Benaulim: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 15°15′N 73°55′E / 15.25°N 73.92°E / 15.25; 73.92
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{{distinguish|text=[[Benauli]] in Nepal, or [[Banawali]] in India}}
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Benaulim
| name = Benaulim
| native_name = बाणावली
| image_skyline = 20191211 Benaulim 4885.jpg
| native_name_lang = knn
| etymology = Village of the arrow
| other_name = Banavali
| settlement_type = Village
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India3
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Goa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.25|N|73.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|15.25|N|73.92|E|display=inline,title}}
Line 20: Line 17:
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka|Sub-district]]
| established_date =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salcete]]
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1
| elevation_m = 1
| population_total = 11919
| population_total = 11,919
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="cen11abt"/>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| population_demonym = ''Bannalemcar''
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| postal_code = 403&nbsp;716
| registration_plate = GA
| registration_plate = GA-08
| website = {{URL|goa.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Benaulim''' (''Bannalem'') is a village in the state of [[Goa]], [[India]]. Located in [[Salcete]] taluka of South Goa district, it neighbours [[Colva]] village to the north, [[Margao]] in the northeast and [[Varca]] village to the south. During [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]], it was one of the nine [[Comunidades of Goa|communidades]] in Salcete. Benaulim is the birthplace of [[Joseph Vaz|St Joseph Vaz]], who was a priest and missionary in Sri Lanka. Benaulim is home to several traditional carpenters, and has long been known as Goa's 'village of carpenters'. Contemporary Benaulim is a popular [[seaside resort]], renowned for its beautiful rice fields, balmy weather and golden sand beaches. It also houses Goa's only Don Bosco Animation Centre. There are two big churches in Benaulim. The Holy Trinity Church in Mazilvaddo is a modern church built over the centuries-old chapel of the Loiola Pereira family. The St John the Baptist Church in Povacao area closer to Colva, is where St Joseph Vaz was baptised.
'''Benaulim''' is a [[census town]] in [[South Goa district]] in the state of [[Goa]], [[India]]. It is a beach town a little south of [[Margao]] in [[Goa]], [[India]].


In 2016, Benaulim hosted the [[8th BRICS summit|8th BRICS Summit]].
It is located along the South Goa coastline. The village was known as ''Banahalli'' or ''Banavalli'' (the village of the arrow) before the advent of the Portuguese. Ancient Banavalli had a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], known as ''Katyayani Baneshvar'' ruins, of which can be still found in the village. The deities were shifted to ''Aversa'' in Northern [[Kanara]] (modern [[Uttara Kannada]]) in the 16th century.

== Etymology ==
The village was known as ''Banahalli'' or ''Banawali'' (the village of the arrow) before the advent of the Portuguese. ''Ban'' is the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word for 'arrow' and ''Halli'' the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] word for 'village'. According to the ''[[Sahyadrikhanda]]'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', Lord [[Parashurama]] shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the sea god [[Varuna]] recede up to the point where his arrow landed.<ref>{{harvnb|Machado|1999|pp=29&ndash;34}}</ref> The arrow is said to have landed at ''Banahalli''. The area was then settled by [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s from northern India.<ref>{{harvnb|Machado|1999|pp=35&ndash;38}}</ref>

== History ==
Ancient ''Banahalli'' was the site of the ''Katyayani Baneshvar'' temple dedicated to the Hindu deities [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. The temple ruins can be still found in the village. The deities were shifted to Aversa in North Canara (modern [[Uttara Kannada]] district) in the sixteenth century.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The tall type coconut cultivar, 'Banawali Green Round', the [[landrace]] of Benaulim, was selected and released as 'Pratap' in 1987 for cultivation in [[Konkan division|coastal Maharashtra]] by the [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth|Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]], [[Dapoli]] owing to its superior morphological and fruiting characteristics and high yielding nature.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurien & K. V.|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C&dq=Pratap+benaulim&pg=PA155 155]}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Benaulim is located at
Benaulim is located at {{Coord|15.25|N|73.92|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Benaulim.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Benaulim]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1 meter (3 feet).
{{Coord|15|16|12|N|73|56|5|E|display=inline}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>
Benaulim's main market is located at Maria Hall which is about 2 km away from the beach.
{{Citation
Benaulim has 2 beaches—Benaulim beach, which is the main beach, and Vaddi beach, which is less congested and more developed than Benaulim beach.{{fact}}
| title = Benaulim, India Page
| website = Falling Rain Genomics, Inc
| url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Benaulim.html
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref>


== Demographics ==
==Benaulim Beach==
{{Pie chart
{{Infobox beach
| thumb = right
| name = Benaulim Beach
| caption = Religion in Benaulim (2011)<ref name="cen11re"/>
| activities = [[File:Swimming_icon.jpg|25px|alt=Swimming]] Swimming [[File:Fishing.svg|25px|alt=Fishing]] Fishing, Boat Ride, parasailing, jet skiing, boat ride, wind surfing
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 82.68
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Hinduism]]
| value2 = 13.05
| color2 = DarkOrange
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 3.90
| color3 = DarkGreen
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 0.37
| color4 = Maroon
}}
}}
Benaulim beach is not as commercialized as other related beaches, though it is a local tourist destination.{{fact}} That is the reason this beach is famous among foreign tourists.{{fact}} There are few shacks on the beach and a few hotels in the area and some sea food options.{{or-inline}}


Benaulim has population of 11,919 of which 5,818 are males and 6,101 are females, as per [[2011 Census of India|Census of India 2011]]. Child population within the age group of 0-6 is 1,235 which is 10.36% of total population. Female sex ratio is 1,049 against the Goa state average of 973. Moreover, the child sex ratio is around 992 compared to the state average of 942.<ref name="cen11abt">{{harvnb|Chandramouli|2015|loc=#About Benaulim: Overview}}</ref>
This beach is considered safe for swimming.{{fact}} Apart from sunbathing and swimming, there are also options of parasailing, jet skiing, boat ride and wind surfing.<ref name="indialine">{{cite web|url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/goa/margao/benaulim-beach.html|publisher=indialine.com|title=Benaulim Beach Reviews - Benaulim, Goa Attractions - IndiaLine|accessdate=2016-09-27}}</ref>


Literacy is 89.25% higher than the state average of 88.70%. Male literacy is around 92.15% while female literacy rate is 86.51%.<ref name="cen11abt"/> Out of the total population, 4,316 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 3,087 were males while 1,229 were females.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandramouli|2015|loc=#Work Profile}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/626931-benaulim-goa.html</ref> Benaulim had a population of 11911. Males constitute 49% of the [[population]] and females 51%. Benaulim has an average [[literacy]] rate of 89.25%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 92.15% of the males and 86.51% of females literate. 10.36% of the population is under 6 years of age.


Benaulim has a predominantly Christian population (82.68%), followed by Hinduism (13.05%) and Islam (3.90%).<ref name="cen11re">{{harvnb|Chandramouli|2015|loc=#About Benaulim: Benaulim Religion Data 2011}}</ref> [[Schedule Caste]] (SC) constitutes 0.99% while [[Schedule Tribe]] (ST) were 0.26% of total population.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandramouli|2015|loc=#Caste Factor}}</ref>
== Notable people from Benaulim ==

* [[Froilano de Mello]] &ndash; [[India|Indo]]-[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and an independent [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Portuguese parliament]].<ref name="Joyson">[http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/froil1.html Professor Froilano de Mello, MD (1887-1955): A short biography of his life and achievements] – Goacom.com</ref>
== Tourist attractions ==
* St. [[Joseph Vaz]] &ndash; Missionary who worked in [[Sri Lanka]] (Ceylon) and [[Kanara|Canara]] ([[Mangalore]])
{{Infobox landform
| name = Benaulim beach
| other_name =
| photo =
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| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
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Benaulim has three beaches: The main Benaulim beach is neighboured by Trinity beach to the south and Sernabatim beach to the north.<ref>{{harvnb|McCulloch & Stott|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj_-AgAAQBAJ&q=Vaddi+beach+benaulim+goa 113]}}</ref> Benaulim beach is popular among the locals and tourists alike.<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/goa/benaulim/introduction
| title = Introducing Benaulim
| work = [[Lonely Planet]]
| access-date = 28 July 2017
| archive-date = 5 September 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160905143914/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/goa/benaulim/introduction
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Apart from sunbathing and swimming, there are also options of parasailing, jet skiing, boat riding and wind surfing. Benaulim beaches are pristine, as they are relatively undeveloped.<ref>
{{Citation
| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/travel-trends/top-5-water-sports-destinationsindia-1510129.html
| website = [[Moneycontrol.com]]
| title = Top 5 water-sports destinations in India
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref> Due to reduced human movement during the coronavirus lockdown, five adult Olive Ridley turtles washed up on Benaulim beach after decades, in June 2020. The turtles were trapped in fishing nets on the beach and were rescued by Benaulim fisherman Pele and his friends.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Benaulim's main market is located near Maria Hall (which serves as an event hall), a [[community centre]], where most accommodation, restaurants, grocers and chemists are concentrated.<ref>
{{Citation
| url = https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/benaulim/attractions/maria-hall/a/poi-sig/1440132/1315142
| title = Maria Hall&mdash;Landmark in Benaulim
| work = [[Lonely Planet]]
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref>

There is one luxury hotel in Benaulim, Taj Exotica Resort & Spa, Goa. There is a hidden side of Benaulim beach entrance behind the resort.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Government and politics==
Benaulim is part of [[Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency)]] and [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Notable people ==
{| style="text-align: left;"
| [[File:Joze-Vaz.jpg|100px]]
|| St [[Joseph Vaz]]<ref>
{{Citation
| title = Goan-born Joseph Vaz granted sainthood by Pope Francis in Sri Lanka
| url = http://www.firstpost.com/world/goan-born-joseph-vaz-granted-sainthood-pope-francis-sri-lanka-2045441.html
| newspaper = [[The First Post]]
| date = 14 January 2015
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref> (1651&ndash;1711): [[Christian mission|missionary]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]] who worked in Ceylon (modern day [[Sri Lanka]])<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Fr Romualdo Robin Rodrigues
| date = 16 January 2015
| title = 21 facts about St Joseph Vaz
| newspaper = [[O Heraldo]]
| url = https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Saint-Joseph-Vaz/21-facts-about-St-Joseph-Vaz/83579.html
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref> and [[Kanara|Canara]] (coastal [[Karnataka]]).<ref>
{{Citation
| date = 17 January 2017
| title = Feast of St Joseph Vaz
| newspaper = [[The Navhind Times]]
| url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/feast-of-st-joseph-vaz/
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref>
|-
|
|| Prof. [[Froilano de Mello]], MD<ref>
{{Citation
| author = Nandkumar M Kamat
| date = 27 September 2015
| title = Froilano De Melo: Pioneer of Indian medical mycology
| newspaper = [[The Navhind Times]]
| url = http://www.navhindtimes.in/froilano-de-melo-pioneer-of-indian-medical-mycology/
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref> (1887&ndash;1955): [[Luso-Indian]] microbiologist, medical scientist, academic, author and an independent [[Member of parliament|MP]] in the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Portuguese Parliament]].<ref>
{{Citation
| author1 = Dr Jose Colaco
| author2 = Alfredo de Mello
| editor = John J D'Souza
| title = Professor Froilano de Mello, MD (1887&ndash;1955): A Short Biography of His Life and Achievements
| series = Goacom Biography Series
| website = Goacom.com
| url = http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/froil1.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120128233944/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/froil1.html
| archive-date = 28 January 2012
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 28 July 2017
}}
</ref>
|-
|}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|footer= Images from Benaulim, Goa, India
|File:Fields of Benaulim .jpg | Fields of Benaulim after St. John the Baptist Church East towards Margao
|File:Fields of Benaulim 2.jpg| Fields of Benaulim after St. John the Baptist Church West towards the Beach

}}
== Citations ==
{{reflist}}


== References ==
== References ==
*{{Citation
{{Reflist}}
| author-mask = Alan Machado (Prabhu)
| last = Machado
| first = Alan
| year = 1999
| title = Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
| edition = First
| location = [[Bangalore]]
| publisher= I.J.A. Publications
| isbn = 81-86778-25-X
}}
*{{Citation
| author-mask = C. Chandramouli
| last = Chandramouli
| first = C.
| date = 2015
| orig-year = 2010&ndash;11
| title = Benaulim Population Census 2011
| work = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| agency = Census Organization of India
| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/626931-benaulim-goa.html
}}
*{{Citation
| author = Kurien & K. V.
| author-mask = Alice Kurien; Peter K. V.
| year = 2007
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2VFYqwA-Mn4C
| title = Commercial Crops Technology
| series = Horticulture Science Series
| volume = 8
| publisher = New India Publishing
| isbn = 978-8189422523
}}
*{{Citation
| author = McCulloch & Stott
| author-mask = Victoria McCulloch; David Stott
| year = 2013
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj_-AgAAQBAJ
| title = Goa with Mumbai
| magazine = Footprint Focus
| series = [[Footprint Travel Guides]]
| edition = 2nd
| publisher = Footprint Handbooks Ltd
| isbn = 9781909268425
}}


==External links==
{{commons category|Benaulim}}
{{commons category|Benaulim}}
* Benaulim [http://indiatourism.ws/goa/benaulim_beach/ beach] pictures, 2012

{{Localities in and around Margao}}


[[Category:Benaulim| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Beaches of South Goa district]]
[[Category:Beaches of South Goa district]]
[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]

[[mr:बाणावली]]

Latest revision as of 14:05, 4 October 2023

Benaulim
Village
Etymology: Village of the arrow
Benaulim is located in Goa
Benaulim
Benaulim
Location in Goa, India
Benaulim is located in India
Benaulim
Benaulim
Benaulim (India)
Coordinates: 15°15′N 73°55′E / 15.25°N 73.92°E / 15.25; 73.92
Country India
StateGoa
DistrictSouth Goa
Sub-districtSalcete
Elevation
1 m (3 ft)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total11,919
DemonymBannalemcar
Languages
 • OfficialKonkani
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
403 716
Vehicle registrationGA-08

Benaulim (Bannalem) is a village in the state of Goa, India. Located in Salcete taluka of South Goa district, it neighbours Colva village to the north, Margao in the northeast and Varca village to the south. During Portuguese rule, it was one of the nine communidades in Salcete. Benaulim is the birthplace of St Joseph Vaz, who was a priest and missionary in Sri Lanka. Benaulim is home to several traditional carpenters, and has long been known as Goa's 'village of carpenters'. Contemporary Benaulim is a popular seaside resort, renowned for its beautiful rice fields, balmy weather and golden sand beaches. It also houses Goa's only Don Bosco Animation Centre. There are two big churches in Benaulim. The Holy Trinity Church in Mazilvaddo is a modern church built over the centuries-old chapel of the Loiola Pereira family. The St John the Baptist Church in Povacao area closer to Colva, is where St Joseph Vaz was baptised.

In 2016, Benaulim hosted the 8th BRICS Summit.

Etymology[edit]

The village was known as Banahalli or Banawali (the village of the arrow) before the advent of the Portuguese. Ban is the Sanskrit word for 'arrow' and Halli the Kannada word for 'village'. According to the Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana, Lord Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea and commanded the sea god Varuna recede up to the point where his arrow landed.[2] The arrow is said to have landed at Banahalli. The area was then settled by Goud Saraswat Brahmins from northern India.[3]

History[edit]

Ancient Banahalli was the site of the Katyayani Baneshvar temple dedicated to the Hindu deities Shiva and Parvati. The temple ruins can be still found in the village. The deities were shifted to Aversa in North Canara (modern Uttara Kannada district) in the sixteenth century.[citation needed]

The tall type coconut cultivar, 'Banawali Green Round', the landrace of Benaulim, was selected and released as 'Pratap' in 1987 for cultivation in coastal Maharashtra by the Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli owing to its superior morphological and fruiting characteristics and high yielding nature.[4]

Geography[edit]

Benaulim is located at 15°16′12″N 73°56′5″E / 15.27000°N 73.93472°E / 15.27000; 73.93472. It has an average elevation of 1 metre (3.3 feet).[5]

Demographics[edit]

Religion in Benaulim (2011)[6]

  Christianity (82.68%)
  Hinduism (13.05%)
  Islam (3.90%)
  Others (0.37%)

Benaulim has population of 11,919 of which 5,818 are males and 6,101 are females, as per Census of India 2011. Child population within the age group of 0-6 is 1,235 which is 10.36% of total population. Female sex ratio is 1,049 against the Goa state average of 973. Moreover, the child sex ratio is around 992 compared to the state average of 942.[1]

Literacy is 89.25% higher than the state average of 88.70%. Male literacy is around 92.15% while female literacy rate is 86.51%.[1] Out of the total population, 4,316 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 3,087 were males while 1,229 were females.[7]

Benaulim has a predominantly Christian population (82.68%), followed by Hinduism (13.05%) and Islam (3.90%).[6] Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 0.99% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.26% of total population.[8]

Tourist attractions[edit]

Benaulim beach
Beach

Benaulim has three beaches: The main Benaulim beach is neighboured by Trinity beach to the south and Sernabatim beach to the north.[9] Benaulim beach is popular among the locals and tourists alike.[10] Apart from sunbathing and swimming, there are also options of parasailing, jet skiing, boat riding and wind surfing. Benaulim beaches are pristine, as they are relatively undeveloped.[11] Due to reduced human movement during the coronavirus lockdown, five adult Olive Ridley turtles washed up on Benaulim beach after decades, in June 2020. The turtles were trapped in fishing nets on the beach and were rescued by Benaulim fisherman Pele and his friends.[citation needed]

Benaulim's main market is located near Maria Hall (which serves as an event hall), a community centre, where most accommodation, restaurants, grocers and chemists are concentrated.[12]

There is one luxury hotel in Benaulim, Taj Exotica Resort & Spa, Goa. There is a hidden side of Benaulim beach entrance behind the resort.[citation needed]

Government and politics[edit]

Benaulim is part of Benaulim (Goa Assembly constituency) and South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

Notable people[edit]

St Joseph Vaz[13] (1651–1711): missionary Catholic priest who worked in Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka)[14] and Canara (coastal Karnataka).[15]
Prof. Froilano de Mello, MD[16] (1887–1955): Luso-Indian microbiologist, medical scientist, academic, author and an independent MP in the Portuguese Parliament.[17]

Gallery[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Chandramouli 2015, #About Benaulim: Overview
  2. ^ Machado 1999, pp. 29–34
  3. ^ Machado 1999, pp. 35–38
  4. ^ Kurien & K. V. 2007, p. 155
  5. ^ "Benaulim, India Page", Falling Rain Genomics, Inc, retrieved 28 July 2017
  6. ^ a b Chandramouli 2015, #About Benaulim: Benaulim Religion Data 2011
  7. ^ Chandramouli 2015, #Work Profile
  8. ^ Chandramouli 2015, #Caste Factor
  9. ^ McCulloch & Stott 2013, p. 113
  10. ^ "Introducing Benaulim", Lonely Planet, archived from the original on 5 September 2016, retrieved 28 July 2017
  11. ^ "Top 5 water-sports destinations in India", Moneycontrol.com, retrieved 28 July 2017
  12. ^ "Maria Hall—Landmark in Benaulim", Lonely Planet, retrieved 28 July 2017
  13. ^ "Goan-born Joseph Vaz granted sainthood by Pope Francis in Sri Lanka", The First Post, 14 January 2015, retrieved 28 July 2017
  14. ^ Fr Romualdo Robin Rodrigues (16 January 2015), "21 facts about St Joseph Vaz", O Heraldo, retrieved 28 July 2017
  15. ^ "Feast of St Joseph Vaz", The Navhind Times, 17 January 2017, retrieved 28 July 2017
  16. ^ Nandkumar M Kamat (27 September 2015), "Froilano De Melo: Pioneer of Indian medical mycology", The Navhind Times, retrieved 28 July 2017
  17. ^ Dr Jose Colaco; Alfredo de Mello, John J D'Souza (ed.), "Professor Froilano de Mello, MD (1887–1955): A Short Biography of His Life and Achievements", Goacom.com, Goacom Biography Series, archived from the original on 28 January 2012, retrieved 28 July 2017

References[edit]