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{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Tietz-Elberfeld Flora & Leonhard 19. Jhdt.jpg|thumb|Flora and Leonhard Tietz]]
[[File:Tietz-Elberfeld Flora & Leonhard 19. Jhdt.jpg|thumb|Flora and Leonhard Tietz]]
'''Leonhard Tietz''' was born on 3 March 1849 in [[Birnbaum an der Warthe]], [[Province of Posen]], [[Prussia]] (today [[Międzychód]], [[Poland]]) and died on 14 November 1914). He was a German merchant of [[Jew]]ish origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tietz Famiy |url=https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Family_Leonhard-Tietz_ENGL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927121334/https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Family_Leonhard-Tietz_ENGL.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-20}}</ref>
'''Leonhard Tietz''' (March 3 1849 - November 14 1914) was a German department store entrepreneur and art collector of [[Jew]]ish origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tietz Famiy |url=https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Family_Leonhard-Tietz_ENGL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927121334/https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Family_Leonhard-Tietz_ENGL.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Born in [[Birnbaum an der Warthe]], [[Province of Posen]], [[Prussia]] (today [[Międzychód]], [[Poland]]), Leonhard Tietz was the brother of [[Oscar Tietz|Oskar Tietz]] and a founding member of the Tietz Department store dynasty. On 14 August 1879, he opened his first department store in [[Stralsund]], with the idea of selling high-quality products at fixed prices for cash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tietz – Förderverein Historische Warenhäuser Wertheim und Tietz in Stralsund e.V. |url=https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/en/tietz-3 |access-date=2023-11-06 |language=en-GB |quote=Leonhard Tietz left the company “Winkelmann Nachfolger” for a payment of 3000 Talers. This was the seed money for his new beginning in Stralsund (close to the Baltic Sea in Eastern Germany). On 14 August 1879, Leonhard Tietz opened a small shop in Ossenreyerstrasse 31. I}}</ref> He was the first to introduce a [[money-back guarantee]]. In 1891, a shop was opened in [[Cologne]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}
On 14 August 1879, he opened his first department store in [[Stralsund]], with not much more than the idea that it should be possible to sell high quality products at fixed prices for cash. He was the first to introduce a [[money back guarantee]]. From 1891, a shop of his was to be found in [[Cologne]].


In 1905, his enterprise was transformed into a [[joint stock company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tietz – Förderverein Historische Warenhäuser Wertheim und Tietz in Stralsund e.V. |url=https://historische-warenhaeuser-stralsund.de/en/tietz-3 |access-date=2023-11-06 |language=en-GB |quote=On 17 March 1905, “Leonhard Tietz AG” (Corporation) was established, its starting capital comprising ten million marks. Six million marks came from Leonhard Tietz, one million each from his co-founders and brothers-in-law Sally and Max Baumann as well as from his cousins Louis Schloss and Willy Pintus. In the year 1909, shares of the “Leonhard Tietz AG” were traded at the Berlin stock exchange for the first time.}}</ref>
In 1905, his enterprise was transformed into a [[joint stock company]]. After his death, his son [[Alfred Leonhard Tietz]] was to lead the firm until 1933, when Hitler's Nazi Party [[Nazism|NSDAP]] came to power, and forced the "[[Aryanization (Nazism)|Aryanisation]]" of Jewish enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Re-assessment of Aryanization of Large Jewish Companies in Hitler's Reich, 1933-1935: The Role of Conservative, Non-Nazi Businessmen - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c7f9b9385c6133635c7b54bc5348a410/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=www.proquest.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kilian Huber, Volker Lindenthal, and Fabian Waldinger |date=2020 |title=Discrimination, Managers, and Firm Performance: Evidence from "Aryanizations" in Nazi Germany |url=https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BFI_WP_2020171.pdf |journal=}}</ref>


== Art collector ==
Harassment of Jewish-managed firms hurt Tietz' business.<ref>Stock Market Performance of Jewish Firms During the Third Reich https://www.wiwi.uni-konstanz.de/typo3temp/secure_downloads/85539/0/e1c9300496b7624a1c5f62720b94796f91d46780/Version25_1_.pdf</ref>
Tietz owned an art collection<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tietz |first=Leonhard |title=Modernes Kunstgewerbe Kunst-Ausstellung im Hause Leonhard Tietz A.-G., Düsseldorf |publisher=Leonhard Tietz Akt.-Ges, Düsseldorf |year=1908 |lccn=1106633751}}</ref> which included paintings by [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Paul Cézanne]]. In 1912 he lent a self portrait by van Gogh and a still-life by Cézanne ("Stilleben, Früchte mit Glas und Porsellanschale") to the famous Sonderbund Exhibition in Cologne ([[Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler|Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler zu Cöln]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sonderbund Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler |url=http://archive.org/details/internationaleku00sond |title=Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler zu Cöln, 1912 |date=1912 |publisher=Cöln a. Rhein : M. Dumont Schauberg |others=Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Library}}</ref>


== Legacy and loss ==
The business was renamed ''Westdeutsche Kaufhof AG'', but, in contrast to many other Jewish businesses, the internal structure was not changed.
After Tietz's death, his son [[Alfred Leonhard Tietz]] led the Tietz firm. In 1933, the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany and Jewish businesses were targeted.<ref>The Attack on Berlin Department Stores (Warenhaeuser) After 1933


Simone Ladwig-Winters
The Tietz family was [[disownment|forced to sell]] their shares under market value. They fled Nazi Germany. After the Allied victory, they received some compensation estimated at 5 million [[Deutsche Mark|DM]].


published by Yad Vashem
⚫
Today, the department store chain [[Galeria Kaufhof]] is the direct descendant of the tiny shop opened in 1879.


https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205622.pdf</ref>
== Literature ==
[https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/BFI_WP_2020171.pdf Discrimination, Managers, and Firm Performance: Evidence from “Aryanizations” in Nazi Germany] Kilian Huber, Volker Lindenthal, and Fabian Waldinger NOVEMBER 2020


The Nazi policy of racial discrimination and anti-semitic harassment of Jewish-managed firms hurt the Tietzs' department store and other businesses.<ref>Stock Market Performance of Jewish Firms During the Third Reich https://www.wiwi.uni-konstanz.de/typo3temp/secure_downloads/85539/0/e1c9300496b7624a1c5f62720b94796f91d46780/Version25_1_.pdf</ref> The business was renamed ''Westdeutsche Kaufhof AG.'' In an "[[Aryanization (Nazism)|Aryanisation]]" (the obligatory transfer of Jewish businesses to non-Jewish owners),<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Katin |first1=William M. |title=A Re-Assessment of Aryanization of Large Jewish Companies in Hitler's Reich, 1933-1935: The Role of Conservative, Non-Nazi Businessmen |date=2018 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32x21140 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Kilian |last2=Lindenthal |first2=Volker |last3=Waldinger |first3=Fabian |title=Discrimination, Managers, and Firm Performance: Evidence from 'Aryanizations' in Nazi Germany |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=1 September 2021 |volume=129 |issue=9 |pages=2455–2503 |doi=10.1086/714994 |s2cid=169530350 |url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1599.pdf }}</ref> the Tietz family was [[disownment|forced to sell]] their shares under market value. They fled Nazi Germany. After the Allied victory, they received some compensation estimated at 5 million [[Deutsche Mark|DM]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=HBC Heritage — Galeria Kaufhof |url=https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/acquisitions/galeria-kaufhof |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.hbcheritage.ca}}</ref>
⚫
== See also ==
⚫
[[Aryanization]]


⚫
Today, the department store chain [[Galeria Kaufhof]] is the direct descendant of the tiny shop opened in 1879.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
[[The Holocaust]]


⚫
== See also ==
⚫
[[Department stores by country|Department stores]]
⚫
*[[Aryanization]]

⚫
*[[The Holocaust]]
⚫
[[Tietz Department Store (Elberfeld)]]
⚫
*[[Department stores by country|Department stores]]
⚫
*[[Tietz Department Store (Elberfeld)]]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:German economists]]
[[Category:German economists]]
[[Category:German businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:German businesspeople in retailing]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
[[Category:19th-century German businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century German businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century German businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century German businesspeople]]

Latest revision as of 17:46, 23 January 2024

Flora and Leonhard Tietz

Leonhard Tietz (March 3 1849 - November 14 1914) was a German department store entrepreneur and art collector of Jewish origin.[1]

Biography[edit]

Born in Birnbaum an der Warthe, Province of Posen, Prussia (today Międzychód, Poland), Leonhard Tietz was the brother of Oskar Tietz and a founding member of the Tietz Department store dynasty. On 14 August 1879, he opened his first department store in Stralsund, with the idea of selling high-quality products at fixed prices for cash.[2] He was the first to introduce a money-back guarantee. In 1891, a shop was opened in Cologne.[citation needed]

In 1905, his enterprise was transformed into a joint stock company.[3]

Art collector[edit]

Tietz owned an art collection[4] which included paintings by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. In 1912 he lent a self portrait by van Gogh and a still-life by Cézanne ("Stilleben, Früchte mit Glas und Porsellanschale") to the famous Sonderbund Exhibition in Cologne (Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler zu Cöln).[5]

Legacy and loss[edit]

After Tietz's death, his son Alfred Leonhard Tietz led the Tietz firm. In 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany and Jewish businesses were targeted.[6]

The Nazi policy of racial discrimination and anti-semitic harassment of Jewish-managed firms hurt the Tietzs' department store and other businesses.[7] The business was renamed Westdeutsche Kaufhof AG. In an "Aryanisation" (the obligatory transfer of Jewish businesses to non-Jewish owners),[8][9] the Tietz family was forced to sell their shares under market value. They fled Nazi Germany. After the Allied victory, they received some compensation estimated at 5 million DM.[10]

Today, the department store chain Galeria Kaufhof is the direct descendant of the tiny shop opened in 1879.[10]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The Tietz Famiy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-27.
  2. ^ "Tietz – Förderverein Historische Warenhäuser Wertheim und Tietz in Stralsund e.V." Retrieved 2023-11-06. Leonhard Tietz left the company "Winkelmann Nachfolger" for a payment of 3000 Talers. This was the seed money for his new beginning in Stralsund (close to the Baltic Sea in Eastern Germany). On 14 August 1879, Leonhard Tietz opened a small shop in Ossenreyerstrasse 31. I
  3. ^ "Tietz – Förderverein Historische Warenhäuser Wertheim und Tietz in Stralsund e.V." Retrieved 2023-11-06. On 17 March 1905, "Leonhard Tietz AG" (Corporation) was established, its starting capital comprising ten million marks. Six million marks came from Leonhard Tietz, one million each from his co-founders and brothers-in-law Sally and Max Baumann as well as from his cousins Louis Schloss and Willy Pintus. In the year 1909, shares of the "Leonhard Tietz AG" were traded at the Berlin stock exchange for the first time.
  4. ^ Tietz, Leonhard (1908). Modernes Kunstgewerbe Kunst-Ausstellung im Hause Leonhard Tietz A.-G., Düsseldorf. Leonhard Tietz Akt.-Ges, Düsseldorf. LCCN 1106633751.
  5. ^ Sonderbund Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler (1912). Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler zu Cöln, 1912. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Library. Cöln a. Rhein : M. Dumont Schauberg.
  6. ^ The Attack on Berlin Department Stores (Warenhaeuser) After 1933 Simone Ladwig-Winters published by Yad Vashem https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205622.pdf
  7. ^ Stock Market Performance of Jewish Firms During the Third Reich https://www.wiwi.uni-konstanz.de/typo3temp/secure_downloads/85539/0/e1c9300496b7624a1c5f62720b94796f91d46780/Version25_1_.pdf
  8. ^ Katin, William M. (2018). A Re-Assessment of Aryanization of Large Jewish Companies in Hitler's Reich, 1933-1935: The Role of Conservative, Non-Nazi Businessmen (Thesis).
  9. ^ Huber, Kilian; Lindenthal, Volker; Waldinger, Fabian (1 September 2021). "Discrimination, Managers, and Firm Performance: Evidence from 'Aryanizations' in Nazi Germany" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 129 (9): 2455–2503. doi:10.1086/714994. S2CID 169530350.
  10. ^ a b "HBC Heritage — Galeria Kaufhof". www.hbcheritage.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-23.

External links[edit]


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