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{{Infobox Settlement
{{Infobox Anatomy |
|official_name = East Newark, New Jersey
Name = Large intestine |
|settlement_type = [[Borough (New Jersey)|Borough]]
Latin = intestinum crassum |
GraySubject = 249 |
|nickname =
|motto =
GrayPage = 1177 |
Image = Intestine.png |

Caption = Front of abdomen, showing the large intestine, with the stomach and small intestine in dashed outline. |
<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline =
Image2 = Gray1223.png |
Caption2 = Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver (red), and the stomach and large intestine (blue). |
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
Precursor = |
|image_flag =
System = |
|image_seal =
Artery = |
Vein = |

Nerve = |
<!-- Maps -->
Lymph = [[inferior mesenteric lymph nodes]] |
|image_map = East Newark nj.png
MeshName = |
|mapsize = 250x200px
MeshNumber = |
|map_caption = Map highlighting East Newark within Hudson County. Inset: Location of Hudson County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
DorlandsPre = i_11 |
|image_map1 = Census Bureau map of East Newark, New Jersey.gif
DorlandsSuf = 12456545 |
|mapsize1 = 250x200px
|map_caption1 = Census Bureau map of East Newark, New Jersey

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[New Jersey]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New Jersey|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]]
|government_footnotes = <ref name=DataBook/>
|government_type = [[Borough (New Jersey)]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Joseph R. Smith
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = [[July 3]], [[1895]]

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 0.3
|area_land_km2 = 0.3
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 0.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 0.1
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_footnotes = <ref name=CensusEst/>
|population_total = 2217
|population_density_km2 = 9007.7
|population_density_sq_mi = 23330.0

<!-- General information -->
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Gnis|885199|Borough of East Newark}}, [[Geographic Names Information System]]. Accessed [[January 4]], [[2008]].</ref>
|elevation_m = 4
|elevation_ft = 13
|latd = 40 |latm = 45 |lats = 01 |latNS = N|
longd = 74 |longm = 09 |longs = 47 |longEW = W

<!-- Area/postal codes & others -->
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 07029
|area_code = [[Area code 973|973]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 34-19360{{GR|2}}<ref>[http://mcdc2.missouri.edu/webrepts/commoncodes/ccc_nj.html A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey], Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed [[July 14]], [[2008]].</ref>
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0885199{{GR|3}}
|website = http://www.boroughofeastnewark.com
|footnotes =
}}
'''East Newark''' is a [[Borough (New Jersey)|borough]] in [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]. As of the [[United States 2000 Census]], the borough population was 2,377.

The Borough of East Newark was established on [[July 3]], [[1895]], from portions of [[Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny]] lying between the [[Erie Railroad]] and [[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]], based on the results of a referendum held the previous day.<ref name=Story>"The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968", John P. Snyder, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 146.</ref><ref>[http://mysite.verizon.net/vze6nfq6/id8.html Borough of East Newark History]. Accessed [[July 31]], [[2006]].</ref><ref>[http://www.townofharrison.com/A_BRIEF_HISTORY_OF_HARRISON.html A Brief History of Harrison], Town of Harrison. Accessed [[April 17]], [[2006]].</ref>

==Geography==
East Newark is located at {{coor dms|40|44|60|N|74|9|40|W|city}} (40.749901, -74.161105){{GR|1}}.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of 0.1&nbsp;[[square mile]]s (0.3&nbsp;[[km²]]), of which, 0.1&nbsp;square miles (0.3&nbsp;km²) of it is land and 0.04&nbsp;square miles (0.1&nbsp;km²) of it (16.67%) is water.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
| 1900=2500
| 1910=3163
| 1920=3057
| 1930=2686
| 1940=2273
| 1950=2173
| 1960=1872
| 1970=1922
| 1980=1923
| 1990=2157
| 2000=2377
| estimate= 2217
| estyear=2006
| estref=<ref name=CensusEst>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&geo_id=06000US3401582840&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US34%7C05000US34015%7C06000US3401582840&_street=&_county=east+newark&_cityTown=east+newark&_state=04000US34&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=060&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= Census data for East Newark borough], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]].</ref>
| footnote=Population 1930 - 1990.<ref>[http://www.wnjpin.net/OneStopCareerCenter/LaborMarketInformation/lmi01/poptrd6.htm New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1930 - 1990], Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network. Accessed [[March 1]], [[2007]].</ref>
}}
}}
The '''large intestine''' is the last part of the [[digestive system]]: the final stage of the [[alimentary canal]] in [[vertebrate]] [[animal]]s. Its function is to absorb the remaining water from indigestible food matter, as well as store the useless nutrients and wastes and flush them from the body.<ref>{{cite book
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 2,377 people, 767 households, and 605 families residing in the borough. The [[population density]] was 23,330.0 people per square mile (9,177.6/km²). There were 799 housing units at an average density of 7,842.1/sq&nbsp;mi (3,085.0/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 67.02% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.68% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.50% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.04% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 20.99% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 7.24% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 47.54% of the population.
| last = Maton
| first = Anthea
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright
| title = Human Biology and Health
| publisher = Prentice Hall
| date = 1993
| location = Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 0-13-981176-1}}</ref>


The large intestine starts in the right [[iliac region]] of the [[pelvis]], just at or below the right waist. Joined to the bottom end of the [[small intestine]], it consists of the [[cecum]] and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. The large intestine is about {{convert|1.5|m|ft|}} long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the [[intestine|intestinal canal]].
As of the 2000 census, 10.1% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of [[Peruvian American]] ancestry. This was the highest percentage of Peruvian American people in any place in the United States.<ref>[http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Peruvian.html Peruvian Communities], [[Epodunk]]. Accessed [[July 7]], [[2006]].</ref> In the same census, 6.2% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of [[Brazilian American]] ancestry. This was the highest percentage of Brazilian American people in any place in the United States.<ref>[http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Brazilian.html Brazilian Communities], [[Epodunk]]. Accessed [[July 7]], [[2006]].</ref> As of the 2000 census, 7.67% of East Newark's residents identified themselves as being of [[Ecuador]]ian ancestry, which was the highest of any municipality in New Jersey and the third highest percentage of Ecuadorian people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry.<ref>[http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Ecuadorian.html Ecuadorian Communities], [[Epodunk]]. Accessed [[June 28]], [[2006]].</ref>


==Function and relation to other organs==
There were 767 households out of which 41.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.40.
A penis eates a squrrel in the asshole with a acorn
The large intestine takes 12-25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system. Food is not broken down any further in this stage of digestion. The large intestine simply absorbs vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon. It is also very important in absorbing water and compacting the feces, it also stores fecal matter in the rectum until eliminated through the anus and thus is responsible for passing along solid waste.


The large intestine differs most obviously from the [[small intestine]] in being wider and in showing the longitudinal layer of the muscularis have been reduced to 3 strap-like structures known as the [[taeniae coli]]. The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar [[intestinal epithelium|epithelium]]. Instead of having the evaginations of the small intestine (villi) the large intestine has invaginations (the intestinal glands). While both the small intestine and the large intestine have goblet cells, they are abundant in the large intestine.
In the borough the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 36.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.


The [[vermiform appendix]] is attached to its posteromedial surface of the large intestine. It contains masses of lymphoid tissue. It is a part of [[mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue]] which gives the appendix an important role in immunity{{Fact|date=October 2008}}. Appendicitis is the result of a blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen. The appendix can be removed with no damage or consequence to the patient.
The median income for a household in the borough was $44,352, and the median income for a family was $46,375. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $24,231 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the borough was $16,415. About 11.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.


The large intestine extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is about 1.5m long. On the surface, bands of longitudinal muscle fibers called taeniae coli, each about 5mm wide, can be identified. There are three bands and they start at the base of the appendix and extend from the cecum to the rectum. Along the sides of the taeniae, tags of peritoneum filled with fat, called epiploic appendages (or appendices epiploicae) are found. The sacculations, called haustra, are characteristic features of the large intestine, and distinguish it from the rest of the intestinal. Large intestine is different in a herbivore
== Government ==
===Local government===
East Newark is governed under the [[Borough (New Jersey)|Borough]] form of New Jersey municipal government. The government consists of a Mayor and a Borough Council comprising six council members, with all positions elected at large. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council consists of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year.<ref name=DataBook>''2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book'', [[Rutgers University]] [[Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy]], April 2005, p. 142.</ref>


==Bacterial flora==
The [[Mayor]] of East Newark is Joseph R. Smith. Members of the East Newark Borough Council are Council President Charles F. Tighe, Hans Peter Lucas, Yamara Salas, Edward V. Serafin, Jose Silva and Jeanne Zincavage.<ref>[http://mysite.verizon.net/vze6nfq6/id5.html Borough of East Newark Elected Officials], Borough of East Newark. Accessed [[July 28]], [[2008]].</ref>
[[Image:Sausage making-H-7.JPG|right|Intestine for sausage making|thumb]]
The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions.


The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested [[polysaccharides]] (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by [[passive diffusion]]. The bicarbonate the large intestine secretes helps to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.
Mayor Smith is a member of the [[Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml| title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members}}</ref> a [[bi-partisan]] group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by [[Boston]] Mayor [[Thomas Menino]] and [[New York City]] Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]].


These bacteria also produce small amounts of [[vitamins]], especially [[vitamin K]] and Biotin (a [[B vitamin]]), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins generally provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin deficient if treated with [[antibiotics]] that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as the disease-causing bacteria.
=== Federal, state and county representation ===
East Newark is in the Thirteenth Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 32nd Legislative District.<ref>[http://www.lwvnj.org/pubs/CG06.pdf 2006 New Jersey Citizen's Guide to Government], New Jersey [[League of Women Voters]], p. 56,. Accessed [[August 30]], [[2006]].</ref>


Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide. Bacterial fermentation of undigested [[polysaccharides]] produces these.
{{NJ Congress 13}} {{NJ Senate}}


The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and [[lymphatics]].
{{NJ Legislative 32}} {{NJ Governor}}


They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.
Hudson County's [[County executive|County Executive]] is [[Thomas A. DeGise]]. The executive, together with the nine-member [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]] in a legislative role, administer all county business. East Newark is part of [http://www.hudsoncountynj.org/downloads/freeholders/HC%20Freeholder%20District%209.pdf Freeholder District 9], which is represented by [[Albert Cifelli]]. District 9 also includes the Towns of [[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]] and [[Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny]], and part of the Town of [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]].


The most prevalent bacteria are the [[bacteroides]], which have been implicated in the initiation of [[colitis]] and [[colon cancer]]. [[Bifidobacteria]] are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'.
==Education==
The [[East Newark School District]] serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at East Newark Public School. As of the 2005-06 school year, the school had an enrollment of 240 students.<ref>[http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3404200 Data for the East Newark Public School], [[National Center for Education Statistics]]. Accessed [[April 14]], [[2008]].</ref>


A [[mucus]] layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal
For grades 9-12, public school students attend [[Harrison High School (New Jersey)|Harrison High School]] in [[Harrison, New Jersey|Harrison]], as part of a [[sending/receiving relationship]] with the [[Harrison Public Schools]].
| last = Stremmel
| first = W
| last2 = Merle
| first2 = U
| last3 = Zahn
| first3 = A
| last4 = Autschbach
| first4 = F
| last5 = Hinz
| first5 = U
| last6 = Ehehalt
| first6 = R
| title = Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis
| journal = Gut
| volume = 54
| pages = 966–971
| date = 2005
| url = http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/54/7/966
| doi = 10.1136/gut.2004.052316
| pmid = 15951544}}</ref> This mucus layer is called the [[mucosal barrier]].


==Parts and location==
==Transportation==
Parts of the large intestine are:
[[New Jersey Transit]] bus service is available to [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] on the [[39 (New Jersey bus)|39]] and [[76 (New Jersey bus)|76]] routes.<ref>[http://www.njtransit.com/sf_tp_rc_hudson.shtml Hudson County Bus/rail Connections], [[New Jersey Transit]]. Accessed [[July 3]], [[2007]].</ref>
* [[Cecum]] - the first part of the large intestine
* [[Taeniae coli]] - three bands of smooth muscle
* [[Haustra]] - bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli
* [[Epiploic appendages]] - small fat accumulations on the viscera


Locations along the colon are:
The closest airport in New Jersey with scheduled passenger service is [[Newark Liberty International Airport]], located 4.8 miles away in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] / [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]]. [[New York City]]'s [[LaGuardia Airport]] is 20.9 miles away in [[Flushing, Queens]] via the [[Lincoln Tunnel]].
* The [[ascending colon]]
* The [[right colic flexure]] (hepatic)
* The [[transverse colon]]
* The [[transverse mesocolon]]
* The [[left colic flexure]] (splenic)
* The [[descending colon]]
* The [[sigmoid colon]] - the s shaped region of the large intestine


==Notable residents==
==Additional images==
<gallery>
Notable current and former residents of East Newark include:
Image:Gray538.png|Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.</gallery>
*[[Davey Brown]] (1898-1970), professional soccer player inducted into the [[National Soccer Hall of Fame]] in 1951.<ref>[http://www.soccerhall.org/famers/davey_brown.htm Davey Brown], [[National Soccer Hall of Fame]]. Accessed [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref>
*[[Cornelius Augustine McGlennon]] (1878-1931), represented {{ushr|New Jersey|8}} from 1919 to 1921, and was Mayor of East Newark from 1907 to 1919.<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000450 Cornelius Augustine McGlennon], ''[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]''. Accessed [[October 2]], [[2007]].</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
*[http://www.boroughofeastnewark.com/ Borough of East Newark Official Website]
* [http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit10_3_dige_region4_intestine.html Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov]
*[http://www.eastnewarkschool.org/ East Newark Public School]
* {{MerckHome|09|118|h}}
*{{NJReportCard|17|1200|0|East Newark Public School}}
* [http://learning.mgccc.cc.ms.us/science/cat/sld021.htm Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us]
*[http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3404200 Data for the East Newark Public School], [[National Center for Education Statistics]]
* {{MeshName|Large+Intestine}}
{{Geolinks-US-cityscale|40.749901|-74.161105}}
{{Gray's}}
{{Hudson County, New Jersey}}
{{Digestive system}}


[[Category:Boroughs in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Digestive system]]
[[Category:Hudson County, New Jersey]]


[[de:East Newark]]
[[ar:أمعاء غليظة]]
[[bs:Debelo crijevo]]
[[ht:East Newark, New Jersey]]
[[nl:East Newark]]
[[ca:Intestí gros]]
[[pt:East Newark]]
[[cs:Tlusté střevo]]
[[vo:East Newark]]
[[da:Tyktarm]]
[[de:Dickdarm]]
[[dv:Large intestine]]
[[fr:Côlon]]
[[hr:Debelo crijevo]]
[[la:Intestinum crassum]]
[[ms:Usus besar]]
[[pl:Jelito grube]]
[[pt:Intestino grosso]]
[[ru:Толстая кишка человека]]
[[simple:Large intestine]]
[[tr:Kalın bağırsak]]
[[uk:Товстий кишківник]]
[[fi:Paksusuoli]]
[[zh:大肠]]
[[zh-min-nan:Toā-tn̂g]]

Revision as of 23:30, 13 October 2008

Large intestine
Front of abdomen, showing the large intestine, with the stomach and small intestine in dashed outline.
Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver (red), and the stomach and large intestine (blue).
Details
Lymphinferior mesenteric lymph nodes
Identifiers
Latinintestinum crassum
MeSHD007420
TA98A05.7.01.001
TA22963
FMA7201
Anatomical terminology

The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb the remaining water from indigestible food matter, as well as store the useless nutrients and wastes and flush them from the body.[1]

The large intestine starts in the right iliac region of the pelvis, just at or below the right waist. Joined to the bottom end of the small intestine, it consists of the cecum and colon. The large intestine is about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the intestinal canal.

Function and relation to other organs

A penis eates a squrrel in the asshole with a acorn The large intestine takes 12-25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system. Food is not broken down any further in this stage of digestion. The large intestine simply absorbs vitamins that are created by the bacteria inhabiting the colon. It is also very important in absorbing water and compacting the feces, it also stores fecal matter in the rectum until eliminated through the anus and thus is responsible for passing along solid waste.

The large intestine differs most obviously from the small intestine in being wider and in showing the longitudinal layer of the muscularis have been reduced to 3 strap-like structures known as the taeniae coli. The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium. Instead of having the evaginations of the small intestine (villi) the large intestine has invaginations (the intestinal glands). While both the small intestine and the large intestine have goblet cells, they are abundant in the large intestine.

The vermiform appendix is attached to its posteromedial surface of the large intestine. It contains masses of lymphoid tissue. It is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an important role in immunity[citation needed]. Appendicitis is the result of a blockage that traps infectious material in the lumen. The appendix can be removed with no damage or consequence to the patient.

The large intestine extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus and is about 1.5m long. On the surface, bands of longitudinal muscle fibers called taeniae coli, each about 5mm wide, can be identified. There are three bands and they start at the base of the appendix and extend from the cecum to the rectum. Along the sides of the taeniae, tags of peritoneum filled with fat, called epiploic appendages (or appendices epiploicae) are found. The sacculations, called haustra, are characteristic features of the large intestine, and distinguish it from the rest of the intestinal. Large intestine is different in a herbivore

Bacterial flora

Intestine for sausage making

The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions.

The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested polysaccharides (fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate the large intestine secretes helps to neutralise the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.

These bacteria also produce small amounts of vitamins, especially vitamin K and Biotin (a B vitamin), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins generally provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit other species of bacteria as well as the disease-causing bacteria.

Other bacterial products include gas (flatus), which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of the gases hydrogen, methane, and hydrogen sulphide. Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these.

The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and lymphatics.

They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.

The most prevalent bacteria are the bacteroides, which have been implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer. Bifidobacteria are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'.

A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria.[2] This mucus layer is called the mucosal barrier.

Parts and location

Parts of the large intestine are:

Locations along the colon are:

Additional images

  • Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.
    Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.

References

  1. ^ Maton, Anthea (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Stremmel, W; Merle, U; Zahn, A; Autschbach, F; Hinz, U; Ehehalt, R (2005). "Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis". Gut. 54: 966–971. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.052316. PMID 15951544.

External links

Look up large intestine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1177 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

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