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'''Eugenius Vulgarius''' |
'''Eugenius Vulgarius''' (Italian ''Eugenio Vulgario''; ''[[Floruit|fl.]] {{circa}} '' 887–928)<ref>"Eugenio Vulgario", ''Dizionario biografico degli Italiani'' (Rome: Società Grafica Romana, 1960–present).</ref> was an Italian priest and poet. |
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Eugenius' epithet may allude to |
Eugenius' epithet may allude to a [[Bulgars|Bulgar]] heritage, and he may have been a descendant of the horde of [[Alzec]] that settled in the [[Molise]] in the seventh century and were still distinguishable by their language in the late eighth century.<ref>John B. Dillon (2004), "Bulgars". ''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'', ed. Christopher Kleinhenz (London: Routledge), p. 163.</ref> The ethnonym was sometimes rendered as ''Vulgares'' in Latin.<ref>Notably by [[Paul the Deacon]] (e.g. in [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pauldeacon/hist5.shtml Hist. Lang. 5.29]).</ref> Knowledgeable of [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], he was also deeply learned in the [[Classics]] and displays familiarity with [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], and the [[tragedies]] of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]. |
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Around 907, when he was a [[presbyter]] and teacher of [[rhetoric]] and [[grammar]] at the episcopal school in [[Naples]], Eugenius wrote a pamphlet defending [[Pope Formosus]], who had given him [[holy orders]], from the attacks of the reigning [[Pope Sergius III]]. He produced a second treatise on this same subject in dialogue form.<ref name=duckett>Eleanor Shipley Duckett (1988), ''Death and Life in the Tenth Century'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 230–31.</ref> In these, entitled ''De |
Around 907, when he was a ''[[presbyter]]'' and teacher of [[rhetoric]] and [[grammar]] at the episcopal school in [[Naples]], Eugenius wrote a pamphlet defending [[Pope Formosus]], who had given him [[holy orders]], from the attacks of the reigning [[Pope Sergius III]]. He produced a second treatise on this same subject in dialogue form.<ref name=duckett>Eleanor Shipley Duckett (1988), ''Death and Life in the Tenth Century'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 230–31.</ref> In these, entitled ''De causa Formosiana'' and ''Eugenius Vulgarius Petro Diacono fratri et amico'', he denies the authority of the [[Holy See]] and proclaims that only a deserving man can ever truly be pope.<ref>His rhetoric may have been useful to the [[Ottonian]] emperors, for a copy of Eugenius' Formosan treatises survives in the library of [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] at [[Bamberg State Library]], c.f. Claudio Leonardi (1999), "Intellectual Life", ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 2: c.900–c.1024'', [[Timothy Reuter]], [[Rosamond McKitterick]], and [[David Abulafia]], edd. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 207.</ref> Sergius ordered him imprisoned in a monastery, probably that of the monks of [[Montecassino]] at [[Teano]], where his compatriot, the defender of Formosus called [[Auxilius of Naples|Auxilius]] (a pseudonym meaning "defender"), was also protected.<ref>"In the monastery of Teano, then, most probably originated the only manuscript of the writings of Vulgarius and Auxilius, the famous Bambergensis P. III. 20, which was brought to Germany by [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]" (Bloch 1946:169).</ref> Sergius soon reversed his decree and summoned him to [[Rome]] for trial.<ref name=duckett/> Eugenius responded to the threat posed by this with a series of fawning verses of praise for Pope Sergius and the city of Rome, ''aurea Roma'' ("golden Rome"), to which the pope (he claimed) had brought renewed glory. He even went so far as to declare the pope's lover, [[Theodora (senatrix)|Theodora]], "full of virtue". |
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Eugenius composed three different [[pattern poem]]s eulogising the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo VI]]. He credits Leo with victories over barbarians in both Europe and Africa.<ref>In 911 Leo VI granted a privilege to the monks of Teano, possibly owing to Eugenius' praise, c.f. Herbert Bloch (1946), "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'', '''3''', pp. 169–70.</ref> Eugenius also praised [[Atenulf I of Benevento]] for his victories over the [[Saracens]] of the [[Garigliano]]. Among his other works are some glosses on [[Martianus Capella]] and a poem about nature, the arrival of springtime, and the [[hymn]] of the birds.<ref>F. M. Warren (1912), "The Troubadour ''Canso'' and Latin Lyric Poetry", ''Modern Philology'', '''9'''(4), p. 481. J. E. Caerwyn Williams (1989/90), "The Nature Prologue in Welsh Court Poetry", ''Studia celtica'', '''24'''/'''25''', p. 78, credits Eugenius as the first to connect the "nature prologue", which was later to be so important to the [[courtly love]] lyric, to a "love interest".</ref> Eugenius also produced [[metrical calendar]]s. |
Eugenius composed three different [[pattern poem]]s eulogising the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]]; one (no. XVI) is in the shape of a pyramid.<ref>Herbert Bloch, "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' '''3''' (1946:163-224) p. 169. </ref> He credits Leo with victories over barbarians in both Europe and Africa.<ref>In 911 Leo VI granted a privilege to the monks of Teano, possibly owing to Eugenius' praise, c.f. Herbert Bloch (1946), "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'', '''3''', pp. 169–70.</ref> Eugenius also praised [[Atenulf I of Benevento]] for his victories over the [[Saracens]] of the [[Garigliano]]. Among his other works are some glosses on [[Martianus Capella]] and a poem about nature, the arrival of springtime, and the [[hymn]] of the birds.<ref>F. M. Warren (1912), "The Troubadour ''Canso'' and Latin Lyric Poetry", ''Modern Philology'', '''9'''(4), p. 481. J. E. Caerwyn Williams (1989/90), "The Nature Prologue in Welsh Court Poetry", ''Studia celtica'', '''24'''/'''25''', p. 78, credits Eugenius as the first to connect the "nature prologue", which was later to be so important to the [[courtly love]] lyric, to a "love interest".</ref> Eugenius also produced [[metrical calendar]]s. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Latest revision as of 21:50, 20 October 2023
Eugenius Vulgarius (Italian Eugenio Vulgario; fl. c. 887–928)[1] was an Italian priest and poet.
Eugenius' epithet may allude to a Bulgar heritage, and he may have been a descendant of the horde of Alzec that settled in the Molise in the seventh century and were still distinguishable by their language in the late eighth century.[2] The ethnonym was sometimes rendered as Vulgares in Latin.[3] Knowledgeable of Latin and Greek, he was also deeply learned in the Classics and displays familiarity with Virgil, Horace, and the tragedies of Seneca.
Around 907, when he was a presbyter and teacher of rhetoric and grammar at the episcopal school in Naples, Eugenius wrote a pamphlet defending Pope Formosus, who had given him holy orders, from the attacks of the reigning Pope Sergius III. He produced a second treatise on this same subject in dialogue form.[4] In these, entitled De causa Formosiana and Eugenius Vulgarius Petro Diacono fratri et amico, he denies the authority of the Holy See and proclaims that only a deserving man can ever truly be pope.[5] Sergius ordered him imprisoned in a monastery, probably that of the monks of Montecassino at Teano, where his compatriot, the defender of Formosus called Auxilius (a pseudonym meaning "defender"), was also protected.[6] Sergius soon reversed his decree and summoned him to Rome for trial.[4] Eugenius responded to the threat posed by this with a series of fawning verses of praise for Pope Sergius and the city of Rome, aurea Roma ("golden Rome"), to which the pope (he claimed) had brought renewed glory. He even went so far as to declare the pope's lover, Theodora, "full of virtue".
Eugenius composed three different pattern poems eulogising the Byzantine emperor Leo VI; one (no. XVI) is in the shape of a pyramid.[7] He credits Leo with victories over barbarians in both Europe and Africa.[8] Eugenius also praised Atenulf I of Benevento for his victories over the Saracens of the Garigliano. Among his other works are some glosses on Martianus Capella and a poem about nature, the arrival of springtime, and the hymn of the birds.[9] Eugenius also produced metrical calendars.
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Eugenio Vulgario", Dizionario biografico degli Italiani (Rome: Società Grafica Romana, 1960–present).
- ^ John B. Dillon (2004), "Bulgars". Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz (London: Routledge), p. 163.
- ^ Notably by Paul the Deacon (e.g. in Hist. Lang. 5.29).
- ^ a b Eleanor Shipley Duckett (1988), Death and Life in the Tenth Century (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 230–31.
- ^ His rhetoric may have been useful to the Ottonian emperors, for a copy of Eugenius' Formosan treatises survives in the library of Otto III at Bamberg State Library, c.f. Claudio Leonardi (1999), "Intellectual Life", The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 2: c.900–c.1024, Timothy Reuter, Rosamond McKitterick, and David Abulafia, edd. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 207.
- ^ "In the monastery of Teano, then, most probably originated the only manuscript of the writings of Vulgarius and Auxilius, the famous Bambergensis P. III. 20, which was brought to Germany by Henry II" (Bloch 1946:169).
- ^ Herbert Bloch, "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 3 (1946:163-224) p. 169.
- ^ In 911 Leo VI granted a privilege to the monks of Teano, possibly owing to Eugenius' praise, c.f. Herbert Bloch (1946), "Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 3, pp. 169–70.
- ^ F. M. Warren (1912), "The Troubadour Canso and Latin Lyric Poetry", Modern Philology, 9(4), p. 481. J. E. Caerwyn Williams (1989/90), "The Nature Prologue in Welsh Court Poetry", Studia celtica, 24/25, p. 78, credits Eugenius as the first to connect the "nature prologue", which was later to be so important to the courtly love lyric, to a "love interest".
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