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'''Maria Rutkiewicz''' (July |
{{Short description|Polish communist, editor and radio operator}} |
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'''Maria Rutkiewicz''' (22 July 1917 – 27 June 2007) was a Polish communist and an editor. During the [[Nazi occupation of Poland]], she was a radio operator with the Polish resistance. |
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== Early years and World War II == |
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== Biograhical details == |
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Maria Rutkiewicz |
Maria Rutkiewicz was born in [[Brześć nad Bugiem]] (now Brest, Belarus) to Teresa and Mieczysław Kamieniecki in a well-educated, liberal family.<ref name="morley">[[Peter Morley (filmmaker)|Peter Morley]], [http://static.bafta.org/files/peter-morley-a-life-rewound-part-4-194.pdf "Peter Morley - A Life Rewound" Part 4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202024/http://static.bafta.org/files/peter-morley-a-life-rewound-part-4-194.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }} (PDF) British Academy of Film and Television Arts (2006), pp. 241–245. Retrieved September 29, 2011</ref><ref>[http://katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl/showDetails.do?lastName=starewicz&idx=&katalogId=0&subpageKatalogId=1&pageNo=1&osobaId=26186& Directory of executive positions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228092750/http://katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl/showDetails.do?lastName=starewicz&idx=&katalogId=0&subpageKatalogId=1&pageNo=1&osobaId=26186& |date=2014-02-28 }} Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Retrieved October 1, 2011 {{in lang|pl}}</ref> Her older siblings were active in a [[socialism|socialist]]/[[communism|communist]] circle and in 1936, she joined the [[Communist Party of Poland]]. In 1938, she and another active Party member, Wincenty Jan Rutkiewicz, known as "Wicek", were married. It was a difficult time. [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]] had eliminated a number of the Polish Communist Party's leaders and in 1939, Hitler [[Invasion of Poland|invaded the country]]. Thousands of Polish soldiers were sent to German [[prisoner of war]] camps and there was an order to eliminate the Polish [[intelligentsia]], that spelled out who was in danger. |
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{{cquote |text=The term Polish intelligentsia covers primarily Polish priests, teachers, lecturers, doctors, dentists, veterinary surgeons, officers, executives, businessmen, landowners, writers, journalists, plus all persons who have received a higher or secondary education. |author=quoted in ''Peter Morley – A Life Rewound''}} |
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With her husband, then a soldier, taken prisoner of war, Rutkiewicz fled to [[Bialystok]] in Russian-occupied Poland. After Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, she fled to Moscow and was recruited into the initiative group of the [[Polish Workers' Party]] (PPR) and trained as a radio operator. She joined a cell of Polish communists led by [[Marceli Nowotko]] that was to parachute into Poland and work in the communist resistance.<ref name="morley" /> After one practice jump, the group landed outside Warsaw in the early hours of 28 December 1941. Her husband joined her in Warsaw, having escaped his imprisonment. |
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She was caught and sent to [[Pawiak]], pregnant at the time with twins and about to give birth. They were born at the prison. Her husband was also arrested, but was sent to [[Auschwitz]]. Before he perished in a bombing raid, she was able to bribe a guard to take a photo of her with the babies and have it smuggled to her husband.<ref name="morley" /> |
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The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] was crushed in May 1943, the Nazis turned their attention to the Polish underground. All but one of Nowotko's cell were caught and shot. Wicek Rutkiewicz was arrested in July and sent to Auschwitz; in September 1943, the [[Gestapo]] burst in on a pregnant Maria Rutkiewicz transmitting radio messages to Moscow. She was beaten, arrested and taken to [[Pawiak]] prison, but then brought back to Gestapo headquarters for interrogation, which included more beatings. The Gestapo told her that because of her condition, they would be humane and only beat her about the face. When she was returned to the prison, the supervisor was unable to recognize her.<ref name="morley" /> |
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After the war, she was married to a diplomat and lived in London for several years. She died June 27, 2007. |
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Rutkiewicz had been told she would be shot. Meanwhile, she found out she was carrying twins. Polish doctors befriended her and persuaded the Germans to postpone her execution till after the babies were born, twins being a "medical opportunity" for Nazi doctors. Rutkiewicz gave birth on 16 February 1944 to a boy and a girl. She soon learned through the prison underground that her husband had no idea what had become of her and was desperately trying to find out. With the help of a criminal prisoner, she managed to have a photograph taken of herself with the babies, which she then was able to smuggle to her husband in Auschwitz. As the war progressed and the Nazis began to sense defeat, their focus was on destroying documents and the evidence of their crimes. Despite fears she would soon be executed, Maria Rutkiewicz was able to leave the prison with her babies in summer 1944.<ref name="morley" /> |
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Though her husband survived Auschwitz, he was murdered at [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] at the end of the war. Rutkiewicz also lost her mother and two brothers. Her mother was shot by Nazis; one brother was killed in the army in 1939 and the other fought in the [[French resistance]], was captured and murdered at Auschwitz.<ref name="morley" /> |
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==Postwar years== |
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{{unreferenced section|date=September 2017}} |
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After the war, Rutkiewicz worked for the [[Central Committee]] of the PPR/[[PZPR]] and the [[Union of Polish Youth]] as a secretary, later becoming an editor. She worked at ''[[Iskra]]'' and ''Gromady''. |
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She was later married to Artur Starewicz, [[Republic of Poland Ambassador to the United Kingdom|Polish ambassador to the United Kingdom]] from 1972 to 1978, and lived in London. In 1978, she was featured in a British television series called ''Women of Courage'' about four women who risked their lives in standing up to the Nazis.<ref name="morley"/> The other women were [[Mary Lindell]], a British woman; [[Sigrid Helliesen Lund]], a Norwegian; and [[Hiltgunt Zassenhaus]], a German. |
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Maria Rutkiewicz died on 27 June 2007, at age 89. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Polish resistance movement in World War II]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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* Piotr Gontarczyk, ''Polska Partia Robotnicza. Droga do władzy 1941-1944'', Warsaw (2003) {{ |
* Piotr Gontarczyk, ''Polska Partia Robotnicza. Droga do władzy 1941-1944'', Warsaw (2003) {{in lang|pl}} |
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[[Category:Polish communists]] |
[[Category:Polish communists]] |
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[[Category:Polish editors]] |
[[Category:Polish women editors]] |
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[[Category:1917 births]] |
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[[Category:2007 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Polish resistance members of World War II]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Polish women]] |
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[[Category:Polish expatriates in the United Kingdom]] |
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Latest revision as of 17:01, 10 March 2024
Maria Rutkiewicz (22 July 1917 – 27 June 2007) was a Polish communist and an editor. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, she was a radio operator with the Polish resistance.
Early years and World War II[edit]
Maria Rutkiewicz was born in Brześć nad Bugiem (now Brest, Belarus) to Teresa and Mieczysław Kamieniecki in a well-educated, liberal family.[1][2] Her older siblings were active in a socialist/communist circle and in 1936, she joined the Communist Party of Poland. In 1938, she and another active Party member, Wincenty Jan Rutkiewicz, known as "Wicek", were married. It was a difficult time. Joseph Stalin's Great Purge had eliminated a number of the Polish Communist Party's leaders and in 1939, Hitler invaded the country. Thousands of Polish soldiers were sent to German prisoner of war camps and there was an order to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, that spelled out who was in danger.
The term Polish intelligentsia covers primarily Polish priests, teachers, lecturers, doctors, dentists, veterinary surgeons, officers, executives, businessmen, landowners, writers, journalists, plus all persons who have received a higher or secondary education.
— quoted in Peter Morley – A Life Rewound
With her husband, then a soldier, taken prisoner of war, Rutkiewicz fled to Bialystok in Russian-occupied Poland. After Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, she fled to Moscow and was recruited into the initiative group of the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and trained as a radio operator. She joined a cell of Polish communists led by Marceli Nowotko that was to parachute into Poland and work in the communist resistance.[1] After one practice jump, the group landed outside Warsaw in the early hours of 28 December 1941. Her husband joined her in Warsaw, having escaped his imprisonment.
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was crushed in May 1943, the Nazis turned their attention to the Polish underground. All but one of Nowotko's cell were caught and shot. Wicek Rutkiewicz was arrested in July and sent to Auschwitz; in September 1943, the Gestapo burst in on a pregnant Maria Rutkiewicz transmitting radio messages to Moscow. She was beaten, arrested and taken to Pawiak prison, but then brought back to Gestapo headquarters for interrogation, which included more beatings. The Gestapo told her that because of her condition, they would be humane and only beat her about the face. When she was returned to the prison, the supervisor was unable to recognize her.[1]
Rutkiewicz had been told she would be shot. Meanwhile, she found out she was carrying twins. Polish doctors befriended her and persuaded the Germans to postpone her execution till after the babies were born, twins being a "medical opportunity" for Nazi doctors. Rutkiewicz gave birth on 16 February 1944 to a boy and a girl. She soon learned through the prison underground that her husband had no idea what had become of her and was desperately trying to find out. With the help of a criminal prisoner, she managed to have a photograph taken of herself with the babies, which she then was able to smuggle to her husband in Auschwitz. As the war progressed and the Nazis began to sense defeat, their focus was on destroying documents and the evidence of their crimes. Despite fears she would soon be executed, Maria Rutkiewicz was able to leave the prison with her babies in summer 1944.[1]
Though her husband survived Auschwitz, he was murdered at Sachsenhausen at the end of the war. Rutkiewicz also lost her mother and two brothers. Her mother was shot by Nazis; one brother was killed in the army in 1939 and the other fought in the French resistance, was captured and murdered at Auschwitz.[1]
Postwar years[edit]
 |
After the war, Rutkiewicz worked for the Central Committee of the PPR/PZPR and the Union of Polish Youth as a secretary, later becoming an editor. She worked at Iskra and Gromady.
She was later married to Artur Starewicz, Polish ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1972 to 1978, and lived in London. In 1978, she was featured in a British television series called Women of Courage about four women who risked their lives in standing up to the Nazis.[1] The other women were Mary Lindell, a British woman; Sigrid Helliesen Lund, a Norwegian; and Hiltgunt Zassenhaus, a German.
Maria Rutkiewicz died on 27 June 2007, at age 89.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Peter Morley, "Peter Morley - A Life Rewound" Part 4 Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) British Academy of Film and Television Arts (2006), pp. 241–245. Retrieved September 29, 2011
- ^ Directory of executive positions Archived 2014-02-28 at the Wayback Machine Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Retrieved October 1, 2011 (in Polish)
Further reading[edit]
- Piotr Gontarczyk, Polska Partia Robotnicza. Droga do władzy 1941-1944, Warsaw (2003) (in Polish)
