Faithful and discreet slave and Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian): Difference between pages
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:''See also [[Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]'' |
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{{Jehovah's Witnesses}} |
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{{Infobox Automobile engine |
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{{seealso|Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses]] |
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| image = |
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:''[[Bible]] verses quoted from the [[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] except where noted'' |
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| name = Essex |
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The spiritual authority among [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] is said to be vested in the '''Faithful and Discreet Slave''', a distinct class of people comprising the remaining ones of the 'anointed<ref>''The Watchtower'' March 15, 2002 pp. 13-14 paragraph 4</ref>' [[144,000#Jehovah's Witnesses|144,000]]<ref>''The Watchtower'' July 1, 1995 p. 15 paragraph 6</ref>, or "the remnant"<ref>''The Watchtower'' January 1, 2000 p. 11 paragraph 19</ref> that is "appointed over" others to "give them their food at the proper time", based on their interpretation of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 24:45 ("a faithful and wise servant" ''[[King James Version of the Bible|KJV]]''). |
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| manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]] |
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| type = 90° [[V6]] |
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| bore = 3.811 in (96.8 mm) |
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| stroke = 3.386 in (86 mm)<br>3.46 in (87.9 mm)<br>3.74 in (95 mm) |
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| displacement = {{nowrap|232 cu in}} (3797 cc)<br>{{nowrap|238 cu in}} (see note)<br>{{nowrap|256 cu in}} (4195 cc) |
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| length = |
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| width = |
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| height = |
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| weight = |
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| block = Iron |
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| head = Aluminum |
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| valvetrain = [[overhead valve|OHV]], pushrod |
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| fuelsystem = 2-barrel [[carburetor]]<br>[[fuel injection#Throttle body injection|Central Fuel Injection]]<br>[[Fuel injection#Multi-point fuel injection|Sequential Fuel Injection]] |
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| fueltype = Gasoline |
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| coolingsystem = Water-cooled |
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| successor = Ford Duratec 35 |
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}} |
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The '''Ford Essex V6 engine''' was a 90° [[V6]] engine family built by [[Ford Motor Company]] at the [[Essex Engine Plant]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]], [[Canada]]. Unlike the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Essex V6]], the Canadian Essex used a 90° V configuration, in addition to having different displacements and valvetrains. With Ford's Essex Engine Plant idled as of November 2007, this engine was succeeded by the [[Ford Duratec 35]]. |
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The Canadian Essex is a [[pushrod engine|pushrod]] design featuring [[aluminum]] heads, which reduced its weight considerably and made it a very powerful engine for its size. The engine was initially offered in only a 3.8 liter displacement, being used in a variety of mid-size cars, [[minivan|minivans]], and some [[pickup truck|pickup trucks]]. A 4.2 liter version was introduced in the mid-1990s for use in the [[Ford F-Series|F-150]] and, later, the [[Ford Freestar|Freestar]]. The 3.8 L V6 was replaced by a 3.9 L version in 2004, though changes were minimal. The Essex and the smaller [[Ford Vulcan engine|Vulcan V6]] were the last traditional pushrod OHV engines built by Ford. |
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They believe that after a period of examination by Jesus of all churches claiming to be Christian, this 'remnant' was recognized by Jesus, in 1919, as the only true Christians. They further believe that Jesus uses this group exclusively "to publish information on the fulfillment of Bible prophecies and to give timely direction on the application of Bible principles in daily life"<ref>''Organized to Do Jehovah's Will'' (2005) p. 16</ref> as the only means of communicating God's messages to all the earth. Hence, they are referred to as God's "prophet",<ref>''The Watchtower'' April 1, 1972 p. 197</ref> and God's "channel".<ref>'' The Watchtower'' August 1, 2002 p. 13 paragraph 17</ref> |
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The Canadian Essex's origins are somewhat controversial. A common, but erroneous, belief is that the Essex was based on the [[Ford Windsor engine|5.0 L Windsor V8 engine]], due to the fact that they both have a 90° vee configuration, are OHV, and that a 5.0 L V8 less two cylinders would make a V6 displacing around 3.8 liters. Though the practice of deriving a V6 from a V8 wasn't unheard of (auto manufacturers have derived V6s from V8 designs before, such as GM with the [[GM Vortec engine#V6|Vortec 4300]] and Chrysler with the [[Chrysler LA engine#Magnum 3.9|Magnum 3.9]]), several important differences between the Windsor's design and the Essex's, such as their considerably different bore and stroke, made a common design lineage implausible. |
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Jehovah's Witnesses believe this 'remnant' exercises all teaching authority among Jehovah's Witnesses as it pertains to [[doctrine]] and [[articles of faith]]. They are taught: "a mature Christian...does not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding. Rather, he has complete confidence in the truth as it is revealed by Jehovah God through his Son, Jesus Christ, and 'the faithful and discreet slave.'"<ref>''Watchtower'' August 1, 2001 p. 14 paragraph 8</ref> In practice, only a few from this group have any actual authority regarding institution of doctrine, changes to doctrine, or decisions regarding Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide. All decision-making authority with regard to doctrine is held by the [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]], which is made up of a few chosen men of the Faithful and Discreet Slave class. The biblical precedent often cited for this is arrangement is Acts chapter 15, where the apostle Paul, even though he was a member of the decision making body, settled a doctrinal dispute by taking the matter to the full body of "apostles and elders" in Jerusalem for official ruling. In verse 19, they ruled in Paul's favor. <ref>Watchtower 10/1 1967 . p592 par. 4 | “Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View” |“Considerable discussion failed to settle the matter, so Paul, instead of demanding any rights as an apostle, took the problem to the governing body in Jerusalem. There, after due consideration under the direction of God’s holy spirit, the issue was settled and notice of the decision was sent to the Antioch congregation by a letter and a delegation representing the governing body.”| © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania </ref> Publicly rejecting any teaching can result in [[Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline#Disfellowshipping|disfellowshipping]]. |
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One source states that the Essex is instead a [[Reverse engineering|reverse engineered]] [[Buick V6 engine]] [http://www.babcox.com/editorial/ar/ar90134.htm]. Toward the end of the 1970s, Ford needed a new six cylinder engine that was powerful and compact enough to be used in a mid-size car while meeting increasingly stricter emissions and fuel efficiency standards. Since Ford did not have an engine available that could be readily made to meet these requirements, one needed to be developed. The quickest and least expensive approach in accomplishing this was to copy an existing engine from a competitor, which ended up being the Buick V6 from General Motors. Ford's resulting V6 was very similar to that of the original Buick engine and had a nearly identical displacement. In fact, one of the only major differences between the two engines was Ford's use of aluminum heads as opposed to the cast-iron ones used in the original Buick design. |
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==Development of doctrine== |
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In the early history of Jehovah's Witnesses, before they took that name, [[Charles Taze Russell]] (Pastor Russell) initially taught that the "faithful and wise servant" was the entire body of true Christians. After about 1896, Russell began to see himself as fulfilling the role of "that servant." He explains his change of views in the 1 March 1896 ''Watch Tower'': "In our examination of this text we seem to have treated the term ‘that servant’ as though the Spirit had erred in saying ‘that servant’ when it meant servants (plural), and we applied it to all true servants of God. Since then we have been met from various quarters with objections to so general an application, and the suggestion that it would be wrong to allow modesty or any other consideration, good or bad, to warp our judgment in the exposition of the inspired Word; to which proposition we agree." ([http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r1946.htm ''Reprints'', p. 1946]) Later in the 15 April 1904 ''Watch Tower'', Russell explained that the "servant" was an individual and not a group: "but since the servant mentioned is to dispense food to the other members of the body, his fellow-servants, the term seems to be limited to some particular individual." ([http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r3354.htm ''Reprints'', p. 3356]) He generally was cautious not to claim the title boldly, but he allowed others to identify him as such. For example, Russell as editor of the ''Watch Tower'' published letters from readers referring to him as the "faithful servant." (15 November 1915 ''Watch Tower'', p. 351; [http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1915NOV.asp#R5804 ''Reprints'', p. 5804]) At his death in 1916, the ''Watch Tower'' reported that in private conversations Russell claimed that he was the "faithful and wise servant."<ref>''Watchtower'' December 1, 1916 p. 356-357</ref> (Matthew 24:45 ''[[King James Version of the Bible|KJV]]'') This view of C.T. Russell being "that slave" was taught up until 1927 in ''The Watchtower and Herald of Christ's Presence'': "No one in present truth for a moment doubts that Brother Russell filled the office of the 'faithful and wise servant', whom his Lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season'."<ref>''Watchtower'' April 1, 1920, p. 104 paragraph 6 ([http://quotes.watchtower.ca/scans/1920_w_apr_1_p100.tif TIF format scan])</ref> |
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==3.8== |
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In 1927, Russell's successor, [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]], published an article in ''The Watchtower'' to the effect that the "faithful servant" was a class of people, not an individual. ''Jehovah’s Witnesses--Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom'' concludes that "...the idea that Russell himself was the faithful and wise servant...came to be generally held by the Bible Students for some thirty years." (1896-1927)<ref>''Jehovah’s Witnesses--Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom'' (p. 143)</ref> |
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The 3.8 L (3797 cc/232 in³) model was introduced for the 1982 model year, first appearing as an option on the [[Ford Granada]]. |
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Bore was {{convert|96.8|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} and stroke was {{convert|86|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. Output was 112 hp (83 kW) at 4200 rpm and 175 lb·ft (237 N·m) of torque at 2800 rpm. It initially had a 2-barrel '''Motorcraft 2150''' carburetor. Central Fuel Injection was made available in 1984. Output was {{Convert|120|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3600 rpm and {{Auto ft.lbf|205|0}} of torque at 1600 rpm in these models. |
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In subsequent years it became unclear whether the title was being applied to the [[Watch Tower Society]] or some other group. Some statements specifically applied the verse to the organization: "The Father is the great Provider of spiritual food, and he delegates to his organization the duty of preparing and serving this life-sustaining 'meat in due season'. The table is the Lord’s, he sits at the head, and the children seated at the table are waited on and served and helped by the mother organization.—Matt. 24:45; Ps. 23:5; Isa. 25:6"<ref>''Watchtower'' September 15, 1950 p. 326</ref> |
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Multi-point fuel injection became standard in 1988. These engines put out 140 hp (104 kW) and 215 lb·ft (292 N·m) of torque. |
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A [[supercharged]] version was used in the 1989-95 [[Ford Thunderbird|Thunderbird Super Coupe]] and 1989-90 [[Mercury Cougar|Cougar XR-7]], producing up to 230 hp (171 kW) and 330 lb·ft (447 N·m). |
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The 1991-1995 Police Package [[Ford Taurus|Taurus]], 1991-1994 [[Lincoln Continental]] and 1995 [[Ford Windstar]] had a high-output version with better cylinder heads and other modifications. It produced up to 160 hp (119 kW) and 220 - 230 lb·ft (298 - 312 N·m) of torque. |
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The split port cylinder heads were introduced on the 1996 [[Ford Windstar]] along with a [[variable length intake manifold]] with intake manifold runner control (IMRC) in the six shorter runners. |
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The Mustang version of the V6 was updated for 1999 to use the split port cylinder heads originally introduced on the Windstar. However 99-2000 Mustang did not use IMRC, instead leaving all 12 intake runners open at all times. Output increased to 190 hp (142 kW) at 5250 RPM and 220 lb·ft (298 N·m) of torque @ 2750 RPM,<ref>Ford Motor Company. Ford Media. ''2000 Mustang''. 2000. http://media.ford.com/products/presskit_display.cfm?vehicle_id=7&press_section_id=398&make_id=92</ref> With the addition of IMRC to Mustang in 2001 Ford reported the engine's output to be 193 hp (144 kW) @ 5500 RPM and 225 lb·ft (305 N·m) of torque @ 2800 RPM .<ref>Ford Motor Company. Ford Media. ''2001 Mustang''. 2001. http://media.ford.com/products/presskit_display.cfm?vehicle_id=298&press_section_id=398&make_id=92</ref> |
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Applications: |
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* 1982 [[Ford Granada]] |
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* 1982-1983 [[Ford F-series]] |
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* 1982-1997 [[Ford Thunderbird]] |
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* 1982-1997 [[Mercury Cougar]] |
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* 1982-1986, 1994-2004 [[Ford Mustang]] |
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* 1982-1986 [[Mercury Capri]] |
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* 1983-1986 [[Ford LTD]] and [[Mercury Marquis]] |
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* 1988-1995 [[Ford Taurus]] and [[Mercury Sable]] |
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* 1988-1994 [[Lincoln Continental]] |
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* 1995-2003 [[Ford Windstar]] |
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A nine-digit serial number appears on a label on the right side (front) valve cover. It also appears on a barcode label on the transmission side of the right side head. |
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==3.9== |
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A 3.9 L ({{nowrap|238 cu in}}) 12-valve version with 3.8 in (96.5 mm) bore and 3.46 in (87.9 mm) stroke was introduced in 2004. It was installed in a running change on later production 2004 Mustangs (starting October 7, 2003) before it was replaced by the 4.0 L [[Ford Cologne engine|Cologne]] OHC engine for 2005MY base Mustangs. |
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Applications: |
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* 2004 [[Ford Mustang]] |
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* 2004-2007 [[Ford Freestar]] |
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Ford spec sheets note this engine as 3802 cc ({{nowrap|232 cu in}}). The bore and stroke, however, work out to 3857 cc ({{nowrap|236 cu in}}). Another strange thing is that this engine, if specs are to be believed, is {{convert|0.010||in|mm|abbr=on}} underbore compared to the 3.8 and 4.2. |
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==4.2== |
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The 4.2 L ({{nowrap|256 cu in}}/4195 cc) model appeared in the 1997 model year as a replacement for the durable but aging Ford 300 [[straight-6]]. It was a long-stroke version of the 3.8 with 12 valves and [[pushrod engine|pushrod]]s. It has the same 3.81 in bore with a 3.74 in stroke (96.8 mm by 95.0 mm). Ford Power Products sells this engine as the '''ESG-642'''. |
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Ford experienced problems with this engine in the 1997 and 1998 model years. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}These included issuing all 1997 engines made at the Essex plant with a bad front cover gasket. |
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Ford ended production of the 4.2 L V6 after the 2008 model year, marking the end of the Essex. The engine's final recipient, the F-150, will only be available with V8 engines starting with the 2009 model year. |
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Applications: |
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* 1997-2008 [[Ford F-150]] |
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* 2004-2007 [[Ford Freestar]] |
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* 2004-2007 [[Ford Freestar|Mercury Monterey]] |
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In 1951, for the first time, a clear division was drawn between the "faithful and discreet slave" as a class of people and the organization: "Christ Jesus approved of his remnant as a 'faithful and discreet slave' and set this slave class over all his earthly belongings. Then by the theocratic organization Jehovah led them from one truth to another, opening the eyes of their hearts and the ears of their understanding to see and hear these truths." |
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==Effect of Current Doctrine on Teaching Authority== |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[ |
* [[List of Ford engines]] |
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*[[Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]] |
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[[Category:Ford engines|Essex V6]] |
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*[[Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses]] |
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[[Category:Goods manufactured in Canada]] |
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*[[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]] |
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*[[144,000]] |
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[[ca:Motor Essex V6 de Ford]] |
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[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]] |
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[[Category:Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses]] |
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== References == |
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[[ca:Esclau Fidel i Discret]] |
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{{refs|2}} |
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[[es:Esclavo fiel y discreto]] |
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[[fr:Esclave fidèle et avisé]] |
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[[hu:Hű és értelmes rabszolga]] |
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[[pt:Escravo Fiel e Discreto]] |
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Revision as of 00:12, 13 October 2008
- See also Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)
| Essex | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Ford Motor Company |
| Layout | |
| Displacement | 232 cu in (3797 cc) 238 cu in (see note) 256 cu in (4195 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 3.811 in (96.8 mm) |
| Piston stroke | 3.386 in (86 mm) 3.46 in (87.9 mm) 3.74 in (95 mm) |
| Cylinder block material | Iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | OHV, pushrod |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | 2-barrel carburetor Central Fuel Injection Sequential Fuel Injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | Ford Duratec 35 |
The Ford Essex V6 engine was a 90° V6 engine family built by Ford Motor Company at the Essex Engine Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Unlike the British Essex V6, the Canadian Essex used a 90° V configuration, in addition to having different displacements and valvetrains. With Ford's Essex Engine Plant idled as of November 2007, this engine was succeeded by the Ford Duratec 35.
The Canadian Essex is a pushrod design featuring aluminum heads, which reduced its weight considerably and made it a very powerful engine for its size. The engine was initially offered in only a 3.8 liter displacement, being used in a variety of mid-size cars, minivans, and some pickup trucks. A 4.2 liter version was introduced in the mid-1990s for use in the F-150 and, later, the Freestar. The 3.8 L V6 was replaced by a 3.9 L version in 2004, though changes were minimal. The Essex and the smaller Vulcan V6 were the last traditional pushrod OHV engines built by Ford.
The Canadian Essex's origins are somewhat controversial. A common, but erroneous, belief is that the Essex was based on the 5.0 L Windsor V8 engine, due to the fact that they both have a 90° vee configuration, are OHV, and that a 5.0 L V8 less two cylinders would make a V6 displacing around 3.8 liters. Though the practice of deriving a V6 from a V8 wasn't unheard of (auto manufacturers have derived V6s from V8 designs before, such as GM with the Vortec 4300 and Chrysler with the Magnum 3.9), several important differences between the Windsor's design and the Essex's, such as their considerably different bore and stroke, made a common design lineage implausible.
One source states that the Essex is instead a reverse engineered Buick V6 engine [1]. Toward the end of the 1970s, Ford needed a new six cylinder engine that was powerful and compact enough to be used in a mid-size car while meeting increasingly stricter emissions and fuel efficiency standards. Since Ford did not have an engine available that could be readily made to meet these requirements, one needed to be developed. The quickest and least expensive approach in accomplishing this was to copy an existing engine from a competitor, which ended up being the Buick V6 from General Motors. Ford's resulting V6 was very similar to that of the original Buick engine and had a nearly identical displacement. In fact, one of the only major differences between the two engines was Ford's use of aluminum heads as opposed to the cast-iron ones used in the original Buick design.
3.8
The 3.8 L (3797 cc/232 in³) model was introduced for the 1982 model year, first appearing as an option on the Ford Granada.
Bore was 96.8 mm (3.81 in) and stroke was 86 mm (3.39 in). Output was 112 hp (83 kW) at 4200 rpm and 175 lb·ft (237 N·m) of torque at 2800 rpm. It initially had a 2-barrel Motorcraft 2150 carburetor. Central Fuel Injection was made available in 1984. Output was 120 hp (89 kW) at 3600 rpm and Template:Auto ft.lbf of torque at 1600 rpm in these models.
Multi-point fuel injection became standard in 1988. These engines put out 140 hp (104 kW) and 215 lb·ft (292 N·m) of torque.
A supercharged version was used in the 1989-95 Thunderbird Super Coupe and 1989-90 Cougar XR-7, producing up to 230 hp (171 kW) and 330 lb·ft (447 N·m).
The 1991-1995 Police Package Taurus, 1991-1994 Lincoln Continental and 1995 Ford Windstar had a high-output version with better cylinder heads and other modifications. It produced up to 160 hp (119 kW) and 220 - 230 lb·ft (298 - 312 N·m) of torque.
The split port cylinder heads were introduced on the 1996 Ford Windstar along with a variable length intake manifold with intake manifold runner control (IMRC) in the six shorter runners.
The Mustang version of the V6 was updated for 1999 to use the split port cylinder heads originally introduced on the Windstar. However 99-2000 Mustang did not use IMRC, instead leaving all 12 intake runners open at all times. Output increased to 190 hp (142 kW) at 5250 RPM and 220 lb·ft (298 N·m) of torque @ 2750 RPM,[1] With the addition of IMRC to Mustang in 2001 Ford reported the engine's output to be 193 hp (144 kW) @ 5500 RPM and 225 lb·ft (305 N·m) of torque @ 2800 RPM .[2]
Applications:
- 1982 Ford Granada
- 1982-1983 Ford F-series
- 1982-1997 Ford Thunderbird
- 1982-1997 Mercury Cougar
- 1982-1986, 1994-2004 Ford Mustang
- 1982-1986 Mercury Capri
- 1983-1986 Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis
- 1988-1995 Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable
- 1988-1994 Lincoln Continental
- 1995-2003 Ford Windstar
A nine-digit serial number appears on a label on the right side (front) valve cover. It also appears on a barcode label on the transmission side of the right side head.
3.9
A 3.9 L (238 cu in) 12-valve version with 3.8 in (96.5 mm) bore and 3.46 in (87.9 mm) stroke was introduced in 2004. It was installed in a running change on later production 2004 Mustangs (starting October 7, 2003) before it was replaced by the 4.0 L Cologne OHC engine for 2005MY base Mustangs.
Applications:
- 2004 Ford Mustang
- 2004-2007 Ford Freestar
Ford spec sheets note this engine as 3802 cc (232 cu in). The bore and stroke, however, work out to 3857 cc (236 cu in). Another strange thing is that this engine, if specs are to be believed, is 0.010[convert: needs unit name] underbore compared to the 3.8 and 4.2.
4.2
The 4.2 L (256 cu in/4195 cc) model appeared in the 1997 model year as a replacement for the durable but aging Ford 300 straight-6. It was a long-stroke version of the 3.8 with 12 valves and pushrods. It has the same 3.81 in bore with a 3.74 in stroke (96.8 mm by 95.0 mm). Ford Power Products sells this engine as the ESG-642.
Ford experienced problems with this engine in the 1997 and 1998 model years. [citation needed]These included issuing all 1997 engines made at the Essex plant with a bad front cover gasket.
Ford ended production of the 4.2 L V6 after the 2008 model year, marking the end of the Essex. The engine's final recipient, the F-150, will only be available with V8 engines starting with the 2009 model year.
Applications:
- 1997-2008 Ford F-150
- 2004-2007 Ford Freestar
- 2004-2007 Mercury Monterey
See also
References
- ^ Ford Motor Company. Ford Media. 2000 Mustang. 2000. http://media.ford.com/products/presskit_display.cfm?vehicle_id=7&press_section_id=398&make_id=92
- ^ Ford Motor Company. Ford Media. 2001 Mustang. 2001. http://media.ford.com/products/presskit_display.cfm?vehicle_id=298&press_section_id=398&make_id=92