Northampton and Königsberg Synagogue: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox religious building
:''This article is about Northampton in England; for other places of the same name see [[Northampton (disambiguation)]]''
|building_name=<font>Synagogue in Kaliningrad</font>
{{Infobox UK district
|image=Калининградская Cинaгoга 1.jpg
|name = Borough of Northampton
|image = [[Image:Northampton Guildhall01.JPG|260px]]<br><small>[[Northampton Guildhall]], built 1861-4, by [[Edward William Godwin|E.W. Godwin]]<br/></small>{{location map|United Kingdom
|label=
|position=center
|width=115
|lat= 52.237
|long= -0.896
|caption=
|caption=
|location={{flagicon|Russia}}[[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]
|float=
|geo=
}} [[Image:NorthamptonshireNorthampton.png|135px|Northampton]]
|religious_affiliation=[[Orthodox Judaism]]
|status = Borough
|district=
|region = [[East Midlands]]
|functional_status=destroyed
|admincounty = [[Northamptonshire]]
|leadership=
|area = [[List of English districts by area|Ranked 262nd]]<br>80.76 [[square kilometre|km²]]
|website=
|adminhq = Northampton
|architecture_style=Aesopian style
|onscode = 34UF
|facade_direction=
|population = [[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|ONS=34UF}}]]<br>{{English district population|ONS=34UF}}<br>{{English district density|ONS=34UF}} / km²
|year_completed=1896
|ethnicity = 89.5% White<br>4.2% S.Asian<br>2.8% Black British<br>2.0% Mixed Race<br> 1.6% Chinese or other<ref>{{cite web|title = Office for National Statistics (Northampton Area)|url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=277057&c=northampton&d=13&e=13&g=473257&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1207126453659&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812}}</ref>
|construction_cost=
|politics = Northampton Borough Council<br>http://www.northampton.gov.uk/
|architect=
|leadership = Leader & Cabinet
|specifications=no
|executive = {{English district control|ONS=34UF}}
|capacity=
|mayor =
|length=
|mp = [[Brian Binley]],<br>[[Sally Keeble]]
|width=
|year = 2005
|width_nave=
|height_max=
|materials=
}}
}}
The '''Synagogue (Kaliningrad)''' was a synagogue in [[Kaliningrad]] (in former times [[Königsberg]]) in Russia.
'''Northampton''' ({{Audio|en-uk-Northampton.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a large [[market town]] and [[Non-metropolitan district|local government district]] in the [[East Midlands]] region of [[England]]. It is ''[[ca]]''. {{convert|67|mi|km|0}} northwest of [[London]] on the [[River Nene]], and is the [[county town]] of [[Northamptonshire]].

The district's population is [[List of English districts by population|200,100]] and the urban area's [[List of towns and cities in England by population|189,474]], making Northampton the 21st-largest settlement in England and the UK's 3rd-largest town without official [[city status]], after [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] and [[Dudley]]. Northampton is the most populous [[Districts of England|district]] in England not a [[unitary authority]], a status it failed to obtain in the [[1990s UK local government reform|1990s local government reform]]<ref>{{cite web|title = BBC News|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1074434.stm|accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref>. Northampton's population has increased greatly since the 1960s, largely due to planned expansion under the [[New town#United Kingdom|New Towns Commission]] in the early-1960s.

==Economy==
It was a major centre of [[shoe]]making and other [[leather]] industries; only specialist shoemaking companies such as [[Church's]] <ref>[http://www.church-footwear.com/ Church's English Shoes] </ref> and Trickers<ref name="Trickers"/>, formerly in nearby [[Earls Barton]], survive. A large number of old shoe factories remain, now coverted to offices or accommodation, surrounded by terraced houses built for factory workers. Northampton's main private-sector employers are now in distribution and finance rather than manufacturing, and include [[Avon Products]]<ref> [http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Avon39s-new-HQ-marks-50.3621024.jp '' 'Avon New European HQ to Open Autumn 2009' '' Northampton Chronicle & Echo report]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/2955249.stm Avon cease manufacturing in Northampton - BBC report 2003]</ref> , [[Barclaycard]], [[Nationwide Building Society]], [[Panasonic]], [[Travis Perkins]], [[Coca Cola]] [[Schweppes|Schweppes Beverages Ltd]], [[National Grid plc]] and [[Carlsberg]] <ref>[http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/northampton.htm English Partnerships]</ref>. The university is also a major employer.

==History==
==History==
307 Jews lived at Königsberg in 1756. There were 1,027 Jews at Königsberg in 1817. In 1864 there lived 3,024 Jews. In 1880 there were 5,000 Jews at the city. In 1900 there were only 3,975 Jews at Königsberg. The first synagogue was a chapel built in 1680 in the "Burgfreiheit" (a location which was not administrated by the city). In 1704 there was the formation of the jewish congregation, when they acquired a jewish cemetery and when they founded a "Chebra Kaddisha". In 1722 they received a constitution. In 1756 a new synagogue was dedicated but destroyed in 1811. In 1815 the synagogue was reconstructed on the same location. The second constitution of the jewish community was in 1811. The new synagogue of the community was dedicated August 1896 and destroyed 1938.
===Early history===
Remains have been found in the Northampton area dating back to the [[Iron Age]]. Farming settlement may have begun in the area around the 7th century. By the 8th century it was an administrative centre for the kingdom of [[Mercia]]. The pre-Norman town was known as Hamtun and was quite small of only ca.60 acres.


There were following rabbis:
===Medieval===
* Solomon Fürst (from 1707 to 1722). He wrote a cabalistic work and a prayer, which is printed in hebrew and german language.
The town became significant in the 11th century, when the [[Normans]] built town walls and a large castle under the stewardship of the Norman earl, [[Simon de Senlis, 1st Earl of Northampton|Simon de Senlis]].<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/philipdavis/English%20sites/2231.html "Northampton Castle"], The Gatehouse</ref> The original defence line of the walls is preserved in today's street pattern (Bridge St, The Drapery, Bearward St and Scarletwell Street). The town grew rapidly after the [[Normans]] arrived, and beyond the early defences. By the time of the [[Domesday Book]], the town had a population of about 1500 residents, living in 300 houses.
* Aryeh (Löb) Epstein ben Mordecai ( from 1745 to 1775).
* Samuel Wigdor (from 1777 to 1784).
* Samson b. Mordecai (from 1784 to 1794).
* Joshua Bär Herzfeld (from 1800 to 1814).
* Levin Joseph Saalschütz ( from 1814 to 23).
* Wolff Laseron (from 1824 to 1828).
* Jacob Hirsch Mecklenburg (from 1831 to 1865). He who wrote the "Ha-Ketab we-ha-Kabbalah".
* Isaac Bamberger.
* Hermann Vogelstein (from 1897).


The community was one of the pioneers of modern culture. Jews of Königsberg have taken an important part in the struggle for the jewish emancipation:
The town and its castle were important in the early 12th century and the King often held Court in the town. During his famous fall out with [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], [[Thomas Beckett]] at one time escaped from [[Northampton Castle]] through the unguarded Northern gate to flee the country,


* Marcus Warschauer (financier)
Northampton had a large [[Jew]]ish population in the 13th century, centred around Gold Street. In 1277 300 Jews were executed, allegedly for clipping the King's coin, and the Jews of Northampton were driven out of the town.
* Samuel Simon (financier)
* Moritz Simon (financier)
* Dr. Johann Jacoby (physician)
* Dr. Ferdinand Falkson (physician).
* Dr. Raphael Kosch (physician). In 1869 Kosch secured for Jews the abolition of the Jews' oath in Prussia.
* Dr. Simon Samuel (physician). Samuel has taken an important part in securing for Jews the right of admission to the faculty of the University in Königsberg.
* Isaac Euchel (pupil of Emmanuel Kant). Euchel founded a Hebrew literary society. He wrote the periodical "Ha-Meassef" and the circular letter "Sefat Emet". Euchel defended institutions for the education of the young pupils, like the "Freischule" at Berlin.
* Marcus Herz (pupil of Emmanuel Kant).
* Aaron Joel (pupil of Emmanuel Kant). Joel introduced the ideas of Mendelssohn into the city of Königsberg


In 1942 the Jews of Königsberg were killed in [[Maly Trostinez]] ([[Minsk]]), [[KZ Theresienstadt|Theresienstadt]] and [[Auschwitz]].
The town was originally controlled by officials acting for the King who collected taxes and upheld the law. In 1189 [[Richard I of England|King Richard I]] gave the town its first charter. In 1215 [[John of England|King John]] authorised the appointment of William Tilly as the town's first Mayor and ordered that: '' 'twelve of the better and more discreet residents of the town join him as a council to assist him' ''. In 1176 the [[Assize of Northampton]] laid down new powers for dealing with law breakers.

A [[University of Northampton (thirteenth century)|university]] was established in 1261 by scholars fleeing [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. It briefly flourished, but was dissolved by [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] in 1265 owing to the threat it posed to [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. It was restored in 2005 (See below).

The first [[Battle of Northampton (1264)|Battle of Northampton]] took place at the site of Northampton Castle in 1264 - when the forces of Henry III over ran the supporters of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]]. In 1460, a second [[Battle of Northampton (1460)|Battle of Northampton]] took place in the grounds of [[Delapre Abbey]] - and was a decisive battle of the [[Wars of the Roses]], and King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] was captured in the town by the [[House of York|Yorkists]].

In May 1328 the [[Treaty of Northampton]] was signed - being a peace treaty between the English and the Scots in which [[Edward III]] recognised the authority of [[Robert the Bruce]] as King of Scotland and betrothed Bruce's still infant son to the king's sister Joanna.

A large [[Northampton's tunnels|network of medieval tunnels]] remain under the centre around All Saints church.

===Civil War to 1900===
Northampton supported the [[roundhead|Parliamentarian]]s during the [[English Civil War]]. For this reason the town walls and castle were later torn down on the orders of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] as punishment. The [[railway station]] in Northampton stands on the site of the former castle, and used to be called "Northampton Castle Station".

The town was destroyed by fire in both 1516 and 1675 (for the latter see ''[[Great Fire of Northampton]]''), and was re-built as a spacious and well-planned town. In the 18th century Northampton became a major centre of [[footwear]] and [[leather]] manufacture. The prosperity of the town was greatly aided by demand for footwear caused by the [[Napoleonic Wars]] of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

In his 18th century, "A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain", [[Daniel Defoe]] described Northampton as, "...the handsomest town in all this part of England."

Northampton's growth was accelerated in the 19th century, first by the [[Grand Union Canal]], which reached the town in 1815 and later the coming of the [[railway]]s. The first railway to be built into Northampton was a branch from the main [[London and Birmingham Railway|London-Birmingham line]] at [[Blisworth]] to [[Peterborough]] through Northampton which opened in 1845. This was followed by lines to [[Market Harborough]] (1859) and [[Bedford]] (1872). The [[Northampton loop]] off the major [[West Coast Main Line]] was built into Northampton in the late 1870s.

Over the coming centuries the town continued to grow rapidly; after 1850 the town spilled out beyond the old town walls and began the growth we see today. in 1800 the population was round 7,000 and this had grown to 87,000 a century later.

In the 19th century Northampton acquired a reputation for political radicalism when the radical non-conformist [[Charles Bradlaugh]] was elected on several occasions as the town's [[Member of Parliament|MP]].

===20th Century===
[[Image:NptonPop.GIF|right]]
Growth after 1900 slowed until the 1960s. The shoe industry declined and other employment was slow to arrive. In the 1920s and 30's, council houses were built in the east of the town at Headlands; north at St Davids; and south in Far Cotton. The Borough boundary, first extended in 1900, expanded again in 1932. The population grew to '' '[ca]' ''.100,000 by 1961 and 130,000 by 1971. Northampton was designated a New Town in 1968, and the Northampton Development Corporation (NDC) was set up to almost double the size of the town, with a population target of 230,000 by 1981, rising to 260,000 in later years. In 1958 the [[M1 motorway]] was built nearby. Growth was slower than planned. The 1960s and 70's saw the town centre change with development of a new bus station, the Grosvenor Shopping Centre, flats and hotels. By 1981 the population was 156,000. When NDC wound up after 20 years, another 40,000 residents and 20,000 houses had been added. The borough boundaries changed in 1974 with the abolition of Northampton [[county borough]] and its reconstitution as a [[non-metropolitan district]] also covering areas outside the former borough boundaries but inside the designated New Town.

====Music in the 20th century====

In the 1960s The Deco was an [[Associated British Cinemas|ABC]] cinema. [[The Beatles]] appeared there twice on stage in 1963, on Wednesday, 27 March as part of the [[Tommy Roe]]/[[Chris Montez]] Tour<ref name = "BeatlesE">{{Cite book | author=Harry, Bill| authorlink= | coauthors= | title=The Beatles Encyclopaedia (2000 paperback edition; first published 1992) | date=2000 | publisher=Virgin Publishing, London W6 9HA | location=London | isbn=0 7535 0481 2 | pages=Pages 9 and 776}}</ref>. Montez commented "Who are these guys The Beatles? I try to keep up with the British scene, but I don't know their work"<ref name = "BeatlesE"/>. The Beatles were back on Wednesday, 6 November, in their own right and on their own Tour.

Northampton Development Corporation made a [[single (music)|single]] released by [[EMI]]: "60 Miles by Road or Rail" by Linda Jardim (also a vocalist on [[Buggles]]'s "[[Video Killed the Radio Star]]") in an attempt to generate publicity for the town. Sixty miles is the approximate distance to [[London]]. The [[B-side]] was "Energy in Northampton", about [[extraterrestrials]] choosing Northampton as a landing site. Neither song was popular; a copy is kept at the town's museum.

===21st Century===
Another major expansion is planned with the population projected to 300,000 inhabitants by 2018.

Northampton asked, unsuccessfully, for [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] as a part of the 'millennium cities' scheme.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/669580.stm]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1074434.stm]</ref> However, the [[University of Northampton]] was established in 2005 after several years as a University College and previously Nene College.

==Expansion==
Northampton's population has increased greatly since the 1960s, largely due to planned expansion under the [[New town#United Kingdom|New Towns Commission]] in the early-1960s. Other factors are the rail link and the busy [[M1 motorway]] that both lead direct to [[London]]. Northampton is within 70 miles of central London, and by train it takes approximately 1 hour to journey between the two. This transport link to the South East has proved attractive, with already high house prices in and around London rising rapidly since the 1990s causing many people to move increasingly further away from the area in order to [[commuting|commute]] from more reasonably priced housing.

Most of Northampton's housing expansion has taken place to the east of the town with developments such as the 1970s eastern district estates built mainly for the London overflow population and recently, on the western outskirts at Upton and to the south adjacent to an improved junction on the M1 at [[Grange Park, Northamptonshire|Grange Park]], a development of some 1,500 houses actually in [[South Northamptonshire|South Northants Council]] area.

Since 2006 Northampton is in a government designated expansion zone. This new wave of development is being overseen by the West Northamptonshire development Corporation (WNDC). A goal is the development of up to 37,000 new dwellings within the borough and necessary infrastructure and services.

Expansion has already started with new roads and housing developments in West Northampton at Upton and St Crispins (2007).
A lot of the expansion will be on brownfield sites such as Ransome Road, [[Far Cotton]] (an inner suburb) and within the existing borough boundaries.
The WNDC will also oversee the redevelopment of Central Northampton into a primary regional centre that will service the expanded population, that will be comparable to UK cities such as [[Coventry]] and [[Nottingham]] with a population of approx 300,000 by 2018-2021.

==Government and politics==
Northampton is administered by both [[Northampton Borough Council]], from May 2007 for the first time run by the [[Liberal Democrats]], and also [[Northamptonshire County Council]]. From 2005 this has been controlled by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. The Borough Council runs services such as housing, waste collection and smaller planning items in the Borough. The County Council looks after social services, education and libraries in the whole county. Since April 2006 major planning decisions such as large housing schemes and new roads have been the responsibility of [[West Northamptonshire Development Corporation]] (WNDC), an appointed body.

Northampton is represented in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] by two MPs:
*[[Brian Binley]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], ([[Northampton South (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton South]])
*[[Sally Keeble]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] ([[Northampton North (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton North]])

Both of these constituency boundaries change significantly from the next General Election after 2005 with the creation of a new constituency of Northamptonshire South which takes a large chunk of the Northampton borough area (see external link to election maps).

==Transport==
Northampton is near junctions 15, 15a and 16 of the [[M1 motorway|M1]] London to [[North Yorkshire]] [[motorway]]. The [[A45 road|A45]] and [[A43 road|A43]] can be accessed by a partially completed [[ring road]]. The [[A14 road|A14]] is close by to the north.

[[Northampton railway station]] is on the [[Northampton Loop]] of the [[West Coast Main Line]], and has regular services to [[London]] and [[Birmingham]] provided by [[London Midland]]. [[Virgin Trains]] also provide some services to London and the north, with a small number of [[Pendolino]]s running each day.

[[Sywell Aerodrome]] is the nearest airfield but still has a grass runway only. A concrete runway for jet aircraft is planned. For international links, [[East Midlands Airport]] and [[Luton Airport]] are quickly accessible by the [[M1]], and [[Birmingham International Airport]] is accessible by train.

In the town, buses are by [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]], [[First Group]] and [[ M.K Metro (Arriva the shires ]] and with typical wait times of 10-30 minutes. Stagecoach provide travel to outlying villages and towns during the day. [[National Express]] cover major routes to other towns. There are good links to [[Daventry]], [[Wellingborough]], [[Rushden]], [[Kettering]], [[Corby]] and [[Market Harborough]].

Northampton is the terminus of an arm of the [[Grand Union Canal]]. The arm connects to the [[River Nene]] and from that to the [[River Great Ouse]] and the [[North Sea]]. No longer used for freight, the waterway is still a popular leisure pursuit for [[narrowboat]]s. Principal outlying villages on the canal include [[Gayton, Northamptonshire|Gayton]], [[Blisworth]], [[Braunston]] and [[Stoke Bruerne]].

==Education==
Until 2004 the county operated a three-tier system involving lower, middle and upper schools. The controversial move to a two-tier system was announced in 2001, with the aim of improving educational standards.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1412003.stm BBC News | EDUCATION | Parents' concern over school closures<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A complete list of Primary and Secondary Schools in the town and surrounding area is available on the County Council website<ref name = "nccschools">{{cite web|title = Northamptonshire Schools Directory|url = http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/ncc/Templates/content_applications.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fLearning%2fInstitutions%2fschoolsdir%2ehtm%3fSchoolDetail%3d9282196%257CPrimary&NRNODEGUID=%7b7BF3FCE4-28B4-49B8-8F4E-CEA308D6E556%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|accessdate = 2008-03-31}}</ref>.

===Independent Schools===
Independent government reports on all schools can be obtained from the [[OFSTED]] website<ref>{{cite web|title = Ofsted Inspection Reports|url = http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/|accessdate = 2008-03-31}}</ref>.
*Maidwell Hall (for boys aged 8-13)
*[[Northampton High School]], girls 2-18
*[http://www.sprattonhall.co.uk/ Spratton Hall School, co-educational, 4-13]
*[[Great Houghton]] (co-educational, 1-13)
*[[Quinton House School]] (co-educational, 2-18)
*St Peters (co-educational, (5-18), subject of several controversial issues<ref name ="St Peters">{{cite web|title = Charity Commission investigation following allegations about the way the school is run - Northampton Chronicle & Echo Report of 26 September 2008
|url=http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/School-investigation-goes-to-Charity.4530933.jp|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref><ref name = "St Peters2">{{cite web|title = OFSTED has been asked to visit St Peter's Independent School following a complaint - Northampton Chronicle & Echo Report of 5 September 2008
|url=http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/education/Head-defends-school-after-complaint.4462125.jp|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref><ref name = "St Peters3">{{cite web|title = St Peter's Independent School official website
|url=http://stpetersindependentschool.co.uk/|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>.

===Secondary Schools===
For a complete list see the NCC site.<ref name = "nccschools"/>

===University===
*[[University of Northampton]]

==Leisure==
[[Image:Northampton UK Market Sq 2008-06-08.jpg|thumb|right|Market Square from top of the Grosvernor Centre in 2008]]
Formal parks<ref>{{cite web|title = Northampton parks and gardens: County Council website|url = http://www.northampton.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID=1132|accessdate = 2008-05-24}}</ref> include: [[Abington Park]]; The Racecourse, home in summer to [[Northampton Balloon Festival|Balloon Festival]] and originally for horse-racing till 1904; [[Delapre Abbey|Delapre Park]]; [[Charles Bradlaugh|Bradlaugh]] Fields; Becket's Park, named after [[Thomas Becket]] as are nearby Becket's Well and Thomas á Becket pub. There is a park around an[[Iron Age]] fort in [[West Hunsbury]].
[[Billing Aquadrome]] leisure park is on the eastern outskirts with a caravan site, marina, funfair, bar, riverside restaurant and converted water mill with original workings. Other smaller ones are Thorntons Park and Victoria Park.

The main [[shopping mall|shopping centre]] is the Grosvenor Centre built in the 1970s. The town has one of Britain's largest [[market square]]s, dating from 1235. Outside the centre the [[Weston Favell]] Centre built in the 1970s is in the eastern district together with various out of town retail and leisure parks.

== Contemporary culture ==
The [[Derngate]] and [[Royal Theatre (Northampton)|Royal]] theatres are located in Guildhall Road, opposite Northampton Museum and Art Gallery. They were renovated and reopened in 2006, at a cost of £15-million. [http://www.thedeco.co.uk/ The Deco] is a 900-seat theatre/conference centre based on the Grade-II listed former Cannon Cinema, in Abington Square used mainly by the voluntary and charitable sector. The Deco was restored by the [[Jesus Army]] as part of their Jesus Centre project.

[[Image:Northampton-jesus-centre.jpg|thumb|right|The Deco and the Northampton Jesus Centre share a Grade II listed [[Art Deco]] building, formerly the Cannon cinema]]
[[Image:Northampton market.jpg|thumb|right|Northampton Market]]

Northampton Museum and Art Gallery has a world-class collection of historical footwear, and also Italian art, glass and ceramics, plus visiting exhibitions and local history. There is also a smaller historical museum in a former mansion within Abington Park.

The old Fishmarket, opposite the market square, has been renovated by the NAC ([http://www.northamptonarts.org/ Northampton Arts Collective]). As [http://www.fishmarketgallery.co.uk The Fishmarket Gallery] it now has three art gallery spaces, retail units, a cafe, and an arts studio. Since it re-opened it has played host to exhibitions by nationally recognised artists and stages live music, community events and workshops.

An independent contemporary arts gallery is [http://www.the-artist-sanctuary.org.uk/ The Sanctuary], funded by the Arts Council, and also offers eight studios. There is also the [http://www2.northampton.ac.uk/arts/home/GalleryatAvenue Avenue Gallery] at the Avenue campus of Northampton University. Northamptonshire runs an annual county-wide [http://www.openstudios.org.uk/ Open Studios] event in which artists' studios are open to the public.

The University is spending £3m on its Portfolio Innovation Centre, and by early 2009 it will be home to up to 45 creative freelancers, digital media developers, and designers.

Two commercial [[movie theater|cinemas]] are also located in the town: [[Vue (cinema)|Vue]] (formerly UCI) at [[Sol Central Northampton|Sol Central]], [[Cineworld]] (formerly [[UGC]], Virgin Cinema and MGM) at [[Sixfields]]. There is also the subsidised [http://www.northampton.gov.uk/film Forum Cinema] at [[Lings Forum]], showing art-house and subtitled films.

Music venues are The Soundhaus and The Black Cat Jazz Bar. Until the removal of council funding caused its closure and liquidation, the Northampton Roadmender was a leading venue for live music in the region. It has since been brought by the Purplehaus group [http://www.purplehaus.com/] and recently reopened as a venue for live popular music.

The market square and surrounding streets hosted a [[St Crispin Street Fair]] from 1993-2005, but it was dropped after complaints from market traders.

== Sport==
The town is home to [[Guinness Premiership|Premiership]] [[Rugby union]] club [[Northampton Saints]], who play at [[Franklin's Gardens]] in the St James area. "The Saints" had its greatest moment when it won the [[Heineken Cup]] in 2000 at [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], beating [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] 9-8.

[[Football League One|League One]] [[football (soccer)|football]] club [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]], known as "The Cobblers" from the town's shoemaking background, are based at [[Sixfields Stadium]]. There is an athletics track adjacent to the ground. There are also three non-league clubs in the [[United Counties Football League]]: [[Northampton Spencer FC|Northampton Spencer]]; [[Northampton Sileby Rangers F.C.|Northampton Sileby Rangers]]; and [[Northampton ON Chenecks FC|Northampton Old Northamptonian Chenecks]].

[[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club]], known in [[limited overs cricket]] as "The Steelbacks", play at the [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|County Ground]], in the Abington area.

[http://www.nenewhitewatercentre.co.uk/paddling_index.htm Nene Whitewater Centre] provides an artificial [[whitewater]] course for [[canoe]]s, [[kayak]]s and [[raft]]s.

[http://www.n-s-c.org.uk/ Northampton Swimming Club] trained the young [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] swimmer Caitlin McClatchey.

[[Collingtree]] Golf Club, which hosted the [[British Masters]] in 1995.

Northampton International Raceway near Brafield is a leading venue for [[stock-car racing]] and hosts the European Championships every July.

== Notable buildings ==
[[Image:Holy Sepulchre, Northampton.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
*Northampton's oldest standing building, the Church of [[The Holy Sepulchre, Northampton|The Holy Sepulchre]], is one of the largest and best-preserved round churches in England. It was built in 1100 on the orders of the first [[Earl of Northampton]], [[Marquess of Northampton|Simon de Senlis]] , who had just returned from the first Crusade. It is based on a plan of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
*The current [[All Saints' Church, Northampton|All Saints' Church]] was built on the site of a great Norman church, All Hallows, which was almost completely destroyed by the Fire of Northampton in 1675. All that remained was the medieval tower and the fine vaulted crypt, but by 1680 [[All Saints' Church, Northampton|All Saints]] had been rebuilt, with the help of donations from all over England, including 1,000 tons of timber from [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], whose statue can be seen above the [[portico]]. Famously, the poet [[John Clare]] liked to sit beneath the portico of the church.
[[Image:All Saints Church, Northampton.jpg|thumb|left|upright|All Saints' Church in central Northampton]]
*The [[Northampton Guildhall|Guildhall]] in Northampton (see picture at top) was constructed mostly in the 1860s in [[Victorian Gothic]] architecture, and extended in the 1990s. It is built on the site of the old town hall.
*[[78 Derngate]] contains an interior designed by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke and is the only major domestic commission outside [[Scotland]]. It is open to the public.
*The 127.45 metre tall [[Express Lift Tower]] is a dominant feature in the area. [[Terry Wogan]] conducted a radio phone-in during the 1980s to come up with a name for it: "Northampton Lighthouse" was suggested as Northampton is one of the furthest places from the sea. It is also known as the "Cobblers' Needle". It was built to facilitate the testing of new lifts at the Express Lifts factory. It is visible from most of the town, but is now redundant. The tower has however been listed as being of architectural importance in the town.
[[Image:Northampton Express Lift tower.jpg|thumb|upright|Express Lift Tower]]
*Northampton Castle (now only remaining as a rebuilt postern gate in a wall outside the railway station and the hill on which it stood) was for many years one of the country's most important castles. The country's parliament sat here many times and [[Thomas Becket]] was imprisoned here until he escaped.
*The [[Carlsberg]] UK brewery is located in the town.
*[[Delapre Abbey]] – former [[Cluniac]] nunnery, founded by [[Marquess of Northampton|Simon de Senlis]] - later the County Records Office and site of the second [[Battle of Northampton (1460)|Battle of Northampton]].
*[[Eleanor of Castile|Queen Eleanor]]'s body rested here on its way to London – and the nearby [[Eleanor cross]] at Hardingstone commemorates this. The Cross is also referred to in [[Daniel Defoe]]'s a "Tour through the whole island of Great Britain" where he describes the Great Fire of Northampton, "...a townsman being at Queen's Croos upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles off, saw the fire at one end of the town then newly begun, and that before he could get to the town it was burning at the remotest end, opposite where he first saw it."
*The town's Greyfriars Bus Station, built in the 1970s to replace the old Derngate station, was featured on [[Channel 4]]'s ''[[Demolition (television)|Demolition]]'' programme and was cited as the ugliest transport station in the UK, and it was suggested worthy of demolition.[[Image:OldCellarsNpton.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Medieval cellars at Northampton & County Club see [[Northampton's tunnels]]]]
*Northampton & County Club, established in 1873, was the old county hospital before becoming a private members' club; the cellars are medieval.
Other notable church buildings include: St Edmunds, closed 1978 and demolished 2007 with the bells now in [[Wellington Cathedral of Saint Paul|Wellington Cathedral]], [[New Zealand]]]; St Giles; St Matthew's, built 1893[http://www.jwaller.co.uk/stmatthews]; [[Northampton Cathedral|Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate & St Thomas of Canterbury]], the mother church of the Roman Catholic [[Diocese of Northampton]] and seat of the [[Bishop of Northampton]].

==Related towns==
'''Twin Towns'''
[[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Marburg]], in [[Hessen]], [[Germany]]; 75,000 inhabitants. Has links with the [[brothers Grimm]] and one of the oldest universities in Germany;
[[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Poitiers]], [[Vienne], south-west [[France]] 100,000 inhabitants.

'''US towns''' with the same name in several east coast states include: [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New York State|New York]] , [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Virginia]].

== Notable residents ==
;Modern
*[[Alan Moore]], writer of ''[[V for Vendetta]]'', ''[[Watchmen]]'', and ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'', is a lifelong resident. His novel ''[[Voice of the Fire]]'' is a fictionalised history of the town.
*The modern architect [[Will Alsop]]<ref name = "WAlsop">{{cite web|title = Tutti Frutti has room for all sorts - [[Daily Telegraph]] report 13 September 2007|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?xml=/property/2007/09/13/ptutti113.xml|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>. was born, raised, and studied for his [[Foundation degree]] in the town. Designed [[North Greenwich tube station]] on the [[London Underground]] [[Jubilee Line]] extension.
*Actresses: [[Judy Carne]], born Joyce Botterill on 27 April 1939 in the town. Best remembered for her phrase "Sock it to me!" on [[Laugh-In]]. [[Joan Hickson]], who played [[Miss Marple]], comes from [[Kingsthorpe]]. ''[[Birds of a Feather]]'' actress [[Lesley Joseph]] grew up in the town. [[Nanette Newman]], actress and author, was born here.
*Comedian [[Alan Carr]] attended what is now Weston Favell School. Host of Channel 4's "Sunday Night Project". His father [[Graham Carr]] managed Northampton FC.<ref name = "ACarr">{{cite web|title = Alan Carr book Launch - Chronicle & Echo report 1 October 2008|url=http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Alan-Carr-tells-of-Northampton.4544085.jp/|accessdate = 2008-10-05}}</ref>.
*Journalist and broadcasters [[Andrew Collins (writer)|Andrew Collins]] grew up in the town and wrote about it in his memoir "Where Did It All Go Right?"; Former BBC radio presenter [[Anna Murby]] is from the county; [[Jo Whiley]], a [[BBC Radio 1]] [[DJ]], was born here in 1965; [[Blue Peter]]'s [[Peter Purves]] lived in the nearby village of [[Cogenhoe]].
*Actor [[Robert Llewellyn]] ([[Red Dwarf characters#Kryten|Kryten]] from ''[[Red Dwarf]]'') was born here and lived at 47 Booth Rise until the age of 13 (source: Anglian TV's ''Celebrity Going Home: Robert Llewellyn'' (2004))
*[[Des O'Connor]] lived here, worked at Church's for some years and played for the Cobblers (Northampton Town Football Club).
*The late [[Delia Derbyshire]], prduced original ''[[Doctor Who]]'' theme tune, spent her final years in the town.
*[[Myrea Pettit]], fantasy artist of [[fairies]], flowers and butterflies learned her craft in [[Northamptonshire]].
*[[Derek Redmond]], Olympic runner, was born and raised here. He attended [[Roade]] Comprehensive School, now Roade Sports College, where the sports hall is named after him.
*Professional wrestler [[Norman Smiley]] was born here.
*<!--Alphabetised as Diana Spencer-->Nearby is [[Althorp]], the country estate of [[Earl Spencer]] where [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] is buried. [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer|Charles Spencer, the current and 9th Earl Spencer]] (b.1964) is her brother. In 1989, the Prince and Princess of Wales, Charles & Diana, made an official visit to Northampton and Diana was made an Honorary Freeman of the Borough<ref name ="PoWales">{{cite web|title =Diana, Princess of Wales - Northamptonshire's most famous daughter - BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/asop/people/diana/diana.shtml|accessdate = 2008-09-28}}</ref>. The [[Royal Pioneer Corps]] from Simpson Barracks, [[Wootton, Northamptonshire|Wootton]] in the south of the town, stood guard of honour on the day<ref name ="RPC">{{cite web|title =Royal Pioneer Corps, guard of honour for visit of Prince & Prices of Wales, 1989, when Diana received Freedom of the Borough|url = http://www.royalpioneercorps.co.uk/rpc/pastevents5.htm|accessdate = 2008-10-07}}</ref>. There is a bronze plaque in her memory on the outside of the Guildhall extension.
*TV presenter [[Michael Underwood]] lives in the town and attended what is now Weston Favell School.
*[[Marc Warren]], who plays Danny Blue in the [[Hustle (BBC)|BBC's Hustle]] series, was born in [[Kingsthorpe]].
*[[Stuart Pearson Wright]], award winning artist, was born here in 1975.

;Historical
*Scientist [[Francis Crick]], born in the town in 1916, along with [[James D. Watson]] discovered the structure of [[DNA]], and went on to win a [[Nobel Prize]]. In December 2005, a public sculpture called ''Discovery'' by Lucy Glendinning was erected in Abington Street as a memorial to [[Francis Crick|Crick]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/4522024.stm].
* [[Walter Tull]], Northampton Town FC player who became Britain's first black army officer during the [[First World War]].
*Composers: [[William Alwyn]], [[Malcolm Arnold|Sir Malcolm Arnold]] and [[Edmund Rubbra]] were born here.
*[[Elizabeth Bowen]], 20th century Anglo-Irish writer, lived here after her marriage.
*[[Charles Bradlaugh]] was the famous radical MP and member for the town.
*[[Anne Bradstreet]] (1612-1672)- a puritan poet later based in [[Massachusetts]].
*[[Alban Butler]] (1710-1773) - the author of ''Lives of the saints''
*[[John Clare]], the poet, was compulsorily remanded to the local madhouse, where he remained until his death in 1864.
*[[Errol Flynn]] acted in the Northampton Repertory Theatre between 1933 and 1935.
*[[Jerome K. Jerome]], author of ''[[Three Men in a Boat]]'' and other works, died here in 1927.
*[[Spencer Perceval]] was a local MP and Prime Minister. He was shot in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] by [[assassin]] [[John Bellingham]] in 1812.
*Victorian cricketer and pioneer missionary [[Charles Studd|Charles ("C.T.") Studd]] who played in the first [[The Ashes|Ashes]] test, was born at [[Spratton]].

;Musical
*[[Bauhaus (band)]]
*[[The Departure]], a former band
*[[Mark Griffiths]], bass player with Shadows, Cliff Richard, David Essex, Matthews Southern Comfort
*[[Faye Tozer]], singer from pop group [[Steps (group)|Steps]]
*[[James Chapman]], Northampton-based musician with band [[Maps (band)|Maps]]

== Media ==
'''Newspapers''' The ''Northampton Chronicle and Echo'' is the town's only paid-for newspaper. It is published Monday to Saturday each week and has a daily circulation of approximately 21,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|title = Press Gazette|url = http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=36951&sectioncode=1|accessdate = 2008-08-01}}</ref>. Newspapers issued free of charge, but with a town circulation only, are ''The Mercury'' (Thursday) and ''Northants on Sunday'', both from the publishers of the ''Chronicle & Ech''o, and the Herald and Post (Thursday). These free papers tend to be mostly advertising media with limited news coverage.

'''Radio''' Two stations are based in the town and broadcast county-wide. BBC Radio Northampton<ref>{{cite web|title = BBC Radio Northampton|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/radionorthampton BBC Radio Northampton|accessdate = 2008-04-02}}</ref> broadcasts news, topical items and some music, switching to a regional network after 7pm. A commercial station, [[Northants 96]], broadcasts mostly popular music.

'''Regional TV news''' is broadcast on the BBC East (terrestrial and satellite) with a main programme, [[BBC Look East]], and on [[ITV]]'s [[Anglia Television|Anglia News]]. From 1999-2004, Northants TV (NTV) on cable and later terrestrial showed local ads, sport, and limited local activities.

'''Film and TV'''
Northampton was the town location in the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'' from 1990-1995. Parts of the 2005 film [[Kinky Boots]] were made in Northampton and featured shots of the iconic statue outside the Grosvenor Centre in the Town Centre and inside RE Tricker's <ref name = "Trickers">{{cite web|title = RE Trickers Limited|url = http://www.trickers.com/|accessdate = 2008-05-21}}</ref> shoe factory in St. Michaels Road representing the original factory, in [[Earls Barton]].


==References==
==References==
*Borowski, Beitrag zur Neueren Geschichte der Juden in Preussen, Besonders in Beziehung auf lhre Freieren Gottesdienstlichen Uebungen, in: Preussisches Archiv, ii., Königsberg, 1790; idem, Moses Mendelssohns und David Kypkers Aufsätze über Jüdische Gebete und Festfeiern, ib. 1791;
{{reflist}}
*Jolowicz, Geschichte der Juden in Königsberg in Preussen, Posen, 1867;

*Saalschütz, Zur Geschichte der Synagogengemeinde in Königsberg, in Monatsschrift, vi.-ix.;
==See also==
*Vogelstein, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Unterrichtswesens in der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Königsberg in Preussen, Königsberg, 1903.
* [[:Category:Districts of Northampton|Districts of Northampton]]
* [http://www.northampton.gov.uk Northampton Borough Council]
* [http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/ Northamptonshire County Council]
* [http://www.northampton.ac.uk/ The University of Northampton website]
* [http://www.northamptonwithvision.co.uk Northampton with Vision]
* [http://www.78derngate.org.uk/ 78 Derngate website]
* [http://www.election-maps.co.uk/ Election Maps]
* [http://www.oldstratforduponavon.com/northampton Northampton in old postcards]
* [http://www.northampton.pl/ Polish community in Northampton UK]
* [http://www.northampton-uk.piczo.com/ Northampton Landmarks]
* [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/NorthamptonTheatres.htm History of Northampton's Theatres and Cinemas]


==Links==
{{Geolinks-cityscale|52.237211|-0.896028}}
{{commonscat|Synagogues in Russia|Synagogues in Russia}}


{{coord missing|Russia}}
{{East_Midlands}}
{{LargestUKCities}}


[[Category:Northampton]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Russia]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Local government in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:New towns in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Shire districts]]
[[Category:Towns in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]
[[Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English)]]


[[de:Liberale Synagoge Königsberg]]
[[bg:Нортхемптън]]
[[pl:Synagoga w Królewcu]]
[[de:Northampton]]
[[es:Northampton]]
[[eo:Northampton]]
[[fr:Northampton]]
[[id:Northampton]]
[[it:Northampton]]
[[lt:Nortamptonas]]
[[ml:നോര്‍ത്താം‌പ്റ്റണ്‍]]
[[nl:Northampton]]
[[no:Northampton]]
[[pl:Northampton (Anglia)]]
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[[ru:Нортгемптон]]
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Revision as of 10:24, 12 October 2008

Synagogue in Kaliningrad
Religion
AffiliationOrthodox Judaism
Statusdestroyed
Location
LocationRussiaKaliningrad, Russia
Architecture
StyleAesopian style
Completed1896

The Synagogue (Kaliningrad) was a synagogue in Kaliningrad (in former times Königsberg) in Russia.

History

307 Jews lived at Königsberg in 1756. There were 1,027 Jews at Königsberg in 1817. In 1864 there lived 3,024 Jews. In 1880 there were 5,000 Jews at the city. In 1900 there were only 3,975 Jews at Königsberg. The first synagogue was a chapel built in 1680 in the "Burgfreiheit" (a location which was not administrated by the city). In 1704 there was the formation of the jewish congregation, when they acquired a jewish cemetery and when they founded a "Chebra Kaddisha". In 1722 they received a constitution. In 1756 a new synagogue was dedicated but destroyed in 1811. In 1815 the synagogue was reconstructed on the same location. The second constitution of the jewish community was in 1811. The new synagogue of the community was dedicated August 1896 and destroyed 1938.

There were following rabbis:

  • Solomon Fürst (from 1707 to 1722). He wrote a cabalistic work and a prayer, which is printed in hebrew and german language.
  • Aryeh (Löb) Epstein ben Mordecai ( from 1745 to 1775).
  • Samuel Wigdor (from 1777 to 1784).
  • Samson b. Mordecai (from 1784 to 1794).
  • Joshua Bär Herzfeld (from 1800 to 1814).
  • Levin Joseph Saalschütz ( from 1814 to 23).
  • Wolff Laseron (from 1824 to 1828).
  • Jacob Hirsch Mecklenburg (from 1831 to 1865). He who wrote the "Ha-Ketab we-ha-Kabbalah".
  • Isaac Bamberger.
  • Hermann Vogelstein (from 1897).

The community was one of the pioneers of modern culture. Jews of Königsberg have taken an important part in the struggle for the jewish emancipation:

  • Marcus Warschauer (financier)
  • Samuel Simon (financier)
  • Moritz Simon (financier)
  • Dr. Johann Jacoby (physician)
  • Dr. Ferdinand Falkson (physician).
  • Dr. Raphael Kosch (physician). In 1869 Kosch secured for Jews the abolition of the Jews' oath in Prussia.
  • Dr. Simon Samuel (physician). Samuel has taken an important part in securing for Jews the right of admission to the faculty of the University in Königsberg.
  • Isaac Euchel (pupil of Emmanuel Kant). Euchel founded a Hebrew literary society. He wrote the periodical "Ha-Meassef" and the circular letter "Sefat Emet". Euchel defended institutions for the education of the young pupils, like the "Freischule" at Berlin.
  • Marcus Herz (pupil of Emmanuel Kant).
  • Aaron Joel (pupil of Emmanuel Kant). Joel introduced the ideas of Mendelssohn into the city of Königsberg

In 1942 the Jews of Königsberg were killed in Maly Trostinez (Minsk), Theresienstadt and Auschwitz.

References

  • Borowski, Beitrag zur Neueren Geschichte der Juden in Preussen, Besonders in Beziehung auf lhre Freieren Gottesdienstlichen Uebungen, in: Preussisches Archiv, ii., Königsberg, 1790; idem, Moses Mendelssohns und David Kypkers Aufsätze über Jüdische Gebete und Festfeiern, ib. 1791;
  • Jolowicz, Geschichte der Juden in Königsberg in Preussen, Posen, 1867;
  • Saalschütz, Zur Geschichte der Synagogengemeinde in Königsberg, in Monatsschrift, vi.-ix.;
  • Vogelstein, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Unterrichtswesens in der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Königsberg in Preussen, Königsberg, 1903.

Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synagogues in Russia.

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