to 2005 data from the supporting source, as cited in the table footnote. -- Boracay Bill (talk) 12:58, 27 September 2008 (UTC)