Arnica and Mama: Difference between pages

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{{Wiktionarypar|mama}}
{{dablink|This article is about the genus ''Arnica''. Arnica may also refer to the species [[Arnica montana]], used in herbal medicine.}}
'''Mama''' may refer to:
[[ru: Арника]]
*[[Mother]]
{{Taxobox
*[[Mama (TV series)|''Mama'' (TV series)]], a CBS television series 1949-1957
| name = Arnica
*[[MAMA, Rotterdam]], an art gallery in The Netherlands
| image = Arnica chamissonis0.jpg
| image_width = 225px
| image_caption = [[Chamisso Arnica]] (''Arnica chamissonis'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asterales]]
| familia = [[Asteraceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Asteroideae]]
| tribus = [[Heliantheae]]
| subtribus = [[Madiinae]]
| genus = '''''Arnica'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}


'''Arnica''' (''[[Syllable stress of Botanical Latin|Ár-ni-ca]]'') is a genus with about 30 [[perennial plant|perennial]], herbaceous species, belonging to the sunflower family ([[Asteraceae]]). The genus name ''Arnica'' may be derived from the [[Latin]] ''arna'', "lamb", in reference to the soft, hairy leaves.


In '''music''':
This circumboreal and montane genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western [[North America]], while two are native to [[Eurasia]] (''A. angustifolia'' and ''A. montana'').
*[[Mama (1960 song)|"Mama" (1960 song)]], a song by Connie Francis
*[[Mama (Electric Light Orchestra song)|"Mama" (Electric Light Orchestra song)]]
*[[Mama (Tozzi & Branigan song)|"Mama" (Tozzi & Branigan song)]]
*[[Mama (Genesis song)|"Mama" (Genesis song)]]
*[[Mama (Spice Girls song)|"Mama" (Spice Girls song)]]
*[[Mama (Il Divo song)|"Mama" (Il Divo song)]]
*"Mama", a song by The Sugarcubes from ''[[Life's Too Good]]''
*[[Mama (BJ Thomas song)|"Mama" (BJ Thomas song)]], a song by [[BJ Thomas]]
*[[Mama (Oingo Boingo song)|"Mama" (Oingo Boingo song)]], song by [[Oingo Boingo]]
*[[Mama (album)|''Mama'' (album)]], an album by Vitas
*[[Mama (My Chemical Romance song)|"Mama" (My Chemical Romance song)]], a 2008 song by [[My Chemical Romance]] from their album, ''[[The Black Parade]]''.


In '''other uses''':
''Arnica'' used to be included in the tribe [[Senecioneae]], because it has a [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] of fine bristles. This was soon questioned and Nordenstam (1977) placed it tentatively in tribe [[Heliantheae]] s.l. This arrangement also became uncertain because of the [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactone]] chemistry in certain species. Lately Arnica was placed in an unresolved [[cladistics|clade]] together with [[Madiinae]], [[Eupatorieae]], [[Heliantheae]] s.s. and [[Pectidinae]].
*[[Ninhursag]], a Sumerian earth goddess
*[[Mami]], a goddess
*[[Thelma Harper]], a fictional character frequently referred to as "Mama"
*[[Mama, Yucatán]], a [[municipalities of Yucatán|municipality of Yucatán]]
*[[Mama (urban-type settlement)]], an urban-type settlement in [[Irkutsk Oblast]], Russia
**[[Mama Airport]], an airport there
*''[[Ma-ma]]'', also known as ''Rock 'n Roll Wolf'', a movie[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076340/ IMDB]


==See also==
Several species, such as ''[[Arnica montana]]'' and ''Arnica chamissonis'', contain [[helenalin]], which is a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in [[anti-inflammatory]] preparations (mostly against bruises).
*[[Mama and papa]]


{{Disambig}}
''Arnica'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Bucculatricidae|Bucculatrix arnicella]]''.


[[de:Mama]]
==Characteristics==
[[fr:Mama]]

[[it:Mama]]
They have a deep-rooted, erect [[Plant stem|stem]], that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite [[Leaf|leaves]] are borne towards the [[apex]] of the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a rosette.
[[nl:Mama]]

[[pl:Mama]]
They show large yellow or orange [[flower]]s, 6-8 cm wide with 10-15 long ray 9 florets and numerous disc florets. The [[phyllary|phyllaries]] (a [[bract]] under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of ''Arnica'', with an [[involucre]] (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight [[Aroma compound|aromatic]] smell.
[[pt:Mama]]

[[ru:Мама (значения)]]
The seed-like [[fruit]] has a [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]] of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised.

== Uses and toxicity ==

''Arnica montana'' has long been used medicinally,<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102636 Arnica in Flora of North America @ efloras.org<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>''Clonal propagation of Arnica montana L., a medicinal plant''
Authors: Buthuc-Keul, A.; Deliu, C.
Source: In Vitro Cellular and Development Biology - Plant, Volume 37, Number 5, September 2001 , pp. 581-585(5)
Publisher: Springer</ref> It contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation. <ref>[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Arnicmo.htm Poisonous Plants: Arnica montana<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Edward Rudzki, Zdzisława Grzywa (1977) ''Dermatitis from Arnica montana'' Contact Dermatitis 3 (5), 281–281. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1977.tb03682.x</ref> The roots contain derivatives of [[thymol]],<ref name="pmid16586074">{{cite journal |author=Weremczuk-Jezyna I, Kisiel W, Wysokińska H |title=Thymol derivatives from hairy roots of Arnica montana |journal=Plant Cell Rep. |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=993–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16586074 |doi=10.1007/s00299-006-0157-y |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> which are used as [[fungicide]]s and [[preservative]]s and may have some anti-inflammatory effect.<ref name="pmid16763380">{{cite journal |author=Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Bianchi T, Bordoni L, Marabini L |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol: inhibitory effect on the release of human neutrophil elastase |journal=Pharmacology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=130–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16763380 |doi=10.1159/000093790 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=PHA2006077003130 |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref>

Arnica is currently used in liniment and ointment preparations used for strains, sprains, and bruises. Commercial arnica preparations are frequently used by professional athletes. The thymol derivatives concentrated in the plants roots have been clinically shown to be effective [[vasodilator]]s of subcutaneous blood capillaries. Arnica preparations used topically have been demonstrated to act as an anti-inflammatory and assist normal healing processes by facilitating transport of blood and fluid accumulations through a dilating action of subcutaneous blood capillaries. If enough of the material is ingested, the toxin helenalin produces severe gastroenteritis, and internal bleeding of the digestive tract. <ref>Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1</ref>

==Species==

*''[[Arnica acaulis]]'' (Walt.) B.S.P. -- Common Leopardbane
*''[[Arnica alpina]]'' (L.) Olin -- Alpine Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'')
*''[[Arnica amplexicaulis]]'' Nutt. -- Clasping Arnica, Streambank Arnica (synonym of ''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'')
*''[[Arnica angustifolia]]'' Vahl -- Narrowleaf Arnica
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''alpina'' (L.) I. K. Ferguson
**''Arnica angustifolia'' subsp. ''tomentosa'' Downie & Denford
*''[[Arnica cernua]]'' T.J. Howell -- Serpentine Arnica
*''[[Arnica chamissonis]]'' Less. -- Chamisso Arnica
**''Arnica chamissonis'' subsp. ''foliosa'' (Nutt.) Maguire
*''[[Arnica cordifolia]]'' Hook. -- Heart-leaf Leopardbane, Heartleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica dealbata]]'' Baldwin (formerly Whitneya dealbata)
*''[[Arnica discoidea]]'' Benth. -- Rayless Arnica
*''[[Arnica X diversifolia]]'' Greene (pro sp.) -- Curtis Churchmouse Threeawn, Rayless Arnica, Sticky Arnica
*''[[Arnica frigida]]'' C.A. Mey. ex Iljin -- Snow Arnica (synonym of A''rnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'')
*''[[Arnica fulgens]]'' Pursh -- Foothill Arnica, Orange Arnica, Shining Leopardbane
*''[[Arnica x gracilis]]'' Rydb. -- Smallhead Arnica (a natural hybrid between ''A. latifolia'' and ''A. cordifolia'')
*''[[Arnica griscomii]]'' Fernald
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''frigida'' (C. A. Mey. ex Iljin) S. J. Wolf
**''Arnica griscomii'' subsp. ''griscomii'' Downie & Denford
*''[[Arnica lanceolata]]'' Nutt. -- Arnica, Lanceleaf Arnica
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''amplexicaulis'' (Nutt.) Gruezo & Denford
**''Arnica lanceolata'' subsp. ''lanceolata'' Gruezo & Denford
*''[[Arnica latifolia]]'' Bong. -- Broadleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica lessingii]]'' (Torr. & Gray) Greene -- Nodding Arnica
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''lessengii''
**''Arnica lessingii'' subsp. ''norbergii'' Hult. & Maguire
*''[[Arnica lonchophylla]]'' Greene -- Longleaf Arnica
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''arnoglossa'' (Greene) Maguire
**''Arnica lonchophylla'' subsp. ''lonchophylla''
*''[[Arnica longifolia]]'' D.C. Eat. -- Longleaf Arnica, Spearleaf Arnica
*''[[Arnica louiseana]]'' Farr -- Lake Louise Arnica
*''[[Arnica mallotopus]]'' (formerly Mallotopus japonicus)
*''[[Arnica mollis]]'' Hook. -- hairy arnica, wooly arnica
*''[[Arnica montana]]'' L. -- Mountain Arnica
*''[[Arnica nevadensis]]'' Gray -- Nevada Arnica
*''[[Arnica ovata]]'' Greene
*''[[Arnica parryi]]'' Gray -- Nodding Arnica, Parry's Arnica
*''[[Arnica rydbergii]]'' Greene -- Rydberg Arnica, Rydberg's Arnica, Subalpine Arnica
*''[[Arnica sachalinensis]]'' (Regel) A. Gray
*''[[Arnica sororia]]'' Greene -- Twin Arnica
*''[[Arnica spathulata]]'' Greene -- Klamath Arnica
*''[[Arnica unalaschcensis]]'' Less. -- Alaska Arnica
*''[[Arnica venosa]]'' Hall -- Shasta County Arnica
*''[[Arnica viscosa]]'' Gray -- Mt. Shasta Arnica

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* {{cite journal|author = Maguire, B. |title= A monograph of the genus Arnica (Senecioneae, Compositae)|year= 1943| journal = Brittonia|volume = 4|pages= 386–510|doi = 10.2307/2804900}}
*{{cite journal|author=Wolf, S.J. & K.E. Denford|year= 1984|title= Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana|journal= Rhodora Journal of the New England Botanical Club|volume= 86|issue=847|pages= 239–309 }}
* Nordenstam, B. 1977 Senecioneae and Liabeae—[[systematic review]]. In V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner [eds.], The biology and chemistry of the Compositae, vol. II, 799–830. Academic Press, London, UK
* {{cite journal|author=Baldwin, B. G.|year= 1999|title= New combinations in Californian Arnica and Monolopia|journal= Novon|volume= 9|pages= 460–461|doi=10.2307/3392142}}
* {{cite journal|author = Lyss, G., T. J. Schmidt, H. L. Pahl, and I. Merfort|year= 1999 | title= Anti-inflammatory activity of Arnica tincture (DAB 1998) using the transcription factor NF-kappaB as molecular target|journal= Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Letters|volume= 9|pages= 5–8}}
* {{cite journal| author=Wolf, S. J., and K. E. Denford|year= 1984|title= Taxonomy of Arnica (Compositae) subgenus Austromontana|journal= Rhodora|volume= 86|pages= 239–309}}
</div>

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
*[http://content.herbalgram.org/abc/herbalgram/search.asp?p=1&s=arnica&m=all American Botanical Council Web site] Arnica information, news, and studies from The American Botanical Council
*[http://arnica.csustan.edu/herbarium/taxa.htm Arnica species]
*[http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/search.asp?s=genus&p=1&n=1318&t=Arnica UVSC Herbarium - Arnica]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9758072&dopt=Abstract Research Article] Research indicating arnica ineffective for muscle soreness due to lactic acid build-up following long distance running.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Illustration Arnica montana-clean.jpg|[[Mountain Arnica]] (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnicamontana.jpg|Mountain Arnica (''Arnica montana'')
Image:Arnica longifolia0.jpg|[[Longleaf Arnica]] (''Arnica longifolia'')
</gallery>

[[Category:Asteraceae]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

[[cs:Prha]]
[[da:Guldblomme]]
[[de:Arnika (Gattung)]]
[[es:Árnica]]
[[fr:Arnica]]
[[it:Arnica]]
[[lt:Arnika]]
[[pl:Arnika]]
[[pt:Arnica]]
[[ro:Arnica]]
[[sq:Arnica]]
[[uk:Арніка]]

Revision as of 16:02, 13 October 2008

Look up mama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Mama may refer to:


In music:

In other uses:

See also

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