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{{Short description|Organization for barcode standards}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{third-party|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox company
{{Advert|date=July 2015}}
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| type = Not-for-profit organisation
| industry = Standards
| num_locations = 116 offices worldwide<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38498700|title=How the barcode changed retailing and manufacturing|last=Harford|first=Tim|date=2017-01-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-28|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319110851/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38498700|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gs1.org/articles/2510/gs1-grows-by-adding-two-new-member-organisations|title=GS1 grows by adding two new Member Organisations &#124; GS1|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021224427/https://www.gs1.org/articles/2510/gs1-grows-by-adding-two-new-member-organisations|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founded = {{start date and age|26 April 1974}}
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| key_people = Renaud de Barbuat ([[CEO]])
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{{merge from|GEPIR|date=October 2015}}


'''GS1''' is a neutral, not-for-profit, international organization that develops and maintains standards for [[Supply Chain|supply and demand chains]] across multiple sectors.
'''GS1''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|not-for-profit]], international organization developing and maintaining its own standards for barcodes and the corresponding issue company prefixes. The best known of these standards is the [[barcode]], a symbol printed on products that can be scanned electronically.


GS1 has 116 local member organizations and over 2 million user companies. Its main office is in Brussels ([[Avenue Louise]]).
With local Member Organizations in over 110 countries,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gs1.org/about/annual-report | publisher =GS1 | title = GS1 Annual Report | accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref> GS1 works with communities of trading partners, industry organizations, governments and technology providers and responds to their business needs through the adoption and implementation of global standards.


==History==
GS1 has over a million member companies across the world, executing more than five billion transactions daily using GS1 standards.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gs1.org/about | publisher =GS1 | title = About GS1| accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
In 1969, the retail industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution.
[[File:GS1 Corporate Small RGB 2014-12-17.png|alt= GS1 logo, the global language of business|thumb|GS1 Logo]]


In 1973, the [[Universal Product Code]] (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification. In 1974, the [[GS1 US|Uniform Code Council (UCC)]] was founded to administer the standard.<ref name=":0"/> On 26 June 1974, a pack of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]'s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/history-bar-code-180956704/|title=The History of the Bar Code|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2017-04-28|language=en|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507094628/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/history-bar-code-180956704/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==GS1 standards==
Most companies initially come to GS1 to get a [[bar code]] number for their products. However, GS1 standards provide a much wider framework for supply chain visibility. The current architecture of GS1 standards is as follows:
* Identify: Standards for the identification of items, locations, shipments, assets, etc.. and associated data
* Capture: Standards for encoding and capturing data in physical data carriers such as barcodes and RFID tags
* Share: Standards for sharing data between parties
GS1 identification standards do not provide identification of country of origin for a given product. Member companies may manufacture products anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Citation | contribution = Prefix list | contribution-url = http://www.gs1.org/productssolutions/barcodes/support/prefix_list.html | title = BarCodes & Identification | publisher = GS1}}.</ref>


In 1976, the original 12-digit code was expanded to 13 digits, which allowed the identification system to be used outside the U.S. In 1977, the [[International Article Number|European Article Numbering Association (EAN)]] was established in Brussels, with founding members from 12 countries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://40.gs1.org/historic-timeline.php|title=Historic Timeline - GS1 40th Anniversary|website=40.gs1.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717103404/http://40.gs1.org/historic-timeline.php|archive-date=2019-07-17}}</ref>
==Links to other international standards organisations==
GS1 partners with the following international standard bodies:
* [[ISO]], the International Organization for Standardization. GS1 is approved to submit standards as Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) through the JTC1 PAS Transposition Process.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=8913248&objAction=browse&sort=name | publisher=ISO | title = Approved PAS Submitters | accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
* ISO/IEC JTC 1, the Joint Technical Committee responsible for information and communication technology standards
* [[UN/CEFACT]], the United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business
* [[ITU-T]], the International Telecommunications Union standardization sector


In 1990, EAN and UCC signed a global cooperation agreement and expanded their overall presence to 45 countries. In 1999, EAN and UCC launched the [[Auto-ID Labs|Auto-ID Centre]] to develop [[Electronic Product Code|Electronic Product Code (EPC)]], enabling GS1 standards to be used for RFID.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gs1.org/about/how-we-got-here|title=How we got here|last=Anonymous|date=2014-12-18|website=www.gs1.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519141938/http://www.gs1.org/about/how-we-got-here|url-status=live}}</ref>
==History==

Key dates in GS1's history are as follows:<ref name="timeline">{{cite web | url=http://40.gs1.org/historic-timeline.php | publisher =GS1 | title = Historic Timeline | accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
In 2004, EAN and UCC launched the [[Global Data Synchronization Network|Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN)]], a global, internet-based initiative that enables trading partners to efficiently exchange product master data.<ref name=":1" />
* 1973: Industry leaders in the United States select a single standard for product identification—the Universal Product Code symbol—over seven other options. Still in use today, the U.P.C. was the first GS1 barcode.

* 1974: The Uniform Code Council (UCC) is established in the United States as a not-for-profit standards organization
By 2005, the organisation was present in over 90 countries, and it started to use the name GS1 on a worldwide basis. Whilst "GS1" is not an acronym, it refers to the organisation offering one global system of standards.<ref name=":1" />
* 1974: A pack of [[Wrigley Company|Wrigley]]'s gum becomes the first product to be scanned with a GS1 barcode in a Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio, United States.

* 1977: The [[European Article Numbering]] (EAN) Association is established as an international not-for-profit standards organization. With a head office in Brussels, Belgium, the EAN Association has 12 founding Member Organizations from European countries.
In August 2018, the GS1 Web URI Structure Standard was ratified, allowing unique ID's to be added to products by storing a URI (a webpage-like address) as a QR code.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gs1.org/docs/Digital-Link/GS1_Web_URI_Standard_i1_r_2018-07-17.pdf|title=GS1 Web URI Structure Standard|website=GS1|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808200818/https://www.gs1.org/docs/Digital-Link/GS1_Web_URI_Standard_i1_r_2018-07-17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1990: The Uniform Code Council (UCC) and EAN International (EAN) sign a cooperative agreement formalizing their intent to co-manage global standards.

* 2005: A new name for the organization, GS1, is launched worldwide.
== Barcodes ==
[[File:Gs1-barcodes.png|thumb|The GS1 barcodes]]
[[Barcode]]s defined by GS1 standards are very common.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BizOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|title=Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Third Edition|last=Robertson|first=Gordon L.|date=2016-04-19|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439862421|language=en}}</ref> GS1 introduced the barcode in 1974.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.gs1.org/about|title=GS1 - Organisation that manages the barcode standard used by retailers, manufacturers and suppliers|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401090204/https://www.gs1.org/about|url-status=live}}</ref> A barcode encodes a product identification number that can be [[barcode reader|scanned electronically]], making it easier for products to be tracked, processed, and stored.

Barcodes improve the efficiency, safety, speed and visibility of supply chains across physical and digital channels. They have a crucial role in the retail industry, including today's online marketplaces, moving beyond just faster checkout to improved inventory and delivery management, and the opportunity to sell online on a global scale. In the UK alone, the introduction of the barcode in the retail industry has resulted in savings of 10.5&nbsp;billion pounds per year.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=GS1UK|title=Ever wondered what the GS1 barcode has done for you?|date=2013-12-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJa3_ExVFPE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/XJa3_ExVFPE |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-04-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Some of the barcodes that GS1 developed and manages are: [[International Article Number|EAN]]/[[Universal Product Code|UPC]] (used mainly on consumer goods), GS1 [[Data Matrix]] (used mainly on healthcare products), [[Code 128|GS1-128]], [[GS1 DataBar]], and GS1 QR Code. Notably, GS1 barcodes can hold more than just a single numerical identifiers, as GS1 has defined a modular & arbitrarily combinable semantic encoding of defined data within GS1 barcodes through the publication of over 150 "Application Identifiers" (AI).<ref name="genspecs.pdf">{{cite web |title=GS1 General Specifications Standard |url=https://ref.gs1.org/standards/genspecs/ |publisher=GS1 |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511115333/https://ref.gs1.org/standards/genspecs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These AIs allow encoding of details such as the [[GTIN]] - AI:(01), the "Country of Origin" - AI:(422), and the "Expiration date" - AI:(17), amongst many other possibilities, including [[URLs]] - AI:(8200).<ref name="genspecs.pdf" />

== Standards ==
The most influential GS1 standard is the [[Global Trade Item Number|GTIN]]. It identifies products uniquely around the world and forms the base of the GS1 system.

Main GS1 standards are as follows:
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* [[Application Level Events | Application Level Events (ALE)]]
* Core Business Vocabulary (CBV)
* [[International Article Number|EAN]]/[[Universal Product Code|UPC]] barcodes
* [[Electronic Product Code|EPC/RFID tags]]
* [[EPCIS]]
* [[GEPIR]]
* Global Data Model
* [[Global Data Synchronization Network|Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN)]]
* Global Document Type Identifier (GDTI)
* Global Individual Asset Identifier (GIAI)
* Global Identification Number for Consignment (GINC)
* [[Global Location Number|Global Location Number (GLN)]]
* Global Product Classification (GPC)
* Global Returnable Asset Identifier (GRAI)
* Global Service Relationship Number (GSRN)
* Global Shipment Identification Number (GSIN)
* [[Global Trade Item Number|Global Trade Item Number (GTIN)]]
* GS1-128
* [[GS1 DataBar]]
* [[Data Matrix|GS1 DataMatrix]]
* GS1 Digital Link
* [[GS1 EDI]]
* [[ITF-14]]
* Low-Level Reader Protocol (LLRP)
* Object Name Service (ONS)
* [[Serial Shipping Container Code|Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC)]]
{{colend}}
Many GS1 standards are also [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standards, including the [[Global Trade Item Number|GTIN]], [[Global Location Number|GLN]], and [[Serial shipping container code|SSCC]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/organizations-in-cooperation-with-iso.html|title=Organizations in cooperation with ISO|website=www.iso.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405063354/https://www.iso.org/organizations-in-cooperation-with-iso.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

GS1 also acts as the secretariat for ISO's Automatic identification and data capture techniques technical committee ([[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/committee/45332.html|title=ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques|website=www.iso.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=11 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511185735/https://www.iso.org/committee/45332.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

GS1 standards are developed and maintained through the GS1 Global Standards Management Process (GSMP), a community-based forum that brings together representatives from different industries and businesses.

== Industries ==

=== Retail and marketplaces ===
[[Retail]] was the first industry that GS1 began working with and has remained their primary focus. Today, GS1 operates in four retail sub-sectors on a global level: [[Clothing|Apparel]], Fresh Foods, [[Fast-moving consumer goods|CPG]] and [[General line of merchandise|General Merchandise]].

Key focus areas in retail include [[sustainability]], [[data quality]], compliance with regulatory requirements, [[traceability]] of products<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gs1india.org/content/traceability |title=Traceability |date=2020-01-27 |accessdate=2021-06-27 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627120227/https://www.gs1india.org/content/traceability |url-status=live }}</ref> from their origin through delivery, and upstream integration between manufacturers and suppliers.

As consumers are recurring to [[e-commerce]] more often throughout the years, GS1 has developed standards that uniquely identify products for the benefit of consumers and for search engines, providing accurate and complete product information digitally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://apparel.edgl.com/news/Tackling-Disruptive-Forces-through-Industry-Collaboration--108651|title=Tackling Disruptive Forces through Industry Collaboration|last=Communications|first=Edgell|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204190604/http://apparel.edgl.com/news/Tackling-Disruptive-Forces-through-Industry-Collaboration--108651|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major e-commerce companies such as eBay, Amazon and Google Shopping require companies to use a GS1 GTIN to sell on their websites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pages.ebay.com/sellerinformation/news/springupdate2015/product-identifiers.html|title=Product Identifiers {{!}} eBay Seller Center|website=pages.ebay.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514081447/http://pages.ebay.com/sellerinformation/news/springupdate2015/product-identifiers.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repricerexpress.com/product-upcs-gtins/|title=Amazon Announcement: Product UPCs and GTINs - RepricerExpress|website=www.repricerexpress.com|date=30 June 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116194859/https://www.repricerexpress.com/product-upcs-gtins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://commerce.googleblog.com/2015/09/reach-more-customers-online-add-gtins.html|title=Reach more customers online: Add GTINs to your Google Shopping data feed|work=Google Commerce|access-date=2017-04-28|language=en-US|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730174836/https://commerce.googleblog.com/2015/09/reach-more-customers-online-add-gtins.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
Since 2005, GS1 has operated in [[Health care|Healthcare]] with the primary objective to enhance patient safety, and to drive supply chain efficiencies.

More than 70 countries have healthcare-related regulations or trading partner requirements where GS1 standards are being used for the above reasons as well for medicines as medical devices. Members of GS1 Healthcare include more than 140 leading healthcare organisations worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gs1.org/healthcare|title=Healthcare|last=Anonymous|date=2014-12-23|website=www.gs1.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507185312/http://www.gs1.org/healthcare|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other industries ===
GS1 operates three other key industries globally: Transport & Logistics, [[Food service]] and Technical Industries. GS1's 116 Member Organisations in over 116 countries around the world collectively focus on dozens of industry sectors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gs1.org/1/strategy/|title=GS1 Strategy|website=www.gs1.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131351/https://www.gs1.org/1/strategy/|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of GS1 country codes]]
* [[List of GS1 country codes]]
* [[Global Trade Item Number]]
* [[Global Document Type Identifier]]
* [[Global Location Number]]
* [[Global Data Synchronization Network]] (GDSN)
* [[Global Electronic Party Information Register]] (GEPIR)
* [[Serial Shipping Container Code]]
* [[GS1 EDI]]
* [[EPCglobal]]: global standards for RFID object tags
* [[Global Product Classification]] GPC
* [[GS1 US]] maintainer of [[Universal Product Code]] (UPC numbers)


==References==
==Notes and references==
{{Reflist |64em}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.gs1.org www.gs1.org]
{{Commons category|GS1}}

* {{official website|http://www.gs1.org/}}
{{Authority control}}
* {{Citation | contribution-url = http://www.gs1.org/about/media_centre/timeline | publisher = GS1 | title = About | contribution = Organization timeline}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.gs1.org/docs/annual_report/GS1_Annual_Report_2014.pdf | publisher = GS1 | title = Annual Report (2013–2014) | format = [[Portable document format|PDF]]}}.


[[Category:GS1| ]]
[[Category:GS1| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Brussels]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1974]]
[[Category:Standards organizations]]
[[Category:Standards organizations]]

[[Category:Barcodes]]
[[Category:Identifiers]]
[[es:EAN]]
[[Category:E-commerce]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:B2B]]

Latest revision as of 10:47, 24 March 2024

GS1
Company typeNot-for-profit organisation
IndustryStandards
Founded26 April 1974; 50 years ago (26 April 1974)
HeadquartersBrussels, Belgium
Number of locations
116 offices worldwide[1][2]
Key people
Renaud de Barbuat (CEO)
Revenue30,662,000 Euro (2021) Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.gs1.org

GS1 is a not-for-profit, international organization developing and maintaining its own standards for barcodes and the corresponding issue company prefixes. The best known of these standards is the barcode, a symbol printed on products that can be scanned electronically.

GS1 has 116 local member organizations and over 2 million user companies. Its main office is in Brussels (Avenue Louise).

History[edit]

In 1969, the retail industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution.

In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification. In 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard.[1] On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley's chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop.[1][3]

In 1976, the original 12-digit code was expanded to 13 digits, which allowed the identification system to be used outside the U.S. In 1977, the European Article Numbering Association (EAN) was established in Brussels, with founding members from 12 countries.[4]

In 1990, EAN and UCC signed a global cooperation agreement and expanded their overall presence to 45 countries. In 1999, EAN and UCC launched the Auto-ID Centre to develop Electronic Product Code (EPC), enabling GS1 standards to be used for RFID.[5]

In 2004, EAN and UCC launched the Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN), a global, internet-based initiative that enables trading partners to efficiently exchange product master data.[4]

By 2005, the organisation was present in over 90 countries, and it started to use the name GS1 on a worldwide basis. Whilst "GS1" is not an acronym, it refers to the organisation offering one global system of standards.[4]

In August 2018, the GS1 Web URI Structure Standard was ratified, allowing unique ID's to be added to products by storing a URI (a webpage-like address) as a QR code.[6]

Barcodes[edit]

The GS1 barcodes

Barcodes defined by GS1 standards are very common.[7] GS1 introduced the barcode in 1974.[8] A barcode encodes a product identification number that can be scanned electronically, making it easier for products to be tracked, processed, and stored.

Barcodes improve the efficiency, safety, speed and visibility of supply chains across physical and digital channels. They have a crucial role in the retail industry, including today's online marketplaces, moving beyond just faster checkout to improved inventory and delivery management, and the opportunity to sell online on a global scale. In the UK alone, the introduction of the barcode in the retail industry has resulted in savings of 10.5 billion pounds per year.[1][9]

Some of the barcodes that GS1 developed and manages are: EAN/UPC (used mainly on consumer goods), GS1 Data Matrix (used mainly on healthcare products), GS1-128, GS1 DataBar, and GS1 QR Code. Notably, GS1 barcodes can hold more than just a single numerical identifiers, as GS1 has defined a modular & arbitrarily combinable semantic encoding of defined data within GS1 barcodes through the publication of over 150 "Application Identifiers" (AI).[10] These AIs allow encoding of details such as the GTIN - AI:(01), the "Country of Origin" - AI:(422), and the "Expiration date" - AI:(17), amongst many other possibilities, including URLs - AI:(8200).[10]

Standards[edit]

The most influential GS1 standard is the GTIN. It identifies products uniquely around the world and forms the base of the GS1 system.

Main GS1 standards are as follows:

Many GS1 standards are also ISO standards, including the GTIN, GLN, and SSCC.[11]

GS1 also acts as the secretariat for ISO's Automatic identification and data capture techniques technical committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31).[12]

GS1 standards are developed and maintained through the GS1 Global Standards Management Process (GSMP), a community-based forum that brings together representatives from different industries and businesses.

Industries[edit]

Retail and marketplaces[edit]

Retail was the first industry that GS1 began working with and has remained their primary focus. Today, GS1 operates in four retail sub-sectors on a global level: Apparel, Fresh Foods, CPG and General Merchandise.

Key focus areas in retail include sustainability, data quality, compliance with regulatory requirements, traceability of products[13] from their origin through delivery, and upstream integration between manufacturers and suppliers.

As consumers are recurring to e-commerce more often throughout the years, GS1 has developed standards that uniquely identify products for the benefit of consumers and for search engines, providing accurate and complete product information digitally.[14]

Major e-commerce companies such as eBay, Amazon and Google Shopping require companies to use a GS1 GTIN to sell on their websites.[15][16][17]

Healthcare[edit]

Since 2005, GS1 has operated in Healthcare with the primary objective to enhance patient safety, and to drive supply chain efficiencies.

More than 70 countries have healthcare-related regulations or trading partner requirements where GS1 standards are being used for the above reasons as well for medicines as medical devices. Members of GS1 Healthcare include more than 140 leading healthcare organisations worldwide.[18]

Other industries[edit]

GS1 operates three other key industries globally: Transport & Logistics, Food service and Technical Industries. GS1's 116 Member Organisations in over 116 countries around the world collectively focus on dozens of industry sectors.[19]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Harford, Tim (23 January 2017). "How the barcode changed retailing and manufacturing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  2. ^ "GS1 grows by adding two new Member Organisations | GS1". Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  3. ^ "The History of the Bar Code". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "Historic Timeline - GS1 40th Anniversary". 40.gs1.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019.
  5. ^ Anonymous (18 December 2014). "How we got here". www.gs1.org. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  6. ^ "GS1 Web URI Structure Standard" (PDF). GS1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  7. ^ Robertson, Gordon L. (19 April 2016). Food Packaging: Principles and Practice, Third Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439862421.
  8. ^ GS1 - Organisation that manages the barcode standard used by retailers, manufacturers and suppliers, archived from the original on 1 April 2019, retrieved 1 April 2019
  9. ^ GS1UK (10 December 2013), Ever wondered what the GS1 barcode has done for you?, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 28 April 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b "GS1 General Specifications Standard". GS1. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  11. ^ "Organizations in cooperation with ISO". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  12. ^ "ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  13. ^ "Traceability". 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  14. ^ Communications, Edgell. "Tackling Disruptive Forces through Industry Collaboration". Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Product Identifiers | eBay Seller Center". pages.ebay.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  16. ^ "Amazon Announcement: Product UPCs and GTINs - RepricerExpress". www.repricerexpress.com. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Reach more customers online: Add GTINs to your Google Shopping data feed". Google Commerce. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  18. ^ Anonymous (23 December 2014). "Healthcare". www.gs1.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  19. ^ "GS1 Strategy". www.gs1.org. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

External links[edit]

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