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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Yehoshua Yehudah Leib Diskin
| name = Moshe Yehoshua Yehudah Leib Diskin
| image = Yehoshua Leib Diskin.jpg
| image = Yehoshua Leib Diskin.jpg
| caption = [[Rabbi]] in [[Brest, Belarus|Brisk]] and [[Jerusalem]]
| caption = [[Rabbi]] in [[Brest, Belarus|Brisk]] and [[Jerusalem]]
| birth_date = 1818
| birth_date = {{birth date|1818|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Grodno]], [[Russian Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Grodno]], Russian Empire
| death_date = 1898
| death_date = {{death date and age|1898|1|23|1818|12|8}}
| death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Mutassarifate of Jerusalem]] ([[Ottoman Syria|Syrian provinces]]), [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_place = [[Jerusalem]], Mutassarifate of Jerusalem ([[Ottoman Syria|Syrian provinces]]), [[Ottoman Empire]]
| education =
| education =
| occupation =
| occupation =
| spouse =
| spouse =
| parents = Binyamin Diskin
| parents = Binyamin Diskin
| children =
| children =
}}
}}
'''Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin''' (1818–1898),<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Judaism and Economics|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0199889651|isbn=978-0199889655|author=Aaron Levine|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=R. Moses Joshua Judah Leib Diskin (Palestine, 1818–1898)}}</ref><ref name=MyHer>{{cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/person-2000636_2_2/rabbi-moshe-yehoshua-yehuda-leib-diskin|title=Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin|quote=Born: Dec 8 1818, In: Grodno, Belarus. Died: Jan 23 1898 ...In: Jerusalem, Israel}}</ref> also known as the '''Maharil Diskin''', was a leading [[rabbi]], [[Talmud]]ist, and [[Tanakh|Biblical]] commentator. He served as a rabbi in [[Łomża]], [[Międzyrzec Podlaski|Mezritch]], [[Kaunas|Kovno]], [[Shklov]], [[Brest, Belarus|Brisk]], and, finally, [[Jerusalem]], after moving to [[Eretz Yisrael]] in 1878.<ref name=JPost>{{cite web|title=World of the Sages: Fiery furnaces - Jewish World |website=JPost.com (Jerusalem Post)|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Judaism/World-of-the-Sages-Fiery-furnaces|date=August 20, 2009|quote=The tale is told of Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin (1818-1898), one of the leaders of the Old Yishuv, after arriving in Jerusalem in 1878 from Russia. Rabbi Diskin ...}}</ref> He opened what today is known as the [[Diskin Orphanage|Diskin Orphan Home]] in 1881.<ref name=JWA.arc>{{cite web|title=Pushke Boxes|website=JWA.org (Jewish Women's Archive)|url=https://jwa.org/communitystories/seattle/artifacts/pushke-boxes|quote=The Diskin Orphan Home was founded in Palestine in 1881 to care for Russian children fleeing persecution, and it still exists.|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>
'''Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin''' (1818–1898),<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.geni.com/people/R-Yehoshua-Leib-Diskin-A-B-D-Lomzha-Mezeritch-Kovno-Brisk/6000000000859620310
|title=Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin (1817 - 1898)
|quote=Also Known As: "Maharil Diskin"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=The Oxford Handbook of Judaism and Economics
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0199889651 |isbn=0199889651
|author=Aaron Levine |date=2010
|quote=R. Moses Joshua Judah Leib Diskin (Palestine, 1818–1898)}}</ref><ref name=MyHer>{{cite web
|url=https://www.myheritage.com/person-2000636_2_2/rabbi-moshe-yehoshua-yehuda-leib-diskin
|title=Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin
|quote=Born: Dec 8 1818, In: Grodno, Belarus. Died: Jan 23 1898 ...In: Jerusalem, Israel}}</ref> also known as the '''Maharil Diskin''', was a leading [[rabbi]], [[Talmud]]ist and [[Tanakh|Biblical]] commentator. He served as a rabbi in [[Łomża]], [[Międzyrzec Podlaski|Mezritch]], [[Kaunas|Kovno]], [[Shklov]], [[Brest, Belarus|Brisk]] and finally [[Jerusalem]], after moving to [[Eretz Yisrael]] in 1878.<ref name=JPost>{{cite web
|title=World of the Sages: Fiery furnaces - Jewish World |website=JPost.com (Jerusalem Post)
|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Judaism/World-of-the-Sages-Fiery-furnaces
|date=August 20, 2009
|quote=The tale is told of Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin (1818-1898), one of the leaders of the Old Yishuv after arriving in Jerusalem in 1878 from Russia. Rabbi Diskin ...}}</ref> He opened what today is known as the [[Diskin Orphanage|Diskin Orphan Home]] in 1881.<ref name=JWA.arc>{{cite web
|title=Pushke Boxes |website=JWA.org (Jewish Women's Archive)
|url=https://jwa.org/communitystories/seattle/artifacts/pushke-boxes
|quote=The Diskin Orphan Home was founded in Palestine in 1881 to care for Russian children fleeing persecution, and it still exists. |accessdate=October 23, 2018}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Yehoshua Leib Diskin was born on December 8, 1818,<ref name=MyHer/> in [[Hrodna|Grodno]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]]. His father, Binyamin Diskin, was rabbi of that city,<ref name=MishP>{{cite web|url=http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/3636/The-Wise-Will-Keep-Silent|title=The Wise Will Keep Silent|website=mishpacha.com (Mishpacha Jewish Family Weekly)|date=October 23, 2013|author=Rabbi Moshe Grylak|quote=..the home of the Gaon Rav Binyamin Diskin (the father of Rav Yehoshua Leib Diskin), the Rav of Horodna.|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306081200/http://mishpacha.com/browse/article/3636/the-wise-will-keep-silent|url-status=dead}} (also known as Grodno)</ref> then [[Volkovisk]],<ref name=Seraph>{{cite book|title=The Seraph of Brisk: The Life of the Holy Gaon Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1583307087|isbn=1583307087|author1=Shalom Me'ir ben Mordekhai Valakh (ha-Kohen)|author2=Yocheved Allswang|date=2004|publisher=Feldheim Publishers |quote=No matter how great the rabbi was, he would only permit an agunah to remarry if Rabbi Binyamin Diskin of Vilkovisk signed a letter stating that ...}}</ref> and later Łomża.<ref name=Pinto>{{cite web|title=Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin - The Rav of Brisk|website=HevratPinto.org|url=http://www.hevratpinto.org/tzadikim_eng/142_rabbi_yehoshua_leib_diskin.html}}</ref><ref>"|quote=Our Rav, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, was born on Kislev 10, 5579 (1818), to the Gaon Rabbi Binyamin, the Rav of Grodno and later of Lomza.</ref>
Diskin was born Dec. 8, 1818<ref name=MyHer/> in [[Hrodna|Grodno]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]]. His father, Binyamin Diskin, was rabbi of<ref>{{cite web |title=Rabbi Benjamin "the Great" Diskin
|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rabbi-Benjamin-the-Great-Diskin/6000000008468582874
|quote=Benjamin Diskin (1798 - 1844)}}</ref> that city,<ref name=MishP>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/3636/The-Wise-Will-Keep-Silent
|title=The Wise Will Keep Silent |website=mishpacha.com (Mishpacha Jewish Family Weekly)
|date=October 23, 2013 |author=Rabbi Moshe Grylak
|quote= ..the home of the Gaon Rav Binyamin Diskin (the father of Rav Yehoshua Leib Diskin), the Rav of Horodna.}} (also known as Grodno)</ref> then [[Volkovisk]]<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Seraph of Brisk: The Life of the Holy Gaon Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1583307087 |isbn=1583307087
|author1=Shalom Me'ir ben Mordekhai Valakh (ha-Kohen)
|author2=Yocheved Allswang |date=2004
|quote=No matter how great the rabbi was, he would only permit an agunah to remarry if Rabbi Binyamin Diskin of Vilkovisk signed a letter stating that ...}}</ref> and later Łomża.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin - The Rav of Brisk
|website=HevratPinto.org
|url=http://www.hevratpinto.org/tzadikim_eng/142_rabbi_yehoshua_leib_diskin.html
|quote=Our Rav, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, was born on Kislev 10, 5579 (1818) to the Gaon Rabbi Binyamin, the Rav of Grodno and later of Lomza.}}</ref>


He married Hinda Rachel, daughter of Rabbi Broder, and lived with his father-in-law in Wolkowitz. He received ''[[semikhah]]'' (rabbinic ordination) at the age of 18, and inherited his father's rabbinate of Łomża at the age of 25.
He was engaged before his [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] and at the age of fourteen he
married Hinda Rachel,<ref name=son/> daughter of Rabbi Brode and lived with his father-in-law in Wolkowitz. He received [[semicha|rabbinic ordination]] at the age of 18 and inherited his father's rabbinate of Łomża at the age of 25.


Diskin's second wife, Sarah, was known as the "Brisker Rebbetzin". She had a very strong mind, and came from a prestigious family descended from [[Yechezkel Landau]] (the "Nodah bi-Yehudah") and [[Joshua Zeitlin]]. She died in 1907.<ref name="The Last Rabbis of Brest">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Brest2/bre169.html |title=The Last Rabbis of Brest |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date=2005-08-18 |access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref> Diskin's brother Avraham Shmuel{{mdash}}born 1827 in Łomża, who later became a rabbi himself{{mdash}}pre-deceased him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10097-lomza-lomzha|title=Lomza (Lomzha)|author1=Herman Rosenthal|author2=J. G. Lipman|author3=S. Janovsky|quote=Abraham Samuel Diskin, another son of Benjamin Diskin, was born at Lomza in 1827, and became rabbi of Volkovisk (government of Grodno), where he died in 1887.}}</ref>
In 1878, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin left his rabbinical position in [[Brest-Litovsk]] and moved to Palestine,<ref name=JWA.arc/> where he became recognized as the leading Rabininic figure for the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi community]] of [[Jerusalem]]. The city's [[Old Yishuv|large religious community]] was then living under near impossible conditions. The persecution and disease from which the Jews of the Holy Land suffered moved Diskin to open a home for orphans in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]],<ref name=JWA.arc/> after bringing needy children into his own home.


==Rabbinic career==
The [[Diskin Orphanage]] (initially known as the ''Diskin Orphan Home''<ref name=JWA.arc/>) was formally established in 1881. From the [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarter]], it moved to [[Street of the Prophets]] outside the walls of the Old City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3712819,00.html |title=Orphanage which became a youth village |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref> Diskin's second wife, Sarah, known as the Brisker Rebbetzin, brought 40,000 rubles into the marriage which was used for the support of this institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Brest2/bre169.html |title=The Last Rabbis of Brest |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date=2005-08-18 |accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref><ref name="ynetnews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3334676,00.html |title=Jerusalem's ten most beautiful buildings |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref>
In 1878, Diskin left his rabbinical position in [[Brest-Litovsk]] and moved to [[Ottoman Palestine]],<ref name=JWA.arc/> where he became recognized as a leading rabbinic figure in the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi community]] of [[Jerusalem]]. In the 1880s, Diskin was offered the position of [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[New York City]], which he declined. Diskin established a [[yeshiva]] by the name of Ohel Moshe ({{literal translation|Tent of Moses}}).<ref name=Pinto/> He held the line against attempts by {{transl|he|[[maskilim]]}} (Jewish Enlightenment) to introduce secular institutions to Jerusalem. His son was Yitzhak Yerucham Diskin.


==Diskin Orphanage==
In the 1880s, Diskin was offered the position of [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[New York City]], which he declined.
The city's [[Old Yishuv|large religious community]] was then living under near impossible conditions. The persecution and disease from which the Jews of the Holy Land suffered moved Diskin to open a home for orphans in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]],<ref name=JWA.arc/> after bringing needy children into his own home. The [[Diskin Orphanage]] (initially known as the Diskin Orphan Home)<ref name=JWA.arc/> was formally established in 1881. From the [[Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)|Jewish Quarter]], it moved to [[Street of the Prophets]] outside the walls of the Old City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3712819,00.html|title=Orphanage which became a youth village|publisher=Ynet.co.il|date=1995-06-20|access-date=2014-03-11}}</ref> Diskin's second wife, Sarah (Sonia Rotner),<ref name=Seraph/><ref>p. 9</ref> known as the Brisker Rebbetzin, brought 40,000 rubles into the marriage which was used for the support of this institution.<ref name="The Last Rabbis of Brest"/><ref name="ynetnews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3334676,00.html |title=Jerusalem's ten most beautiful buildings |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |access-date=2014-03-11|last1=Aviram |first1=Nitza }}</ref>

Diskin's second wife, Sarah, was known as the "Brisker Rebbetzin." She had a very strong mind and came from a prestigious family descended from Rabbi [[Yechezkel Landau]] (the ''Nodah bi-Yehudah'') and [[Joshua Zeitlin]]. She died in 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Brest2/bre169.html |title=The Last Rabbis of Brest |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date=2005-08-18 |accessdate=2014-03-11}}</ref>

Diskin established a [[yeshiva]] by the name of Ohel Moshe, (''Tent of Moses''). He held the line against attempts by ''[[maskilim]]'' to introduce secular institutions to Jerusalem. His son was Rabbi Yitzhak Yerucham Diskin.<ref name=son>{{cite web |title=Rav Yitzhak Yeruham Yerucham Diskin (1839 - 1925)
|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rav-Yitzhak-Yeruham-Diskin/6000000008469305552
|quote=Rav Yitzhak Yeruham Yerucham Diskin ... son of R. Yehoshua Leib Diskin, A.B.D. Lomzha, Mezeritch, Kovno, Brisk and Hinda Rachel.}}</ref>

===Brother===
Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin had a brother, Avraham Shmuel, born 1827 in Lomza, later a rabbi. The brother predeceased his older brother.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10097-lomza-lomzha
|title=Lomza (Lomzha) |author1=Herman Rosenthal
|author2=J. G. Lipman |author3=S. Janovsky
|quote=Abraham Samuel Diskin, another son of Benjamin Diskin, was born at Lomza in 1827, and became rabbi of Volkovisk (government of Grodno), where he died in 1887.}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Diskin died Jan. 23, 1898 (29 Teveth).<ref name=MyHer/> He is buried on the [[Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery|Mount of Olives]] in Jerusalem, [[Israel]].
Diskin died on January 23, 1898 (29 Tevet 5658).<ref name=MyHer/> He is buried on the [[Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery|Mount of Olives]] in [[East Jerusalem]]. Diskin Street in the [[Sha'arei Hesed]] neighbourhood is named after him.

Y.L. Diskin Street in Jerusalem is named after him.

==Sources==
''Pillar of Fire - Episodes in the life of the Brisker Rav'' - [[ArtScroll]]


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diskin, Yehoshua Yehudah Leib}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diskin, Yehoshua Yehudah Leib}}
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Haredi rabbis in Europe]]
[[Category:Haredi rabbis in Europe]]
[[Category:Lithuanian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Lithuanian Haredi rabbis]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Ashkenazi rabbis in Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Polish Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Polish Haredi rabbis]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Lomza]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:People from Grodno]]
[[Category:People from Grodno]]
[[Category:Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives]]
[[Category:Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 10:18, 19 February 2024

Moshe Yehoshua Yehudah Leib Diskin
Born(1818-12-08)December 8, 1818
Grodno, Russian Empire
DiedJanuary 23, 1898(1898-01-23) (aged 79)
Jerusalem, Mutassarifate of Jerusalem (Syrian provinces), Ottoman Empire
ParentBinyamin Diskin

Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin (1818–1898),[1][2] also known as the Maharil Diskin, was a leading rabbi, Talmudist, and Biblical commentator. He served as a rabbi in Łomża, Mezritch, Kovno, Shklov, Brisk, and, finally, Jerusalem, after moving to Eretz Yisrael in 1878.[3] He opened what today is known as the Diskin Orphan Home in 1881.[4]

Biography[edit]

Yehoshua Leib Diskin was born on December 8, 1818,[2] in Grodno, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Binyamin Diskin, was rabbi of that city,[5] then Volkovisk,[6] and later Łomża.[7][8]

He married Hinda Rachel, daughter of Rabbi Broder, and lived with his father-in-law in Wolkowitz. He received semikhah (rabbinic ordination) at the age of 18, and inherited his father's rabbinate of Łomża at the age of 25.

Diskin's second wife, Sarah, was known as the "Brisker Rebbetzin". She had a very strong mind, and came from a prestigious family descended from Yechezkel Landau (the "Nodah bi-Yehudah") and Joshua Zeitlin. She died in 1907.[9] Diskin's brother Avraham Shmuel—born 1827 in Łomża, who later became a rabbi himself—pre-deceased him.[10]

Rabbinic career[edit]

In 1878, Diskin left his rabbinical position in Brest-Litovsk and moved to Ottoman Palestine,[4] where he became recognized as a leading rabbinic figure in the Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem. In the 1880s, Diskin was offered the position of Chief Rabbi of New York City, which he declined. Diskin established a yeshiva by the name of Ohel Moshe (lit.'Tent of Moses').[7] He held the line against attempts by maskilim (Jewish Enlightenment) to introduce secular institutions to Jerusalem. His son was Yitzhak Yerucham Diskin.

Diskin Orphanage[edit]

The city's large religious community was then living under near impossible conditions. The persecution and disease from which the Jews of the Holy Land suffered moved Diskin to open a home for orphans in the Old City,[4] after bringing needy children into his own home. The Diskin Orphanage (initially known as the Diskin Orphan Home)[4] was formally established in 1881. From the Jewish Quarter, it moved to Street of the Prophets outside the walls of the Old City.[11] Diskin's second wife, Sarah (Sonia Rotner),[6][12] known as the Brisker Rebbetzin, brought 40,000 rubles into the marriage which was used for the support of this institution.[9][13]

Death and legacy[edit]

Diskin died on January 23, 1898 (29 Tevet 5658).[2] He is buried on the Mount of Olives in East Jerusalem. Diskin Street in the Sha'arei Hesed neighbourhood is named after him.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Aaron Levine (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Judaism and Economics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199889655. R. Moses Joshua Judah Leib Diskin (Palestine, 1818–1898)
  2. ^ a b c "Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua Yehuda Leib Diskin". Born: Dec 8 1818, In: Grodno, Belarus. Died: Jan 23 1898 ...In: Jerusalem, Israel
  3. ^ "World of the Sages: Fiery furnaces - Jewish World". JPost.com (Jerusalem Post). August 20, 2009. The tale is told of Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin (1818-1898), one of the leaders of the Old Yishuv, after arriving in Jerusalem in 1878 from Russia. Rabbi Diskin ...
  4. ^ a b c d "Pushke Boxes". JWA.org (Jewish Women's Archive). Retrieved October 23, 2018. The Diskin Orphan Home was founded in Palestine in 1881 to care for Russian children fleeing persecution, and it still exists.
  5. ^ Rabbi Moshe Grylak (October 23, 2013). "The Wise Will Keep Silent". mishpacha.com (Mishpacha Jewish Family Weekly). Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2018. ..the home of the Gaon Rav Binyamin Diskin (the father of Rav Yehoshua Leib Diskin), the Rav of Horodna. (also known as Grodno)
  6. ^ a b Shalom Me'ir ben Mordekhai Valakh (ha-Kohen); Yocheved Allswang (2004). The Seraph of Brisk: The Life of the Holy Gaon Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 1583307087. No matter how great the rabbi was, he would only permit an agunah to remarry if Rabbi Binyamin Diskin of Vilkovisk signed a letter stating that ...
  7. ^ a b "Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin - The Rav of Brisk". HevratPinto.org.
  8. ^ "|quote=Our Rav, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, was born on Kislev 10, 5579 (1818), to the Gaon Rabbi Binyamin, the Rav of Grodno and later of Lomza.
  9. ^ a b "The Last Rabbis of Brest". Jewishgen.org. 2005-08-18. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  10. ^ Herman Rosenthal; J. G. Lipman; S. Janovsky. "Lomza (Lomzha)". Abraham Samuel Diskin, another son of Benjamin Diskin, was born at Lomza in 1827, and became rabbi of Volkovisk (government of Grodno), where he died in 1887.
  11. ^ "Orphanage which became a youth village". Ynet.co.il. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  12. ^ p. 9
  13. ^ Aviram, Nitza (1995-06-20). "Jerusalem's ten most beautiful buildings". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.

External links[edit]