Hungarian Defence Forces and Santa Barbara Biltmore: Difference between pages
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The '''Santa Barbara Biltmore''', now known as the '''Four Seasons Resort The Biltmore Santa Barbara''' is a luxury [[hotel]] in [[Montecito California]]. Once part of the [[Biltmore hotel]] chain, it opened outside [[Santa Barbara, California]], [[USA]], in 1927. [[Four Seasons Hotels]] bought the Biltmore in 1987 and eventually renamed it Four Seasons Resort Santa Barbara. In 2000 [[Ty Warner]] acquired ownership of the hotel through his Ty Warner Hotels & Resorts, while retaining Four Seasons as the management company. The historic Biltmore name was added back to its moniker soon after. |
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{{Infobox National Military |
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|country= Hungary |
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|image= |
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|caption=Coat of arms of Honvédség |
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|age=18 |
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|manpower_age=15–49 |
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|manpower_data=2005 est. |
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|available=2,660,000 |
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|fit=2,000,000 |
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|reaching=90,300 |
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|active=29,780 (2008) |
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|amount=[[USD|$]]1,350 billion (2007), but 2010: 1,612 billion USD (future plan) |
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|percent_GDP=1.2% (2006 est.) |
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}} |
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The hotel has [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Moorish]] [[architecture]]. |
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The '''Military of Hungary''', or "Hungarian Armed Forces" currently has two branches, the "[[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Ground Force]]" and the "[[Hungarian Air Force]]." |
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==External links== |
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The Hungarian Ground Force (or Army) is known as the "Corps of Homeland Defenders" (''Honvédség''). This term was originally used to refer to the revolutionary army established by [[Lajos Kossuth]] and the National Defence Committee of the Revolutionary Hungarian Diet in September 1848 during the [[1848 Hungarian Revolution|Hungarian Revolution]]. In accordance with the [[Ausgleich|Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the [[Magyars|Hungarians]] were allowed to have their own forces for homeland defence integrated within the Imperial Forces. The ''Honvédség'' became a specifically Hungarian Army within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. |
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* [http://www.fourseasons.com/santabarbara/ Santa Barbara Four Seasons] |
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The term ''Honvédség'' is the name of the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] military since 1848 referring to its purpose (''véd'' in ''Honvéd'') of defending the country. The Hungarian Army is called ''Magyar Honvédség''. The rank equal to a Private is a ''Honvéd''. |
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{{coord missing|United States}} |
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The Hungarian Air Force is the [[air force]] branch of the Hungarian Army. |
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[[Category:1927 establishments]] |
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== History == |
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[[Category:Biltmore Hotels]] |
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{{main|Military history of Hungary }} |
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[[Category:Hotels in California]] |
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[[Category:Santa Barbara, California|Biltmore]] |
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{{California-struct-stub}} |
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=== Ancient, medieval, and early modern military === |
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{{main|Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Ottoman Hungary|Royal Hungary|Transylvania}} |
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[[id:Santa Barbara Biltmore]] |
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[[Image:Hungarian horse archers.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Horse archer presentation in [[Hungary]]]] |
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The Hungarian tribes of ''[[Árpád]] vezér'' who came to settle in the Carpathian Basin were noted for their fearsome [[light cavalry]], who conducted frequent [[raids]] throughout much of [[Western Europe]] (as far as present-day [[Spain]]), maintining their military supremacy with long range and rapid-firing [[reflex bow]]s. Not until the introduction of well-regulated, plate-armored knight heavy cavalry could German monarchs stop the Hungarian armies. |
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During the Árpáds the light cavalry based army was transformed slowly into a western-style one. The light cavalry lost its privileged position, replaced by a feudal army formed mainly from heavy cavalry. |
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The Hungarian field armies were drawn up into an articulated formation (as it happened in [[Battle of Przemysl|Battle of Przemysl- 1099]], [[Battle at Lajta| Battle at Leitha- 1146]], [[Battle of Morvamezo|Battle of Morvamezo- 1278]], 1349), in three main [[battle (formation)]] (1146, 1278, 1349). According to the contemporary sources and later speculations, the first line was formed by light cavalry archers ([[Battle of Oslava|Battle of Oslava- 1116]], 1146, 1260, 1278). Usually they started the battle followed by a planned retreat (1116, 1146, [[Battle of Kroisennbrunn|Battle of Kroisennbrunn- 1260]]). The major decisive battles of the Hungarian army were placed in the second or third lines consisted mainly of the most valuable parts of the army - in general heavy cavalry (1146, 1278, 1349). |
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The commanders of the Hungarian Kingdom's army used different tactics, based on a recognition of their own and the enemies' ([[Holy Roman Empire]], Pechenegs, Uzes, Cumans, Mongols, Byzantine Empire) abilities and deficiencies. |
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The Hungarian knight army had its golden age under King [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]], who himself was a famed warrior and conducted successful campaigns in [[Italy]] due to family matters (his younger brother married Joan I, Queen of Naples who murdered him later.) King [[Matthias Corvinus]] maintained very modern mercenary-based royal troops, called the ''Black Army''. King Matthias favoured ancient artillery (catapults) as opposed to cannons, which were the favourite of his father, [[Johannes Hunyadi]] the ''ottoman-beater'', victor of the [[Siege of Nándorfehérvár]] in 1456. |
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During the Ottoman invasion of Central Europe (between late 1300s and circa 1700) Hungarian soldiers protected fortresses and launched light cavalry attacks against the Turks (see [[hussar]]s). The northern fortress of [[Eger]] was famously defended in the autumn of 1552 during the 39 day [[Siege of Eger]] against the combined force of two Ottoman armies numbering circa 120,000 men and 16 ultra-heavy siege guns. The victory was very important, because two much stronger forts of [[Szolnok]] and [[Temesvár]] had fallen quickly during the summer. Public opinion attributed Eger's success to the all-Hungarian garrison, as the above two forts have fallen due to treason by the foreign mercenaries manning them. In 1596, Eger fell to the Ottomans for the same reason. |
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In the 1566 [[Battle of Szigetvár]], [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski|Miklós Zrínyi]] defended [[Szigetvár]] for 30 days against the largest Ottoman army ever seen up to that day, and died leading his remaining few soldiers on a final suicide charge to become one of the best known national heroes. His great-grandson, [[Miklós Zrínyi]], poet and general became of the better known stratagems of 1660s. In 1686, the capital city [[Buda]] was freed from the Ottomans by an allied Christian army composed of Hungarian, Austrian and Western European troops, each roughly 1/3rd of the army. The Habsburg then annexed Hungary. |
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===Habsburg Hungarian military=== |
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{{main|History of Hungary 1700-1919}} |
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[[Image:Than tapiobicskei utközet2 1849 aprilis 4.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Hungarian hussars in battle at [[Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary|Hungarian Revolution of 1848.]]]] |
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Under Habsburg rule, Hungarian [[hussars]] rose to international fame and served as a model for light cavalry in many European countries. Hundreds of thousands of forcibly enrolled Hungarian males served 12 years or more as line infantry during the 1700s-1800s in the Austrian Imperial Army. |
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Two independence wars interrupted this era, that of Prince [[Francis II Rákóczi]] between 1703 and 1711 and that of [[Lajos Kossuth]] in 1848–1849. Both times Hungarian armies were crushed by the Habsburgs, but the second time not until the help of mighty Czarist Russian armies was summoned to purge [[Józef Bem]]'s second army from Transylvania, opening the path into the heart of Hungary. [[Sándor Petőfi]], the great Hungarian poet became a [[missing in action|MIA]] in the [[Battle of Segesvár]]. |
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=====World War I===== |
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{{main|Hungary in World War I}} |
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Huge numbers of Hungarians served and fell in [[World War I]], especially on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] and in the battles fought at [[Isonzo]] on the [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian Front]]. |
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After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in late 1918, the Red Army of the Hungarian commune-state ([[Hungarian Soviet Republic]]) conducted successful campaigns to protect the borders. However, the Hungarians Reds were eventually crushed by the Romanian, French and American Army, in the spring of 1919, during the Battle of Tisza. |
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When Serbian and French troops had broken the [[Thessaloniki]] front-line, Austria, Hungary, and Bulgaria were finally defeated. This way, Hungary came under occupation of [[Romania]]n, [[Serbia]]n, [[America (country)|America]]n, and [[France|French]] troops. |
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The leaving Romanian army pillaged the country: livestock, machinery and agricultural products were carried to Romania in hundreds of freight cars. [http://epa.niif.hu/00700/00775/00014/109-113.html] |
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After World War I, in accordance with the [[Trianon peace treaty|Trianon Treaty]], the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Army]] was limited to 35,000 men, there was to be no conscription, and the army was forbidden from having any tanks. The Hungarians were also not allowed to have an air force. |
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===Mid-twentieth century=== |
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{{main|Hungary between the two world wars}} |
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During the 1930s and early 1940s, Hungary was totally preoccupied with the idea of regaining the vast territories and huge amount of population lost in the [[Trianon peace treaty]] at [[Versailles]] in 1920. This required strong armed forces to defeat the neighbouring states and this was something Hungary could not afford. Instead, the Hungarian Regent, Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]], made an alliance with German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Third Reich]]. In exchange for this alliance and via the [[Vienna Awards]], Hungary received back parts of its territories (lost due to the Trianon Treaty) from Yugoslavia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. Hungary was to pay dearly during and after [[World War II]] for these temporary gains. |
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In March 1939, in order to gain territory {{Fact|date=March 2008}}, Hungary launched an invasion of the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] during the brief [[Slovak-Hungarian War]], to reclaim a part of the territory lost in the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. |
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The peacetime strength of the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Army]] was 80,000 men. <ref> Page 207, Mollo, Andrew, ''The Armed Forces of World War II'', Crown, 1981, New York, ISBN 0-517-54479-4 </ref> On [[1 March]] [[1940]], Hungary organized its [[Hungarian Ground Forces|ground forces]] into three field armies. The Hungarian Army fielded the [[First Army (Hungary)|Hungarian First Army]], the [[Hungarian Second Army]], and the [[Hungarian Third Army]]. With the exception of the independent "Fast Moving Army Corps" (''[[Gyorshadtest]]''), all three Hungarian field armies were initially relegated to defensive and occupation duties within the newly enlarged Hungarian state. |
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=====World War II===== |
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{{main|Hungary during the Second World War}} |
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In November 1940, Hungary signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] and became a member of the [[Axis powers|Axis]] with [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]]. |
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In April 1941, in order to gain territory, Hungary joined the Germans in the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]. |
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On [[22 June]] [[1941]], elements of the [[Hungarian Ground Forces|Hungarian Army]] (''[[Hungarian Ground Forces|Honvéd]]'' or ''[[Hungarian Ground Forces|Honvédség]]'') support the German invasion of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Operation Barbarossa]]. In the late summer of 1941, the Hungarian "Fast Moving Army Corps" (''[[Gyorshadtest]]''} scored a huge success against the Soviets at the [[Battle of Uman]]. A little more than a year later and contrasting sharply with the success at Uman, was the near total devastation of the [[Hungarian Second Army]] on banks of the [[Don River]] in December 1942 during the [[Battle for Stalingrad]]. |
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During 1943, the [[Hungarian Second Army]] was re-built. The re-built army even experienced some success of its own. In late 1944, as part of ''Panzerarmee Fretter-Pico'', it participated in the destruction of a Soviet mechanized group at the [[Battle of Debrecen]]. But this success proves too costly in men and materials. Unable to re-build again, the [[Hungarian Second Army]] was disbanded towards the end of 1944. |
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To keep Hungary as an ally, the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 ([[Operation Margarethe]]). However, during the [[Warsaw Uprising]], Hungarian troops refused to participate. <ref> Page 208, Mollo, Andrew, ''The Armed Forces of World War II'', Crown, 1981, New York, ISBN 0-517-54479-4 </ref> |
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On [[15 October]] [[1944]], the Germans forced Horthy to abdicate ([[Operation Panzerfaust]]) and pro-Nazi [[Ferenc Szálasi]] was made Prime Minister by the Germans. |
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On [[28 December]] [[1944]], a provisional government was formed with [[Béla Miklós]] as its Prime Minister. Miklós was the commander of the [[Hungarian First Army]]. He immediately ousted Prime Minister [[Ferenc Szálasi]]'s government but most of the First Army sided with the Germans. The Germans, Szálasi, and pro-German Hungarian forces loyal to Szálasi fought on. |
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The Red Army completed the encirclement of Budapest on [[29 December]] [[1944]] and the [[Battle of Budapest]] began and continued into February 1945. Most of what remained of the [[Hungarian First Army]] was destroyed about 200 kilometers north of Budapest between [[1 January]] and [[16 February]] [[1945]]. |
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On [[20 January]] [[1945]], representatives of the provisional government of [[Béla Miklós]] signed an armistice in Moscow. But forces loyal to Szálasi continued to fight on. |
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On [[2 February]] [[1945]], the strength of the Hungarian Army was 214,465 men, but about 50,000 of these had been formed into unarmed labor battalions. <ref> Page 208, Mollo, Andrew, ''The Armed Forces of World War II'', Crown, 1981, New York, ISBN 0-517-54479-4 </ref> The [[Battle of Budapest|siege of Budapest]] ended with the surrender of the city on [[13 February]]. But, while the German forces in Hungary were generally in a state of defeat, the Germans had one more surprise for the Soviets. |
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In early March 1945, the Germans launch [[Operation Frühlingserwachen|the Lake Balaton Offensive]] with support from the Hungarians. This offensive was almost over before it began. By [[19 March]] [[1945]], Soviet troops had recaptured all the territory lost during a 13-day German offensive. <ref>''Page 182, The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan'', Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047</ref> |
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After the failed offensive, the Germans in Hungary were defeated. Most of what remained of the [[Hungarian Third Army]] was destroyed about 50 kilometers west of Budapest between [[16 March]] and [[25 March]] [[1945]]. Officially, Soviet operations in Hungary ended on [[4 April]] [[1945]] when the last German troops were expelled. |
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Some pro-fascist Hungarians like Szálasi retreated with the Germans into Austria and Czechoslovakia. During the very last phase of the war, [[Fascist]] Hungarian forces fought in [[Vienna Offensive|Vienna]], [[Battle of Breslau (1945)|Breslau]], [[Kostrzyn nad Odrą|Küstrin]], and along the [[Oder River]]. <ref> Page 208, Mollo, Andrew, ''The Armed Forces of World War II'', Crown, 1981, New York, ISBN 0-517-54479-4 </ref> |
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On [[7 May]] [[1945]], [[General]] [[Alfred Jodl]], the German [[Chief of Staff]], signed the document of unconditional surrender for all German forces. Jodl signed this document during a ceremony in [[France]]. On [[8 May]], in accordance wit the wishes of the [[Soviet Union]], the ceremony was repeated in Germany by [[General]] [[Wilhelm Keitel]]. On [[11 June]], the Allies agreed to make [[9 May]] [[1945]] the official "Victory in Europe" day. <ref>''Page 298, The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan'', Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047</ref> Szálasi and many other pro-fascist Hungarians were captured and ultimately returned to Hungary's provisional government for trial. |
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===Warsaw Pact=== |
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[[Image:Hungarian military police summer uniform (enlisted, 1965-2005).jpg|thumb|right|80px|Uniform of the Hungarian People's Army (''Magyar Néphadsereg''): Hungarian military police summer uniform (enlisted, private, 1965-2005)]] |
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During the Socialist and the [[Warsaw Pact]] era (1955–1989), the entire 200,000 strong [[Southern Group of Forces]] was garrisoned in Hungary, complete with artillery, tank regiments, air force and missile troops (with nuclear weapons). It was by all means a very capable force that made little contact with the local population. Between 1949 and 1955 there was also a huge effort to build a big Hungarian army. All procedures, disciplines, and equipment were exact copies of the [[Soviet]] [[Red Army]] in methods and material, but the huge costs collapsed the economy by 1956. |
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After the autumn [[1956 Hungarian Revolution|1956 revolution]] was crushed in [[Budapest]], the Soviets took away most of the Hungarian Army's equipment. A few years later, when offered a choice of withdrawal, the new Hungarian leader [[János Kádár]] asked for all the 200,000 Soviet troops to stay, because it allowed the [[socialist]] [[Hungarian People's Republic]] to neglect its own draft-based armed forces, quickly leading to deterioration of the military. Large sums of money were saved that way and spent on feel-good measures for the population, thus Hungary could become "[[the happiest barrack]]" in the [[Soviet Bloc]]. |
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Training for army conscripts was poor and most of those drafted were actually used as a free labour force (esp. railway track construction and agricultural work) after just a few weeks of basic rifle training. Popular opinion grew very negative towards the Hungarian Army and most young men tried to avoid the draft with bogus medical excuses. |
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==Current military== |
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[[Image:Military of Hungary-welcome.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Hungarian Ground Forces]] welcome the [[President of the United States]]. Mounted [[hussar]]s can be seen along the top.]] |
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[[Image:JAS 39 pair HuAF Kecskemét 2007.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The [[Hungarian Air Force]] has 14 [[JAS 39 Gripen]]s on lease, including two two-seaters (C/D versions). The final three aircraft were delivered in December 2007.]] |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Hungarian soldiers.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Hungarian soldiers.{{ifdc|Image:Hungarian soldiers.jpg|log=2008 July 17}}]] --> |
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[[Image:Husaren Elsterwerda Oktober 2007 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Hungarian [[Hussar]]s]] |
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[[Image:Eufor222.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Military of [[Eufor]]]] |
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The Hungarian armed forces has severely reduced the number of battle [[tank]]s in service, surplussed all tracked [[IFV]] A large number of [[garrison]]s were shut down, some of them sold to municipal authorities for peaceful uses. |
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In 1997, Hungary spent about 123 billion HUF ($560 million) on defense. Hungary became a member of NATO on [[March 12]], [[1999]]. Hungary provided airbases and support for [[NATO]]'s air campaign against [[Serbia]] and has provided military units to serve in [[Kosovo]] as part of the NATO-led KFOR operation. Hungary has sent a 300 strong logistics unit to [[Iraq]] in order to help the US occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war. One soldier was [[killed in action]] due to a roadside bomb in Iraq. The parliament refused to extend the one year mandate of the logistics unit and all troops have returned from Iraq as of mid-January 2005. Hungarian troops are still in Afghanistan as of early 2005 to assist in peace-keeping and de-[[taliban]]ization. However Hungary has started replace the old rovers to [[IVECO LMV]] types. Hungarians deployed a really famous anti-material rifle named Gepard M6. |
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In a significant move for modernization, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 [[JAS 39 Gripen]] fighter aircraft (the contract includes 2 dual-seater airplanes and 12 single-seaters as well as ground maintenance facilities, a simulator, and training for pilots and ground crews) for 210 billion HUF (about 800 million EUR). Five Gripens (3 single-seaters and 2 two-seaters) arrived in [[Kecskemét]] on [[March 21]], [[2006]], expected to be transferred to the Hungarian Air Force on [[March 30]]. |
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[[Image:Hungarian Armed Forces.png|thumb|left|600px|Structure of the Armed Forces of Hungary]] |
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== Military branches == |
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*[[Hungarian Ground Forces]] |
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*[[Hungarian Air Force]] |
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==See also== |
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{{Commonscat|Military of Hungary}} |
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* [[Hungary]] |
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* [[History of Hungary]] |
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* [[Military history of Hungary]] |
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* [[Military ranks of Hungary]] |
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[http://www.honvedelem.hu On-line magazin of Hungarian Ministry of Defence] |
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[http://www.hm.gov.hu The homepage of the Hungarian Ministry of Defence] |
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[http://epa.niif.hu/00700/00775/00014/109-113.html Magyar Tudomány 2000. január<!-- Bot generated title -->] |
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{{Military of Europe}} |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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== Trivia == |
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This term is also used in the name of the Hungarian football club, [[Budapest Honvéd FC]]. This was originally the army football team. |
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{{Militaries of European Union member states}} |
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{{NATO}} |
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{{Hungary articles}} |
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[[Category:Military of Hungary| ]] |
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[[de:Ungarische Streitkräfte]] |
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[[he:צבא הונגריה]] |
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[[hu:Magyar Honvédség]] |
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[[pl:Honwedzi]] |
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[[ru:Вооружённые силы Венгрии]] |
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Revision as of 19:36, 13 October 2008
The Santa Barbara Biltmore, now known as the Four Seasons Resort The Biltmore Santa Barbara is a luxury hotel in Montecito California. Once part of the Biltmore hotel chain, it opened outside Santa Barbara, California, USA, in 1927. Four Seasons Hotels bought the Biltmore in 1987 and eventually renamed it Four Seasons Resort Santa Barbara. In 2000 Ty Warner acquired ownership of the hotel through his Ty Warner Hotels & Resorts, while retaining Four Seasons as the management company. The historic Biltmore name was added back to its moniker soon after.
The hotel has Spanish and Moorish architecture.
External links
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