Bacteroides
| Bacteroides | ||||||||||||
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Bacteroides fragilis in the Gram specimen |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Bacteroides | ||||||||||||
| Castellani & Chalmers 1919 |
The genus Bacteroides ( Syn .: Bacteroidacea ) is anaerobic , pleomorphic , gram-negative rod- shaped bacteria that belong to the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the human intestinal tract .
features
The representatives of the genus Bacteroides are obligately anaerobic, they only grow in the absence of oxygen . They do not form spores and their metabolic pathway is fermentation . They utilize different sugars in one fermentation and thereby form v. a. Acetate and succinate . Some Bacteroides - types can also citrate use, as fermentation products are formed u. a. Acetate and formate .
A special feature of many species of the genus Bacteroides is that they contain a high to predominant proportion of branched fatty acid chains in their lipid membranes . Another characteristic is the production of sphingolipids .
Occurrence
Bacteroides spp. occur in the intestines, genital tract and oropharynx of humans. In the large intestine of humans are about 10 11 individuals per gram of stool, so is Bacteroides that there numerically dominant bacterial genus . The occurrence of the Bacteroides species in the faeces is noted as part of their name for some species, for example Bacteroides faecis , Bacteroides caccae or Bacteroides coprophilus .
Systematics
Some species of the genus:
- Bacteroides caccae Johnson et al. 1986
- Bacteroides coprophilus Hayashi et al. 2007
- Bacteroides faecichinchillae Kitahara et al. 2012
- Bacteroides faecis Kim et al. 2010
- Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 ( type species )
- Bacteroides intestinalis Bakir et al. 2006
- Bacteroides pectinophilus Jensen and Canale-Parola 1987
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Distaso 1912) Castellani and Chalmers 1919
- Bacteroides vulgatus Eggerth and Gagnon 1933
- Bacteroides xylanolyticus Scholten-Koerselman et al. 1988
Numerous species that are involved in inflammation of the tooth root or belong to the oral flora and were previously placed in the genus Bacteroides have been assigned to the genus Prevotella (in the family of the Prevotellaceae ) (as of 2013), e.g. B. Bacteroides oralis is now Prevotella oralis , Bacteroides denticola is now correctly called Prevotella denticola .
Medical importance
By Bacteroides TYPES also be infections caused. These are almost exclusively endogenous infections, as these bacteria show little pathogenicity . They mainly cause peritonitis , intra-abdominal abscesses and liver abscesses , furthermore (according to Abele-Horn) brain abscesses (in mastoiditis), aspiration pneumonia, tubo-ovarian abscesses, bacteremia and sepsis. Antibiotics suitable for treatment are metronidazole , ampicillin sulbactam and amoxicillin clavulanic acid , alternatively imipenem and (if sensitive) clindamycin .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Mikrobiologie. German translation edited by Werner Goebel. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-8274-0566-1 , pp. 592, 693, 871.
- ↑ T. Kaneda: Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. In: Microbiological Reviews , Volume 55, Number 2, June 1991, pp. 288-302, PMID 1886522 (free full-text access )
- ↑ Noel R. Krieg et al. (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . Springer, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-387-68572-4 , pp. 457-467 .
- ^ Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 261.
- ^ A b Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Bacteroides. (No longer available online.) In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ( LPSN ). Archived from the original on October 31, 2013 ; Retrieved October 30, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Marianne Abele-Horn (2009), p. 261.
- ↑ Marianne Abele-Horn (2009), p. 261.
