Calotomus carolinus: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
better |
Tom.Reding (talk | contribs) m →External links: WP:TREE cleanup++ and/or WP:GenFixes |
||
| (37 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
|||
{{Italic title}} |
|||
{{Speciesbox |
|||
{{Taxobox |
|||
| name = Carolines parrotfish |
|||
| image = Calotomus carolinus mâle.jpg |
| image = Calotomus carolinus mâle.jpg |
||
| image_size = |
|||
| image_caption = ''Calotomus carolinus'' male specimen |
| image_caption = ''Calotomus carolinus'' male specimen |
||
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 |
| status = LC |
||
| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
|||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Russell, B. |author2=Choat, J.H. |author3=Clements, K.D. |author4=Rocha, L.A. |author5=Myers, R. |author6=Lazuardi, M.E. |author7=Muljadi, A. |author8=Pardede, S. |author9=Rahardjo, P. |date=2012 |title=''Calotomus carolinus'' |volume=2012 |page=e.T190688A17798889 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190688A17798889.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> |
|||
| status_ref = <ref name="iucnredlist1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/190688/0 |title= Calotomus carolinus (Bucktooth, Bucktooth Parrotfish, Carolines Parrotfish, Christmas Parrotfish, Stareye Parrotfish, Starry-eye Parrotfish) |publisher=Iucnredlist.org |date=17 September 2009 |accessdate=7 February 2015}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
|||
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840) |
|||
| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
|||
*''Callyodon sandwicensis'' <small>Valenciennes, 1840</small> |
|||
| ordo = [[Perciforms]] |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| familia = [[Labridae]] |
|||
*''Callyodon genistriatus'' <small>Valenciennes, 1840</small> |
|||
| genus = ''[[Calotomus]]'' |
|||
*''Callyodon brachysoma'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1861</small> |
|||
| species = '''''C. carolinus''''' |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| binomial_authority = Valenciennes, 1840 |
|||
*''Calotomus irradians'' <small>[[Oliver Peebles Jenkins|Jenkins]], 1901</small> |
|||
| synonyms = |
|||
* |
*''Calotomus snyderi'' <small>Jenkins, 1903</small> |
||
* |
*''Scarichthys rarotongae'' <small>[[Alvin Seale|Seale]], 1906</small> |
||
* |
*''Cryptotomus albimarginatus'' <small>[[Pierre Fourmanoir|Fourmanoir]] & Guézé, 1961</small> |
||
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Calotomus|carolinus|month=December|year=2019}}</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
* ''Cryptotomus albimarginatus'' <small>([[Pierre Fourmanoir|Fourmanoir]] & Guézé, 1961)</small> |
|||
* ''Scarichthys rarotongae'' <small>(Seale, 1906)</small> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''''Calotomus carolinus''''', commonly known as '''Carolines parrotfish''', is a species of [[parrotfish]]. It is also known as the ''' |
'''''Calotomus carolinus''''', commonly known as '''Carolines parrotfish''', is a species of marine [[ray-finned fish]], a [[parrotfish]], in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Scaridae]]. It is also known as the '''starry-eye parrotfish''', '''stareye parrotfish''', '''bucktooth parrotfish''', '''Christmas parrotfish''' or '''marbled parrotfish'''. Since the Calotomus carolinus is known across the Pacific, it also has its own name in many native languages for example, it is called a panuhunuhunu in the Hawaiian language.<ref>CHD - Hawaiian-English - P (ulukau.org)</ref> |
||
==Description== |
==Description== |
||
[[File:Calotomus carolinus femelle.jpg|thumb|left|Female specimen]] |
[[File:Calotomus carolinus femelle.jpg|thumb|left|Female specimen]] |
||
The species is about {{convert|50|cm|in}} long. The species changes its appearance greatly during the transition to adulthood. Juveniles of the species are typically a mottled orangish-brown, with some pink shading. Adult males |
The species is about {{convert|50|cm|in}} long. The species changes its appearance greatly during the transition to adulthood. Juveniles of the species are typically a mottled orangish-brown, with some pink shading. Adult males, also known as terminal stage, are shades of blue or green, and have pink lines radiating from their eyes. Adult females, also known as the initial phase, are mottled brown and their eyes bulge out slightly.<ref name="marinelife">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinelifephotography.com/fishes/parrotfishes/calotomus-carolinus.htm |last= Stender |first=Keoki |title= Stareye Parrotfish, Calotomus carolinus |publisher=Marine Life Photography |date = 7 October 2012 |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Randall">{{cite book |last= Randall |first= John E. |title=Shore Fishes of Hawai'i |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press |year= 2010 |isbn= 0824834275 |page= 152}}</ref> Its jaws consist of pebble-like teeth fused into a beak for eating seaweed, but in juveniles the teeth are not yet fully fused and are visible on the outside of the dental plate.<ref name="Randall" /><ref name="whatsthatfish">{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsthatfish.com/fish/stareye-parrotfish/2047 |title= Stareye Parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus) |publisher=What's That Fish? |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> |
||
==Distribution== |
|||
{{clear left}} |
|||
''Calotomus carolinus'' has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from the coast of East Africa, although not in the [[Red Sea]] where it is replaced by ''[[Calotomus viridescens]]'', through the Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific Ocean around the [[Revillagigedo Islands|Revillagigedo]] and the [[Galapagos Islands]].<ref name = Fishbase/> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
The species is widely distributed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref name="iucnredlist1"/> It can typically be found as a single fish or in small groups, in shallow reefs or lagoons.<ref name="marinelife" /><ref name="whatsthatfish" /> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
''Calotomus carolinus'' can typically be found as a single fish or in small groups, in shallow reefs or lagoons.<ref name="marinelife" /><ref name="whatsthatfish" /> It occurs in subtidal reef flats, lagoons and seaward reefs down to depths of {{convert|27|m|ft}}, or more. Within the wider habitat this species can be found in areas of coral, rubble, seagrass and algae. It feeds on a variety of benthic encrusting algae, ''[[Padina (alga)|Padina]]'' and seagrasses. they can also be found in small schools, or even by itself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Alan |date=2018-02-12 |title=Stareye Parrotfish-Facts and Photographs |url=https://seaunseen.com/stareye-parrotfish/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Seaunseen |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a [[protogynous hermaphrodite]]<ref name = Fishbase/> The ''Calotomus carolinus'', along with many of its relatives, feeds on the seaweed and algae growing on the coral which is helpful to the reef ecosystems because most of the algae restrict the coral's growth, keeping it from fully maturing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alyssa |first=Shellie |title=What Role Do Parrotfish Play in Reef Ecosystems? |url=https://animals.mom.com/role-parrotfish-play-reef-ecosystems-11654.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Pets on Mom.com |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
==Naming and taxonomy== |
|||
''Calotomus carolinus'' was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Callyodon carolinus'' in 1840 by the [[French people|French]] [[zoologist]] [[Achille Valenciennes]] (1795-1865) with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the [[Caroline Islands]].<ref name = CofFS>{{cof record|spid=41162|title=''Callyodon carolinus''|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> When [[Charles Henry Gilbert]] described the genus ''[[Calotomus]]'' in 1890 he designated ''Calotomus xenodon'' as its [[type species]], thinking that the genus was [[monotypy|monotypic]], this was later shown to be a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] of ''C. carolinus''.<ref name = CofFG>{{Cof record|genid=4447|title=''Calotomus''|access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref> |
|||
== An example of gender change within the species == |
|||
Like a lot of its cousins, a ''Calotomus carolinus'' can undergo a sex change<ref name="ReferenceA">Gonochorism, protogynous sex-change and spawning in three sparisomatinine parrotfishes from the western Indian Ocean</ref> There are two phases (which has been mentioned above) are known as initial and terminal phase.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In a scientific study, there were 22 initial phase that were between 62 mm and 253 mm.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> when they grew up, they found out that there were only six terminal phasers, which were in between 240 mm and 270 mm.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the rest were secondary males.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This was a prime example of some of the difference between the two genders between these fish. |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Commons}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* {{SealifePhotos|219076}} |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2569577}} |
|||
[[Category:IUCN Red List least concern species]] |
|||
[[Category:Calotomus|carolinus]] |
|||
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] |
[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] |
||
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] |
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]] |
||
[[Category:Fish described in 1840]] |
|||
[[Category:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes]] |
|||
{{Labridae-stub}} |
|||
Latest revision as of 23:21, 20 December 2023
| Calotomus carolinus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Calotomus carolinus male specimen | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Labriformes |
| Family: | Scaridae |
| Genus: | Calotomus |
| Species: | C. carolinus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1840)
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Calotomus carolinus, commonly known as Carolines parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is also known as the starry-eye parrotfish, stareye parrotfish, bucktooth parrotfish, Christmas parrotfish or marbled parrotfish. Since the Calotomus carolinus is known across the Pacific, it also has its own name in many native languages for example, it is called a panuhunuhunu in the Hawaiian language.[3]
Description[edit]
The species is about 50 centimetres (20 in) long. The species changes its appearance greatly during the transition to adulthood. Juveniles of the species are typically a mottled orangish-brown, with some pink shading. Adult males, also known as terminal stage, are shades of blue or green, and have pink lines radiating from their eyes. Adult females, also known as the initial phase, are mottled brown and their eyes bulge out slightly.[4][5] Its jaws consist of pebble-like teeth fused into a beak for eating seaweed, but in juveniles the teeth are not yet fully fused and are visible on the outside of the dental plate.[5][6]
Distribution[edit]
Calotomus carolinus has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from the coast of East Africa, although not in the Red Sea where it is replaced by Calotomus viridescens, through the Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific Ocean around the Revillagigedo and the Galapagos Islands.[2]
Habitat and biology[edit]
Calotomus carolinus can typically be found as a single fish or in small groups, in shallow reefs or lagoons.[4][6] It occurs in subtidal reef flats, lagoons and seaward reefs down to depths of 27 metres (89 ft), or more. Within the wider habitat this species can be found in areas of coral, rubble, seagrass and algae. It feeds on a variety of benthic encrusting algae, Padina and seagrasses. they can also be found in small schools, or even by itself.[7] It is a protogynous hermaphrodite[2] The Calotomus carolinus, along with many of its relatives, feeds on the seaweed and algae growing on the coral which is helpful to the reef ecosystems because most of the algae restrict the coral's growth, keeping it from fully maturing.[8]
Naming and taxonomy[edit]
Calotomus carolinus was first formally described as Callyodon carolinus in 1840 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes (1795-1865) with the type locality given as the Caroline Islands.[9] When Charles Henry Gilbert described the genus Calotomus in 1890 he designated Calotomus xenodon as its type species, thinking that the genus was monotypic, this was later shown to be a synonyms of C. carolinus.[10]
An example of gender change within the species[edit]
Like a lot of its cousins, a Calotomus carolinus can undergo a sex change[11] There are two phases (which has been mentioned above) are known as initial and terminal phase.[11] In a scientific study, there were 22 initial phase that were between 62 mm and 253 mm.[11] when they grew up, they found out that there were only six terminal phasers, which were in between 240 mm and 270 mm.[11] and the rest were secondary males.[11] This was a prime example of some of the difference between the two genders between these fish.
References[edit]
- ^ Russell, B.; Choat, J.H.; Clements, K.D.; Rocha, L.A.; Myers, R.; Lazuardi, M.E.; Muljadi, A.; Pardede, S.; Rahardjo, P. (2012). "Calotomus carolinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T190688A17798889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190688A17798889.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Calotomus carolinus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ CHD - Hawaiian-English - P (ulukau.org)
- ^ a b Stender, Keoki (7 October 2012). "Stareye Parrotfish, Calotomus carolinus". Marine Life Photography. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ^ a b Randall, John E. (2010). Shore Fishes of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 152. ISBN 0824834275.
- ^ a b "Stareye Parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus)". What's That Fish?. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ^ Sutton, Alan (2018-02-12). "Stareye Parrotfish-Facts and Photographs". Seaunseen. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
- ^ Alyssa, Shellie. "What Role Do Parrotfish Play in Reef Ecosystems?". Pets on Mom.com. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Callyodon carolinus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Calotomus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Gonochorism, protogynous sex-change and spawning in three sparisomatinine parrotfishes from the western Indian Ocean
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calotomus carolinus.
Wikispecies has information related to Calotomus carolinus.
- Photos of Calotomus carolinus on Sealife Collection