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{{Short description|American psychologist}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_name = Carroll Ellis Izard
| birth_name = Carroll Ellis Izard
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| prizes = }}
| prizes = }}


'''Carroll Ellis Izard, PhD''' (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017)<ref>{{cite news |last=Manser |first=Ann |date=2017-02-13 |title=In Memoriam: Carroll Izard |url=http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/february/in-memoriam-carroll-izard/ |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> was an American research [[psychologist]]<ref>{{cite book|title=American Psychological Association Directory (1968).|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.udel.edu/psych/fingerle/CAL.HTM ''Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware''.] [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/01/personalities.aspx ''$2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program''.] [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]</ref> known for his contributions to [[discrete emotion theory|differential emotions theory]] (DET),<ref>{{cite book | last = Siegler | first = R. | title = How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop | publisher = Worth Publishers | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-7167-6113-0 }}</ref><ref>Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. ''Emotion Review, 7''(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781 </ref> and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX).<ref>Izard, C.E., (1979). ''The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX)''. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.</ref> Differential Emotions Theory maintains that universally recognizable innate, [[basic emotions]] emerge within the first 2 to 7 months of post-natal life "without facial movement precursors",<ref>Izard, C. E. et al. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. ''Developmental Psychology, 31'', 997–1013.</ref> and argues for congruence of emotional expression and subjective experience.<ref>Izard, C. E. & Abe, J. A. (2004). Developmental changes in facial expressions of emotions in the strange situation during the second year of life. ''Emotion, 4''(3), 251-265.</ref> Izard also undertook empirical studies into the [[facial feedback hypothesis]] according to which emotions which have different functions also cause [[facial expression]]s which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure – the ''Differential Emotions Scale'' – currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV) that purports to measure ''12 fundamental emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants'' – labeled: ''Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, Shame, Shyness, and Guilt''.<ref>Izard, C.E., Libero, D.Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O.M. (1993). Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 847-860.</ref><ref>Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 5'', 747-750.</ref><ref>Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00001-2 ''Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs.''] Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-12-386915-9}}</ref>
'''Carroll Ellis Izard''' (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017)<ref name=memoriam>{{cite news |last=Manser |first=Ann |date=2017-02-13 |title=In Memoriam: Carroll Izard |url=http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/february/in-memoriam-carroll-izard/ |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> was an American research [[psychologist]]<ref>{{cite book|title=American Psychological Association Directory (1968).|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Washington, DC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.udel.edu/psych/fingerle/CAL.HTM ''Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware''.] [Retrieved 22 October 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/01/personalities.aspx ''$2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program''.] [Retrieved 22 October 2015]</ref> known for his contributions to [[discrete emotion theory|differential emotions theory]] (DET),<ref>{{cite book | last = Siegler | first = R. | title = How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop | publisher = Worth Publishers | location = New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-7167-6113-6 }}</ref><ref>Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. ''Emotion Review, 7''(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781</ref> and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with [[Paul Ekman]].<ref>Izard, C.E., (1979). ''The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX)''. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.</ref> Izard also undertook empirical studies into the [[facial feedback hypothesis]] according to which emotions which have different functions also cause [[facial expression]]s which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure – the ''[[Differential Emotions Scale]]'' – currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV).<ref>Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 5'', 747-750.</ref><ref>Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00001-2 ''Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs.''] Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-12-386915-9}}</ref> His later research focused on [[Social emotional development|emotional development]] in young children and the development and testing of his Emotions Course for Young Children.<ref name=festschrift/>


==Academic career==
==Academic career==
Izard earned his PhD from [[Syracuse University]] in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at [[Vanderbilt University]], where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions. In 1976, he joined the Department of Psychology at the [[University of Delaware]] where he remained active as ''Unidel Professor of Psychology'' in the McKinly Lab until his retirement in 2014.<ref>[http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/february/in-memoriam-carroll-izard ''In Memoriam: Carroll Izard: Professor emeritus was pioneer in emotions research. University of Delaware.''] [Retrieved 26 February, 2017] </ref> A ''festschrift'' was held at the University of Delaware on 22 October 2012 to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.<ref> [http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2013/oct/izard-festschrift-102612.html ''Festschrift for Carroll E. Izard, University of Delaware, 22 October, 2012''.] [Retrieved 22 October, 2015]</ref> The ''festschrift'' was attended by his former students and colleagues from all over the world (with one of his former doctoral advisees [[Gregory John Boyle]] travelling from as far away as Australia). His long-time eminent colleague [[Marvin Zuckerman]] from the Department of Psychology, University of Delaware also was in attendance. The keynote address was delivered by [[Dante Cicchetti]] from the [[University of Minnesota]].
Izard earned his PhD from [[Syracuse University]] in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at [[Vanderbilt University]], where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions. In 1976, he joined the Department of Psychology at the [[University of Delaware]], where he remained active as Unidel Foundation Professor of Psychology in the McKinly Lab until his retirement in 2014.<ref name=memoriam/> A ''[[festschrift]]'' was held at the University of Delaware on October 22, 2012, to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.<ref name=festschrift>{{cite web |first=Ann |last=Manser |url=http://www.udel.edu/udaily/2013/oct/izard-festschrift-102612.html |title=A celebrated career: Colleagues, family, students gather to honor psychologist Izard |date=2017-10-26 |accessdate=2017-10-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam: Carroll Izard {{!}} UDaily|url=https://www.udel.edu/udaily/2017/february/in-memoriam-carroll-izard/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.udel.edu|language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==
Izard is noted for contributions to the developmental research on emotion. In 1971, Izard - along with colleagues - conducted groundbreaking research on this subject, which challenged the then established theory that emotions were undifferentiated and also validated universally recognizable expressions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Role of Emotions in Social and Personality Development: History, Theory and Research|last1=Magai|first1=Carol|last2=McFadden|first2=Susan H.|date=1995|publisher=Plenum Press|isbn=0306448661|location=New York and London|pages=146}}</ref> He also defined personality as an interrelated system and that emotion is one of the core components that also include homoeostatic, motor, perceptual, and cognitive systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior|last1=Izard|first1=Carroll E.|last2=Kagan|first2=Jerome|last3=Zajonc|first3=Robert B.|date=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521256011|location=Cambridge|pages=17}}</ref> As many experts maintain that emotions unfold gradually alongside the development of the nervous system, Izard maintained that even infants who are 10 weeks old are capable of several basic emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, Eleventh Edition|last1=Coon|first1=Dennis|last2=Mitterer|first2=John|publisher=Thomson Higher Education|year=2007|isbn=978-0495091554|location=Belmont, CA|pages=94}}</ref> Izard's 1977 theory of emotion identified ten primary and discrete emotions: fear, anger, shame, contempt, disgust, guilt, distress, interest, surprise, and joy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Izard|first=Carroll E.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883381770|title=Human emotions|publisher=Springer US|year=1977|isbn=978-1-4899-2209-0|location=New York|pages=64|doi=10.1007/978-1-4899-2209-0|oclc=883381770}}</ref> One of Izard's major theoretical competitors, [[Robert Plutchik]], proposed that all the distinctive emotions Izard put forth were primary except shame and guilt.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Plutchik|first=Robert|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5310120|title=Emotion, a psychoevolutionary synthesis|date=1980|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0-06-045235-8|location=New York|oclc=5310120}}</ref> Izard postulated that these ten fundamental emotions cannot be reduced to more basic emotions but can be combined to produce other emotions, just like primary colors could be combined to create different colors. He theorized that each emotion was an intra-individual process or a conscious feeling state marked by its [[Neurophysiology|neurobiological activity]] and expression pattern like distinct [[facial expression]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Izard's theory of emotion is also called differential emotions theory. Izard proposed that these specific emotions would emerge in a child not because of social learning but as adaptive behavior.<ref>Izard CE, Malatesta CZ. Perspectives on emotional development: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In: Osofsky JD, editor. Handbook of Infant Development. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Intersci.; 1987. pp. 494–554.</ref>


==Books==
==Books==
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* ''The Face of Emotion''. (1971). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
* ''The Face of Emotion''. (1971). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
* ''Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives''. (1985). Guilford. (with Michael Rutter)
* ''Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives''. (1985). Guilford. (with Michael Rutter)
* ''Emotions, Cognition and Behaviour''. (1984). Cambridge University Press. (with Jerome Kagan)
* ''Emotions, Cognition and Behavior''. (1984). Cambridge University Press. (with Jerome Kagan)
* ''Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children: Vol. 1''. (1982). Cambridge University Press.
* ''Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children: Vol. 1''. (1982). Cambridge University Press.

==Selected chapters==
* Differential emotions theory. (2009). In D. Sander and K. Scherer (Eds.), ''The Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences'' (pp.&nbsp;117–119). New York: Oxford University Press. (with K.A. King)
* Emotions and developmental psychopathology. (2006). In D. Cicchetti & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), ''Developmental Psychology: Theory and Method'' (2nd ed.). (Vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;244–292). New York: Wiley. (Izard, C.E. et al.)
* Motivational, organizational, and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. (2000). In M. Lewis & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), ''Handbook of Emotions'' (2nd ed.) (pp.&nbsp;253–322). New York: Guilford. (with B.P. Ackerman)
* Self organization of discrete emotions, emotion patterns, and emotion cognition relations. (2000). In M.D. Lewis & I. Granic (Eds.), ''Emotion, Development, and Self-organization'' (pp.&nbsp;15–36). Cambridge University Press. (Izard, C.E. et al.)
* Emotions and self-concepts across the life span. (1997). In K.W. Schaie & M.P. Lawton (Eds.), ''Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17'', 1–26. New York: Springer. (with B.P. Ackerman)

==Selected articles==
* Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. ''Annual Review of Psychology, 2009, 60'', 1-25.
* Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2007, 2''(3), 260-280.
* Levels of emotion and levels of consciousness. ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2007, 30'', 96–98.
* Many ways to awareness: A developmental perspective on cognitive access. ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2007, 30'', 506-507.
* Translating emotion theory and research into preventative interventions. ''Psychological Bulletin, 2002, 128''(5): 796–824.
* Emotional intelligence or adaptive emotions?. ''Emotion, 2001, 1''(3), 249–257.
* Emotion knowledge as a predictor of social behavior and academic competence in children at risk. ''Psychological Science, 2001, 12'', 18–23.
* Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. ''Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 115'', 288–299.
* Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. ''Psychological Review, 1993, 100'', 68–90.
* Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, 64'', 847-860.
* Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. ''Psychological Review, 1992, 99'', 561–565.
* Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 58'', 487–498.
* Infants’ emotion expressions to acute pain: Developmental change and stability of individual differences. ''Developmental Psychology, 1987, 23'', 105–113.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Discrete emotion theory]]
* [[Discrete emotion theory]]
* [[Basic emotions]]
* [[Basic emotions]]
* [[Differential Emotions Theory]]
* [[Emotion classification]]
* [[Emotion classification]]


Line 65: Line 46:


==Sources==
==Sources==
*Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. ''Emotion Review, 7''(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
*Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. ''Emotion Review, 7''(2), 104–109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
*Hope, D. A. (1996). (Ed.), Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear. ''Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Current Theory and Research in Motivation'' (Vol. 43). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0-8032-2382-X}}
*Hope, D. A. (1996). (Ed.), Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear. ''Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Current Theory and Research in Motivation'' (Vol. 43). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0-8032-2382-X}}
*Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). ''Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior''. New York: Plenum. {{ISBN|0-306-42022-8}}
*Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). ''Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior''. New York: Plenum. {{ISBN|0-306-42022-8}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.udel.edu/psych/fingerle/CAL.HTM Carroll E. Izard's homepage at University of Delaware's Department of Psychology]
* [http://www.udel.edu/psych/fingerle/CAL.HTM Carroll E. Izard's homepage at University of Delaware's Department of Psychology]

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Izard, Carroll}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Izard, Carroll}}
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[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Emotion psychologists]]
[[Category:Emotion psychologists]]
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt University faculty]]
[[Category:Vanderbilt University faculty]]

Latest revision as of 23:25, 20 July 2023

Carroll Izard
Born
Carroll Ellis Izard

(1923-10-08)October 8, 1923
DiedFebruary 5, 2017(2017-02-05) (aged 93)
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materSyracuse University
Known forDifferential Emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants; Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX); Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV)
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology of Affects (emotional development in children)
InstitutionsUniversity of Delaware; Vanderbilt University

Carroll Ellis Izard (October 8, 1923 – February 5, 2017)[1] was an American research psychologist[2][3][4] known for his contributions to differential emotions theory (DET),[5][6] and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX) on which he worked with Paul Ekman.[7] Izard also undertook empirical studies into the facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure – the Differential Emotions Scale – currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV).[8][9] His later research focused on emotional development in young children and the development and testing of his Emotions Course for Young Children.[10]

Academic career[edit]

Izard earned his PhD from Syracuse University in 1952 and served initially as a psychology professor at Vanderbilt University, where he carried out pioneering research into human emotions. In 1976, he joined the Department of Psychology at the University of Delaware, where he remained active as Unidel Foundation Professor of Psychology in the McKinly Lab until his retirement in 2014.[1] A festschrift was held at the University of Delaware on October 22, 2012, to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.[10][11]

Works[edit]

Izard is noted for contributions to the developmental research on emotion. In 1971, Izard - along with colleagues - conducted groundbreaking research on this subject, which challenged the then established theory that emotions were undifferentiated and also validated universally recognizable expressions.[12] He also defined personality as an interrelated system and that emotion is one of the core components that also include homoeostatic, motor, perceptual, and cognitive systems.[13] As many experts maintain that emotions unfold gradually alongside the development of the nervous system, Izard maintained that even infants who are 10 weeks old are capable of several basic emotions.[14] Izard's 1977 theory of emotion identified ten primary and discrete emotions: fear, anger, shame, contempt, disgust, guilt, distress, interest, surprise, and joy.[15] One of Izard's major theoretical competitors, Robert Plutchik, proposed that all the distinctive emotions Izard put forth were primary except shame and guilt.[16] Izard postulated that these ten fundamental emotions cannot be reduced to more basic emotions but can be combined to produce other emotions, just like primary colors could be combined to create different colors. He theorized that each emotion was an intra-individual process or a conscious feeling state marked by its neurobiological activity and expression pattern like distinct facial expressions.[15] Izard's theory of emotion is also called differential emotions theory. Izard proposed that these specific emotions would emerge in a child not because of social learning but as adaptive behavior.[17]

Books[edit]

  • Face of Emotion. (1993). Irvington Publishers.
  • The Psychology of Emotions. (1991). New York: Plenum.
  • Human Emotions. (1977). New York: Plenum.
  • Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression. (1972). New York: Academic.
  • The Face of Emotion. (1971). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. (1985). Guilford. (with Michael Rutter)
  • Emotions, Cognition and Behavior. (1984). Cambridge University Press. (with Jerome Kagan)
  • Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children: Vol. 1. (1982). Cambridge University Press.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Manser, Ann (2017-02-13). "In Memoriam: Carroll Izard". University of Delaware. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  2. ^ American Psychological Association Directory (1968). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  3. ^ Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware. [Retrieved 22 October 2015]
  4. ^ $2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program. [Retrieved 22 October 2015]
  5. ^ Siegler, R. (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-6113-6.
  6. ^ Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. Emotion Review, 7(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
  7. ^ Izard, C.E., (1979). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX). Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.
  8. ^ Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 747-750.
  9. ^ Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs. Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-386915-9
  10. ^ a b Manser, Ann (2017-10-26). "A celebrated career: Colleagues, family, students gather to honor psychologist Izard". Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  11. ^ "In Memoriam: Carroll Izard | UDaily". www.udel.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
  12. ^ Magai, Carol; McFadden, Susan H. (1995). The Role of Emotions in Social and Personality Development: History, Theory and Research. New York and London: Plenum Press. p. 146. ISBN 0306448661.
  13. ^ Izard, Carroll E.; Kagan, Jerome; Zajonc, Robert B. (1984). Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0521256011.
  14. ^ Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John (2007). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, Eleventh Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. p. 94. ISBN 978-0495091554.
  15. ^ a b Izard, Carroll E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Springer US. p. 64. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2209-0. ISBN 978-1-4899-2209-0. OCLC 883381770.
  16. ^ Plutchik, Robert (1980). Emotion, a psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-045235-8. OCLC 5310120.
  17. ^ Izard CE, Malatesta CZ. Perspectives on emotional development: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In: Osofsky JD, editor. Handbook of Infant Development. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Intersci.; 1987. pp. 494–554.

Sources[edit]

  • Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. Emotion Review, 7(2), 104–109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781
  • Hope, D. A. (1996). (Ed.), Perspectives on Anxiety, Panic, and Fear. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Current Theory and Research in Motivation (Vol. 43). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2382-X
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum. ISBN 0-306-42022-8

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Izard&oldid=1166343603"